Braile

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Braille is a tactile writing system used by blind and visually impaired people. It consists of patterns of dots that can be felt with the fingers. Each Braille cell is made of 6 dots arranged in 2 columns of 3 dots each. Patterns of raised dots represent letters, numbers, and punctuation. Braille allows blind people independent access to reading and writing as well as computers and mobile devices through refreshable Braille displays and screen readers. While originally developed for the blind, Braille has evolved to represent many languages and technical symbols.

Technologie Business

INDEX ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

TYPES OF SYSTEMS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CONCEPT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

FEATURES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Whose do people use it? ,[object Object]

ALPHABET BRAILLE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

WRITING BRAILLE ,[object Object],[object Object]

UNICODE RENDERING ,[object Object],[object Object]

HAND TOOLS AND COMPUTER MEDIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

IMPORTANCE OF BRAILLE COMPUTERS ,[object Object]

CONCLUSIONS ,[object Object],[object Object]

BIBLIOGRAPHY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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A thorough understanding in mathematics enhances educational and occupational opportunities for all people, whether sighted or visually impaired. In day-to-day routine, a practical understanding of mathematics allows a person to function more successfully and independently [1]. Access to, and solving mathematical problems is one of the biggest obstacles for blind students in schools and universities as Calculators with smooth input keys and LCD outputs which are available in market are useless for the visually challenged persons. However, technology has removed barriers to educate and employ people with visual impairment. For them, an optimal solution is the Braille calculator with audio output that will present them better access to mathematics, and provide new tools for computation. Braille is a tactile writing language of raised dots, which is widely used by the visually impaired persons. In this project, the smooth keypad has been replaced with Braille-embossed keypad and the output is obtained through audio via speakers and/or headphones. The input here is given through a 4 by 4 Membrane keypad which has been embossed with Braille lettering via indigenous method. The output is denoted by natural English language up to two places of decimal point. With the implementation of Braille keys and audio output via speaker/headphone in an affordable cost, it greatly enhances the computational skills of the visually impaired.

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Abstract Visually impaired peoples use braille system for reading and writing. This people are not able to operate computers and other educational software due to this they unable to improve their knowledge. They are comparatively weak than people with clear vision which causes adverse effect on the economic society. One way to improve their knowledge is by introducing a system which can convert braille to word and audio which will improve them to communicate freely with outside world. This system presents the implementation of braille to word and audio converter which is output and word of that particular input. Braille Keypad with different combination of six cells are used an input to system. In this system FPGA kit is used to convert this input to English text and also display it on LCD after decoding English text it converted to audio Keywords: Braille language, blind people, Braille to English word converter.

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In this paper we proposed a system; Optical Braille Translator (OBT), that identify Sinhala Braille characters in single sided Braille document and translates to Sinhala language. This system also capable of identifying Grade1 English Braille characters, numbers, capital letters and some words in Grade 2 English Braille system. Image processing techniques were used to developed the proposed system in MATLAB environment. The translated text displayed in a word application as the final outcome. Performance evaluation results reflect that the proposed method can recognize Braille characters and translated to user selected language either Sinhala or English efficiently, over 99% of accuracy.

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A thorough understanding in mathematics enhances educational and occupational opportunities for all, whether sighted or visually impaired.. However, solving complicated mathematical problems is difficult for visually challenged students in schools and universities as the calculators available in the markets with smooth input keys and LCD outputs are useless for them. Using the assistive technology which is basically a service or product to help people with disabilities function more independently has removed barriers to educate and employ people. An optimal solution for them is Braille calculator with audio output. In this paper, we have proposed a cost effective, hand-held, battery-driven, low power assistive device aiming the visually impaired people from low income settings. The input is given through a 4 by 4 Membrane keypad which has been Braille-embossed using indigenous methods. The output is announced in natural English by the audio unit via speakers and/or headphones up to two places of decimal point. The system is implemented on custom made open source Arduino platform, making it efficient and cost-effective.

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The intrinsic noise present in the image during the acquisition phase marks the recognition of Braille dots a challenging task in Optical Braille Recognition (OBR). Further, while the Braille document is being embossed on either side in the case of Inter-Point Braille, this problem of Braille dot recognition is aggravated and it makes the differentiation between recto (convex) dots and verso (concave) dots more complex. Also, the recognition of Braille dots should be carried out by reading information recorded on both sides of paper by scanning only one side. This work proposes a novelty to circumvent this issue for distinguishing convex points from concave points even if they are adjacent to each other by using only the shadow patterns of the dots and by employing the connected component labelling using two-pass algorithm and the eight connectivity property of a pixel. Enthused by the fact that, during the acquisition phase, the reflection of light through the verso dots results in a high pixel count for them when compared to the recto dots, this technique works perfectly well with good quality Braille. Furthermore, due to the natural problems like ageing and frequent usage of the document the Braille dots tend to deteriorate resulting in the down fall of the performance of the algorithm for the Braille image. Besides to this for the recognition of the Braille cell in a Braille document with some special cases an adaptive grid construction technique has also been proposed. The results extracted reveal that the enactment of the proposed technique is much consistent and dependable and that the accuracy is very much comparable to the modern state of the art techniques.

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Braile

1. BRAILLE

3. ALTERNATIVE LANGUAGE SYSTEM

7. BRAILLE AS ALTERNATIVE LANGUAGE

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Braile

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