This document discusses opportunities for linking agriculture and nutrition. It provides three examples: 1) Biofortification, using the example of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes in Mozambique and Uganda, which increased adoption rates and vitamin A intake. 2) Homestead food production programs integrating agriculture, health and nutrition at the community and household level in Bangladesh, improving diet diversity and micronutrient intake. 3) Nutrition-sensitive value chains for beans in Uganda and Rwanda, improving yields, nutritional value, market access, and demand through the bean production and distribution process. The document concludes there are opportunities but also challenges to better link agriculture and nutrition, and more cross-sector work and evidence is needed.

1. Photo: One Acre Fund What are the opportunities for linking agriculture and nutrition? Marie Ruel (IFPRI) IFPRI, December 7, 2010

2. AGRICULTURE – NUTRITION - HEALTH AGRICULTURE BENEFITS NUTRITION + HEALTH THROUGH: HEALTH & NUTRITION BENEFITS AGRICULTURE THROUGH: Productivity Livelihoods Agriculture Income Risk taking Employment Education Food security Nutrition Cognition Dietary diversity Endurance Gender equity AGRICULTURE POSES RISKS: Physical strength Health Water-related diseases Food-borne diseases Zoonotic diseases

3. Agriculture is Essential but Insufficient to Improve Nutrition

4. 4 National nutrition outcomes Policy drivers of growth: Green Revolution in 1970s & 1980s, “liberalization” & nonfarm economic growth in 1990s & 2000s. Food output Food imports Sectoral linkages Supply side effects Food prices Nonfood output Demand side effects National Level Household Level Individual Level Household assets and livelihoods Food income: consumption Nutrient consumption Food expenditure Nutrient intake Child nutrition outcomes Food income: from markets Health care expenditure Health status Non-food expenditure Non-food income Mother’s nutrition outcomes Caring capacity & practices Female employment Farm/nonfarm employment Female energy expenditure Drivers of “taste”: culture, location, growth, globalization. Intrahousehold inequality: gender bias, education, family size, seasonality, religion, SCTs. Public health factors: water, sanitation, health services, education. Interhousehold inequality in assets, credit, access to public goods & services Interacting socioeconomic factors [possible leakages] Policy drivers of inequality: land policies, financial policies, infrastructure investments, education policies, empowerment policies for women & SCTs. Policy drivers of nutrition: health, nutrition, social protection & education Pathways from Agriculture to Nutrition (TANDI)

5. Weak relationship between agriculture performance and nutrition status outcomes Estimated elasticities between child undernutrition and welfare indicators

7. Homestead food production programs, which bring agriculture-health-nutrition together at community and household level

10. Intervention:

11. Seed systems (dissemination of vines, farmers’ training)

12. Demand creation (nutrition education)

13. Marketing and product development

14. Reached 14,000 hh in Mozambique; 10,000 in Uganda

15. Dissemination: 2006-09Source: Dan Gilligan et al. ; Biofortification Conference, Nov 2010

16. Impact on OFSP Adoption Rate, 2009 Mozambique 69% compared to control % who retained OFSP vines for next season Source: Dan Gilligan et al. ; Biofortification Conference, Nov 2010

17. Agriculture Programs to Improve Nutrition Photo: One Acre Fund

19. Nutrition education to promote consumption

20. Focus on women: income generation, empowerment

21. Nutrition objective: Improve diet diversity, micronutrient intake

22. Impact:

23. Triple vegetable production; increased income

24. 73% of gardens managed by women

25. improved food security for 5 million people

26. :Source: Millions Fed , IFPRI, 2009; www.ifpri.org/millionsfed

28. Focus on the 1000 days

29. Stronger links to health systems

31. :Source: Millions Fed , IFPRI, 2009; www.ifpri.org/millionsfed

32. Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains Photo: Andrew Westby

34. Enhance nutritional value and appeal through appropriate post-harvest handling + processing

35. Increase market access

38. We have opportunities and examples of success on how to bridge the agriculture-nutrition divide

39. We have challenges

40. Our biggest challenge AND opportunity is to work together - cross-sectorally (how?)

41. And we need to do much better at documenting successes – and failures; we need the evidence

42. We have a momentum, global consensus, new initiatives, committed donors, experienced NGOs, research community