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1. Cellular Injury &
Ageing
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2. Cell Injury:
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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Shashi Mar-03

3. Cell Injury:
Disease
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Dis + Ease = Disease.
“Discomfort due to Structural or functional
abnormality”
Disease is caused by an agent.
Causes (etiology) can be
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External / Environmental. E.g.. Heat, Bacteria.
Internal E.g. stress, genes, ageing.
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4. Cell Injury:
Cellular Injury & Adaptation:
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Normal cell is in a steady state
“Homeostasis”
Change in Homeostasis due to stimuli Injury
Injury - Reversible / Irreversible
Adaptation / cell death
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5. Cell Injury:
Response to Injury:
Adaptations (reversible)
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Hydropic degeneration
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Accumulations - hyaline, fat, etc.
Necrosis (irreversible) – cell death.
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Shashi Mar-03

6. Cell Injury:
Terminology:
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Necrosis: Morphologic changes seen in
dead cells within living tissue.
Autolysis: Dissolution of dead cells by the
cells own digestive enzymes. (not seen)
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
Physiological, for cell regulation.
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7. Cell Injury:
Types of Necrosis:
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Coagulative – Eg. Infarction
Liquifactive - Brain, abscess
Caseous - Bacterial / Tuberculosis
Gangrene - With infection
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Shashi Mar-03

8. Cell Injury:
Sequels of Necrosis:
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Cell Death
Necrosis
Autolysis
Phagocytosis
Organization & fibrous repair.
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Shashi Mar-03

9. Cell Injury:
Hydropic change in ischemic - kidney
Microvilli
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10. Cell Injury:
Cerebral atrophy - Alzheimers:
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11. Cell Injury:
Heart
hypertrophy in
hypertension:
Left Ventricle
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12. Cell Injury:
Muscle ischemic atrophy:
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13. Cell Injury:
Extensive
Caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis
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14. Cell Injury:
Caseous necrosis - Tuberculosis
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15. Cell Injury:
Gangrene - Amputated Diabetic foot
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16. Cell Injury:
Gangrene Intestine - Thrombosis.
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17. Cell Injury:
Stroke- Liquifactive necrosis
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18. Cell Injury:
Liver abscess: Liquifactive necrosis
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19. Cell Injury:
Renal Infarction - Coagulative
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20. Cell Injury:
Splenic Infarction - Coagulative necrosis
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21. Cell Injury:
Infarction - Adrenal gland:
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22. Ageing
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23. Cell Injury:
Ageing:
“Progressive time related loss of structural
and functional capacity of cells leading to
death”
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Senescence, Senility, Senile changes.
Ageing of a person is intimately related to
cellular ageing.
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Shashi Mar-03

24. Cell Injury:
Factors affecting Ageing:
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Genetic – Clock genes, (fibroblasts)
Diet – malnutrition, obesity etc.
Social conditions Diseases – Atherosclerosis, diabetes etc.
Werner’s syndrome.
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Shashi Mar-03

25. Cellular mechanisms of
ageing
Cell Injury:
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Cross linking proteins &
DNA.
Accumulation of toxic byproducts.
Ageing genes.
Loss of repair
mechanism.
Free radicle injury
Telomerase shortening.
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Shashi Mar-03

26. Cell Injury:
Telomerase in ageing:
Germ
Cells
Somatic
Cells
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27. Cell Injury:
Ageing –changes:
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Gradual atrophy of tissues and organs.
Dementia
Loss of skin elasticity
Greying and Loss of hair
BV damage – atherosclerosis/bruising.
Loss of Lens elasticity  opacity 
vision
Lipofuscin pigment deposition – Brown
atrophy in vital organs.
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28. Cell Injury:
Pathology
of elderly
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29. Cell Injury:
Factors affecting ageing:
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Stress
Infections
Diseases
Malnutrition
Accidents
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Diminished stress
response.
Diminished immune
response.
Good health.
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Shashi Mar-03

30. Cell Injury:
Conclusions:
Cellular Injury - Various causes
Reversible Injury  Adaptations
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Irreversible Injury - Necrosis
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Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy
Accumulations - Hydropic, hyaline, fat..
Coagulative, Liquifactive, Caseous
Ageing - Causes, Changes, Factors
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Shashi Mar-03

31. Cell Injury:
"No matter how dark things
seem to be or actually are,
raise your sights and see the
possibilities – always see them,
for they're always there.“
– Norman Vincent Peale
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Shashi Mar-03

32. Cell Injury:
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Leader in continuing dental education
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Shashi Mar-03