The document discusses natural language processing techniques including syntax analysis, semantic analysis, morphology, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. It describes how syntax analysis involves parsing sentences into parts of speech and representing the structure as a parse tree. Semantic analysis interprets meaning rather than form, including lexical and global semantics. Morphology studies how words are constructed from morphemes. Pragmatics and discourse analysis involve understanding context and relationships between sentences.

1. Lec-15 Natural language processing NLU Techniques Prepared by Shah khalid Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar Lecture 15 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar Typical NLP System Natural Language input parsing generation Internal representation Natural Language output Inference/retrieval

5. NLP Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar There were two man blocking my escape. One held a hammer; one had nothing in his hands. I knew that I could not hit both of them. I hit a man with the hammer. Problem Solution Ambiguity Put the idea in context. Imprecision Relate the idea to a familiar situation. Incompleteness Complete the idea based on our expectations of likely events. Inaccuracy Infer the intended meaning by recognizing familiar patterns.

14. Example The children put the toy in the box V PP in NP P the Det N box The N put S NP VP Det children NP the Det N toy Parse Tree Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

21. Lec-16 MACHINE TRANSLATION ( MT ) Prepared by Shah khalid Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar Lecture 16 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

24. Machine translation (MT) Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

25. “ BBC found similar support”!!! Machine translation (MT) Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

26. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar Machine Translation

33. Translation Divergences English John swam across the river quickly Spanish Juan cruzó rapidamente el río nadando Gloss: John crossed fast the river swimming Arabic اسرع جون عبور النهر سباحة Gloss: sped john crossing the-river swimming Chinese 约翰 快速 地 游 过 这 条 河 Gloss: John quickly (DE) swam cross the (Quantifier) river Russian Джон быстро переплыл реку Gloss: John quickly cross-swam river

41. Interlingua Syntactic Parsing Semantic Analysis Sentence Planning Text Generation Source (Arabic) Target (English) Transfer Rules Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar MT

42. LECTURE 17 Dictionary BY: SHAH KHALID DICTIONARY Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

44. Dictionaries are books that list all the words in a language. DICTIONARY Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

45. To make dictionaries easier to use, the words are organized in alphabetical order . So to use a dictionary easily , you must know how to alphabetize words. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

46. Since there are so many words in a dictionary, guide words are used to help you locate a word quickly. What are guide words ? Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar

47. Guide words are found at the top of each page. They tell you the first and last word that is found on that page. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

48. How do guide words help you find a word quickly? Instead of looking at each word on a page, which could take forever, you just look at the guide words and then use what you know about alphabetizing words to decide if your word would be found on that page. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

49. Let’s see what that means- Let’s pretend we are looking up the word, science . First we would turn to the S section. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

50. Then we would use the guide words and what we know about alphabetizing words to decide the correct page in the S section. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

51. We would look at the guide words at the top of each page and decide between which ones our word would come in alphabetical order. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

52. Let’s do that for the word science - Which one of these pages would contain the word science ? Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

53. The page with the guide words- stamp - summer Or the page with the guide words- sandwich - seventy science Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

54. AN INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL DICTIONARIES What do they mean? Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

62. Let’s see what you’ve learned! mischief (miss-chif) noun Playful behavior that may cause annoyance or harm to others. My brother is always up to some sort of mischief. Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

64. Now you know the definition of definition ! Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar DICTIONARY

65. Thank you very much!!! Shah NLP Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar