This document summarizes a chapter on smart electrical grids from a course on smart cities. It discusses key issues with current electrical systems including aging infrastructure, lack of maintenance, suboptimal fuel mix, and high transmission losses. This has led to poor system performance and reliability issues. The chapter then introduces the concept of a smart grid which aims to address these challenges through modernization and digitization of the electrical grid using technologies like smart meters and sensors to improve efficiency, reliability and integration of renewable energy sources.

1. Smart
City
:
Concept
and
Solu3on
AUST
Summer
Course
2015
Chapter
5
:
Smart
Electrical
Grid
Professor
Isam
SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr

2. Ø Key
figures
Ø Electrical
distribu2on
system
Ø Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
Ø Electrical
Smart
Grid
Ø Smart
Grid
demonstrator
(SunRise)
Chapter
organisa3on

3. Use
of
electricity
in
the
world

4. Use
of
electricity
in
the
world
Use
of
electricity
Popula3on
density

5. Sources
of
electricity
in
the
world

6. Use
of
nuclear
energy
in
electricity
genera3on

7. Use
of
renewable
energy
in
electricity
genera3on

8. h>p://www.circleoDlue.org/waternews/2012/world/infographic-­‐g20-­‐renewable-­‐energy-­‐from-­‐2002-­‐to-­‐2020/
G20
Renewable
Energy
from
2002
to
2020
Data
2012,
Use
of
renewable
energy
in
electricity
genera3on

10. Ø Key
figures
Ø Electrical
distribu2on
system
Ø Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
Ø Electrical
Smart
Grid
Ø Smart
Grid
demonstrator
(SunRise)
Chapter
organisa3on

11. (1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
Electrical
grid
system

12. Lignes
HTB
(Haute
Tension)
(400
kV)
Lignes
HTA
(Moyenne
Tension)
(63
à
225
kV)
Ligne
Basse
Tension
(230
et
400
V)
France
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(6)

13. Electrical
Grid
–
France
ERDF
RTE

14. 11
August
2015
49
900
MW
33
300
MW
Electricity
Consump3on
in
France
1
February
2015
74
600
MW
60
400
MW

15. Lebanon
electrical
system
Electricity
of
Lebanon:
• Public
establishment
with
an
industrial
and
commercial
voca2on.
• Founded
in
1966
• Responsible
for
the
genera2on,
transmission
and
distribu2on
of
the
electricity
in
Lebanon.
• Controls
over
90%
of
the
Lebanese
electricity
sector

16. Lebanon
Other
actors
:
• hydroelectric
power
plants
of
Litani
River
Authority,
• Concessions
for
hydroelectric
power
plants
such
as
Nahr
Ibrahim
and
Al
Bared
• Distribu2on
concessions
in
Zahle,
Jbeil,
Aley,
and
Bhamdoun.

17. Lebanon
The
transmission
network
consists
of
• High
voltage
power
lines
(66,
150,
and
220
kV
)
• More
than
1
615
km
(1336
km
of
overhead
lines
and
279km
of
underground
cables)
of
various
voltages
used
for
transmission
and
distribu2on.
• 58
power
substa2ons
conver2ng
power
from
high
voltage
to
medium
voltage.
• Substa2ons
conver2ng
power
from
medium
to
low
voltage
(more
than
15,000
transformers
)

18. The
government
has
contractually
agreed
to
a
three
year
service
of
two
Turkish
power
ships
that
will
provide
270
MW

21. Poor
performance
of
the
electrical
system
1. Aging
power
plants:
• The
last
power
plant
was
installed
in
the
early
2000s.
• Around
50%
of
the
installed
capacity
is
20
to
40
years
old
(life
span
between
20
to
30
years
;
requires
con2nuous
maintenance)
• 10%
of
the
genera2on
capacity
is
even
over
40
years
old
2.
Lack
of
maintenance:
Power
plants
are
subject
to
long
periods
of
opera2on
at
high
loads
with
li>le
maintenance
which
reduces
their
life2me
and
their
efficiency.

22. 3.
Sub-­‐op3mal
fuel
mix
Beddawi
and
Zahrani
(435
MW)
are
equipped
with
combined
cycle
gas
turbines,
which
are
designed
to
best
operate
using
natural
gas.
Both
use
gas-­‐oil
which
substan2ally
reduces
the
plants’
efficiency
and
rapidly
degrades
the
turbines.
Poor
performance
of
the
electrical
system

23. 4.
Large
Losses
in
Transmission
and
Distribu3on
About
15%
of
the
energy
losses
(8-­‐10%
in
Western
countries),
due
to
:
• Lack
of
rehabilita2on
of
power
lines
• inadequacy
in
the
number
of
substa2ons
Poor
performance
of
the
electrical
system

24. Technical
Losses
and
Power
Shortages
in
MW
(2009),
Copyrights:
Carboun

25. Movies
:
A1
Follow
Electricity's
Journey
Through
the
Transmission
System
A2
Understanding
the
electrical
Grid
B0
Smart
Grid
Programs
for
a
Smarter
Network
B1
Smart
Grid
-­‐
The
Big
Picture
B2
What
is
the
smart
grid?
-­‐
by
Scien2fic
American
B3
Smart
Grid
Data
Management
Solu2on

26.
Ø Key
figures
Ø Electrical
distribu2on
system
Ø Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
Ø Electrical
Smart
Grid
Ø Smart
Grid
demonstrator
(SunRise)
Chapter
organiza3on

27. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
The
Interna2onal
Energy
Agency
es2ma2on
for
2030:
-­‐ over
$6
trillion
of
investment
in
transmission
and
distribu2on
and
as
much
for
genera2on.
-­‐ 5,087
GW
of
genera2ng
capacity
with
2,700
GW
for
developing
countries
(1,100
GW
in
China).
1.
Growing
power
demand
Combina2on
of
growing
demand
for
electricity
and
the
need
to
upgrade
exis2ng
equipment
requires
massive
investment.

28. Department
of
Energy
US

29. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
2.
Integra3ng
renewable
energy
The
increase
development
of
renewable
energy
requires
development
of
innova2ve
solu2ons
(technology,
storage,
sonware,
management
skills)
for
an
effec2ve
integra2on
of
different
sources
into
the
electrical
grid
with
addi2onal
capacity
in
the
response
demand
strategy.

30. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
3.
Increase
the
efficiency
of
the
system
• Around
66%
of
the
primary
energy
is
lost
in
power
conversion
(genera2on),
• Up
to
16%
of
the
electricity
is
lost
in
the
grid
(US
Energy
Administra3on
es3mated
the
cost
of
electrical
lost
to
$20
billion
in
2005).

31. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
4.
Increase
the
reliability
and
stability
of
the
grid
The
stability
and
reliability
of
the
electrical
supply
is
vital
for
industry,
services
and
life
quality.
Supply
faults
could
cause
huge
disturbance
and
economic
lost.

32. Supply
security
(Electrical
outage)
Outage
over
100
MW
More
than
50
000
Customer

33. h>p://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/08/30/blackout-­‐risk-­‐tool-­‐puts-­‐price-­‐tag-­‐on-­‐power-­‐reliability/
US,
the
cost
of
electrical
outages
in
2012
$150
billions
2012

34. Our
grids
are
old
and
our
equipment
is
aging
S.
Robin
Luo,
vice
president
and
blackout
project
manager
at
Har;ord
Steam
Boiler.
US,
the
cost
of
electrical
outages
in
2012
$150
billions

35. Energy
Security
US
Blackout
(2003)
• 50
Million
people
• 24
hours
for
full
recovery
• Cost:
$6
to
$10
billion
Movie
:
A0
The
Power
Outage
That
Len
50
Million
W
o
Electricity

36. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
5.
Increase
the
compa3bility
and
standardiza3on
Compa2bility
is
vital
for
interconnec2ng
systems
between
countries
or
across
con2nents.

37. Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
6.
Update
the
grid
to
the
new
market
(price
varia3on)
In
an
open
electrical
markets,
the
price
of
electricity
could
fluctuate
widely
by
the
hour
or
even
by
the
minute.
Innova2on
is
required
to
help
users
to
beneficiate
from
these
opportuni2es
or
(and)
reduce
their
impact.

38. 7.
Decrease
the
peak
demand
:
Huge
save
in
the
infrastructure
Deploying
ba?ery
storage
in
commercial
buildings:
opportuniAes
and
challenges,
5
June
2013
|
Issue
3
By
Amir
Kavousian,
JusAn
Ho,
Larry
Win,
and
Heming
Yip
Challenges
of
the
electrical
system

39. Smart
Energy
system,
op3mal
management
Produc3on
Storage
Smart
Grid
Energy
Consump3on

40. Ø Key
figures
Ø Electrical
distribu2on
system
Ø Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
Ø Electrical
Smart
Grid
Ø Smart
Grid
demonstrator
(SunRise)
Chapter
organisa3on

41. Movie
B0
Smart
Grid
Programs
for
a
Smarter
Network
What
is
the
Electrical
Smart
Grid
?

42. (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Communica3on
Fiber
Electrical
lines

43. Substa3on
monitoring
Ba`ery
Central
Unit
Communica3on
system
Smart
short
Circuit
Motor
Current
Sensor
Voltage
Sensor

44. 1. Op3mal
management
of
the
demand-­‐
response
• Enhance
the
demand
es2ma2on
with
regular
update
• Enhance
the
es2ma2on
of
the
energy
sources
availability
(renewable
energy
and
storage
capacity
included)
and
with
regular
update.
This
es2ma2on
could
by
conducted
at
small
and
large
scales.
• Applica2on
of
incen2ve
measurement
(price
varia2on)
for
the
reduc2on
of
the
peak
consump2on.
• Adapta2on
of
the
electrical
produc2on
to
the
demand.
Smart
Grid
provides

45. 2.
Security
and
reliability
Reduce
and
minimize
the
service
fault
using
protec2on
and
control
devices
across
the
grid.
• Rapid
localiza2on
of
the
fault.
• Rapid
and
automa2c
interven2on
to
confine
the
system
fault
and
limit
its
extension.
• Rapid
repara2on
and
system
re-­‐start
Smart
Grid
provides

46. 3.
Enhance
the
resilience
The
smart
grid
enhances
the
electrical
and
urban
system
resilience:
-­‐ Develop
a
global
understanding
of
the
electrical
system
and
its
interac2on
with
other
systems
(networks,
end-­‐users,
environment,..)
-­‐ Learn
from
the
system
failure
(due
to
natural
disaster,
technical
or
human
factors)
-­‐ Improve
the
system
capacity
to
face
failure
risk
-­‐ Improve
the
system
self
healing
Smart
Grid
provides

47. 4.
Increase
the
end-­‐users
involvement
conver2ng
“customers”
into
“prosumers”:
• The
global
informa2on
system
leads
to
be>er
usage
adjustments
and
cost
management.
•
Consumers
can
use
more
efficiently
local
produc2on
and
storage.
Smart
Grid
provides

49. Ø Key
figures
Ø Electrical
distribu2on
system
Ø Challenges
of
the
electrical
system
Ø Electrical
Smart
Grid
Ø Smart
Grid
demonstrator
(SunRise)
Chapter
organisa3on

50. Smart
Grid
pilot
SunRise
“Demonstrator
of
the
Smart
City”

51. SunRise
-­‐
Electrical
Grid
Figure
1:
The
Electrical
Grid
of
Lille
1
-­‐
Scien3fic
Campus
/
High
Tension
Lines
(Red)
&
Low
(Basse)
Tension
Lines
(Blue)
19
Substa2ons

52. Electricity
price
5
rates
depending
on
the
3me
of
day
and
the
season

53. Electrical
Grid
Network
A2
M6
HT:
20
kV
LT:
380
V
Supply
FAULT!!

54. Substa3on
func3on
(N)
Transformers
Distribu3on
Panel
(TGHT)

55. Sub-­‐Sta3on
(N-­‐1)
Sub-­‐sta3on
(N)
Sub-­‐sta3on
(N+1)
Substa3on
func3on
(N)
Transformer
(High
Tension
to
Low
Tension)
Buildings

56. Figure
7:
Vertelis
Sohware
Monitoring
system
The
system
provides
:
• Automa2c
reading
of
energy
indexes
with
automa2c
repor2ng
• Load
curves
• Sta2s2cs
(min,
max,
average,
etc.)
• Events
related
to
the
energy
quality
• Status
of
the
system

57. Building
C4
Month
Consump3on
[kWh]
January
58,969
February
59,275
March
68,045
April
64,659
May
65,339
June
66,324
July
65,984
August
51,273
September
59,666
Total
559,534
kWh
1
800
1
900
2
000
2
100
2
200
2
300
2
400
Saturday,
Monday,
Wednesda
Friday,
Sunday,
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday,
Monday,
Wednesda
Friday,
Sunday,
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday,
Monday,
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
03/01/14
03/03/14
03/05/14
03/07/14
03/09/14
03/11/14
03/13/14
03/15/14
03/17/14
03/19/14
03/21/14
03/23/14
03/25/14
03/27/14
03/29/14
03/31/14
kWh
Hourly
Consump3on
[March
2014]
0
20
000
40
000
60
000
80
000
kWh
Monthly
Consump3on
[March
2014]
Daily
Consump3on
[March
2014]
kWh

58. Example,
Building
C4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
03/01/14
03/02/14
03/03/14
03/04/14
03/05/14
03/06/14
03/07/14
03/08/14
03/09/14
03/10/14
03/11/14
03/12/14
03/13/14
03/14/14
03/15/14
03/16/14
03/17/14
03/18/14
03/19/14
03/20/14
03/21/14
03/22/14
03/23/14
03/24/14
03/25/14
03/26/14
03/27/14
03/28/14
03/29/14
03/30/14
03/31/14
04/01/14
kWh
Hourly
Consump3on
[March
2014]
1
800
1
850
1
900
1
950
2
000
2
050
2
100
2
150
2
200
2
250
2
300
2
350
Saturday,
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday,
March
Sunday,
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday,
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday,
March
Sunday,
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday,
Monday,
Daily
Consump3on
[March
2014]
kWh
0
10
000
20
000
30
000
40
000
50
000
60
000
70
000
80
000
kWh
Monthly
Consump3on
(2014]

59. 0
1
000
2
000
3
000
4
000
5
000
6
000
Friday,
March
01,
2013
Monday,
April
01,
2013
Wednesday,
May
01,
2013
Saturday,
June
01,
2013
Monday,
July
01,
2013
Thursday,
August
01,
2013
Sunday,
September
01,
2013
Tuesday,
October
01,
2013
Friday,
November
01,
2013
Sunday,
December
01,
2013
Wednesday,
January
01,
2014
Saturday,
February
01,
2014
Saturday,
March
01,
2014
Tuesday,
April
01,
2014
Consump3on
]kWh]
Date
Suscrip3on
5.2
MW

60. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
Major
Challenges,
because
:
-­‐ Cri2cal
infrastructure
(ensure
the
electrical
supply)
-­‐ Aging
infrastructure
-­‐ Increasing
demand
(Popula2on
growth
and
increase
in
the
comfort)

61. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
Expecta3ons
:
-­‐ Increase
in
the
security
(reduce
the
outage)
-­‐ Reduce
the
peak
demand
(pricing)
-­‐ Use
of
renewable
energy
-­‐ Energy
storage
-­‐ Improve
the
system
efficiency
-­‐ Users
informa2on
and
awareness

62. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
The
Smart
Grid
is
the
solu3on:
Smart
Grid
–
NEMA
Report
(2011)

63. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
The
Smart
Grid
is
the
solu3on:
• Be>er
understanding
of
the
demand
and
available
resources
• Op2mal
management
(produc2on,
transport
,distribu2on
and
consump2on)
• Increase
in
the
security
(real-­‐2me
control,
self
healing)

64. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
The
Smart
Grid
is
the
solu3on:
• Integra2on
of
renewable
Energy
• Integra2on
of
energy
storage
• Dynamic
pricing
(reduc2on
of
the
peak
demand
and
reduc2on
of
the
customers
expenses)
• Op2miza2on
of
the
investment
(upgrade,
moderniza2on,
extension,..)

65. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
The
Smart
Grid
solu3on:
Mature
Technology
• Already
used
around
the
world
• Very
good
experience
in
the
implementa2on
Yet,
we
s3ll
need
more
experience
in
• The
interac2on
with
customers
• Dynamic
pricing
(economic
model)

66. Conclusion
-­‐
Electrical
Smart
Grid
The
Smart
Grid
solu3on
should
be
implemented
in
both
developed
and
developing
countries

67. Movies
:
A1
Follow
Electricity's
Journey
Through
the
Transmission
System
A2
Understanding
the
electrical
Grid
B0
Smart
Grid
Programs
for
a
Smarter
Network
B1
Smart
Grid
-­‐
The
Big
Picture
B2
What
is
the
smart
grid?
-­‐
by
Scien2fic
American
B3
Smart
Grid
Data
Management
Solu2on
C1
SunRise
Smart
Electricity
Daniel