SS11 BC Curric

1. Canada & the World
(1980s & 1990s)

2. Band Aid (1984) & Live Aid

3. Globalization
• Jean Chretien’s priorities in 1993 was to expand
Canada’s trading opportunities with other
countries.
• “Team Canada” was sent on trade missions to Asia
and Latin America to secure deals for Canadian
investment and exports.
• Tree trade agreements were signed with Chile and
Israel, and FTA expanded to Mexico (NAFTA).
• Can joined APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Group) to promote freer trade among Pacific
countries.

4. • These trade initiatives were spreading across the
world by the end of the 1990s – Globalization (a
network of business, communications, and cultural
links among countries).
• It was partly the result of rapid changes in
communications technology and the fall of
communism.
• List some of the pros and cons of globalization from
p. 157-8.

5. Canadian Foreign Aid
1.) Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Gives financial aid to the countries of Africa, the
Middle East, the Americas, Asia and parts of Central
and Eastern Europe.
• Provides assistance in various ways:
a. gov’t to gov’t (bilateral)
b. Supporting non-governmental orgs (NGOs)
c. Supporting private sector enterprises
d. Supporting multilateral institutions (UN, World
Bank, and La Francophonie)

6. 2.) Can International Development Agency (CIDA)
• ODA program is managed by CIDA
• CIDA promotes sustainable development in developing
countries and focuses on:
a. Basic human needs
b. Women in sustainable development
c. Infrastructure services
d. Human rights
e. Democracy and good governance
f. Private sector development
g. The environment
• Has also expanded 4 social development sectors: basic
ed, health and nutrition, HIV/AIDS, and child
protection.

7. Linking Aid to Human Rights
• Until the late 1970s, Can gov’ts were not
concerned with human rights (HR) criteria when
considering recipients for Can dev assistance.
• By 1986, focus had shifted, and HR became a
fundamental part of official Can aid policy.
• This is linked to the notion that Can has a
responsibility to ensure that its dev assistance is
not used to support gov’ts that deny citizens their
basic econ, social, and cultural rights.

8. Cold War Fears
• Played an important role in determining foreign aid
policy.
• Aid to communist or strongly anti-Western countries
(Indonesia, Vietnam and Cuba) was terminated when
they engaged in oppressive military interventions.
• On the other hand, it was common practice not to
jeopardize important econ relations and aid was only
fully suspended to countries in which Can’s interests
were limited.
• 70% of Can aid still went to countries whose violations
of basic security rights ranged from serious to extreme.

9. Recent Performance
• Gov’t has taken a much more assertive position in
recent years by introducing a cabinet review, human
rights training, a CIDA division on human rights, and
the creation of the International Centre for Human
Rights and Democratic Development.
• But there is still a reluctance to cut aid to abusive
states such as China and Indonesia.
• Canada is not unique, as many countries are not
willing to stop trade interests in the name of human
rights.

10. Peacekeeping
• Is a technique developed by the United Nations to
prevent conflict and make peace by deploying UN
military and/or police presence and frequently
civilians as well.
• Although the first peacekeeping mission was in
1948 in the Middle East, the first deployment was in
1956 in response to the Suez Crisis.
• Peacekeeping was initially developed as a means to
resolve conflict between states achieved by
deploying unarmed/lightly armed personnel,
creating a ceasefire, and being a presence in the
area.

11. • After the Cold War, there was an increasing demand for UN
peacekeeping missions, but rather than keeping peace
“between” states, the UN was now charged with creating
peace “within” states.
• At the peak of UN activity in the mid 1990s, there were
80,000 UN peacekeepers deployed around the world.
• Peacekeeping is no longer a matter of simply standing
between 2 armies and keeping peace. I has increasingly
become a matter of creating a peace where none exists.
• Traditional tasks involved patrolling contested borders, and
unarmed monitoring of ceasefires.
• Modern tasks involve training and restructuring local police
forces, de-mining, conducting elections, facilitating the return
of refugees, monitoring human rights, demobilizing and
reintegrating former soldiers, and promoting sustainable
democracy and economic development.

12. Canadian Troops Overseas
Class Activity:
• Persian Gulf War, 1990-91
• Yugoslavia, 1992
• Somalia, 1992
• Rwanda, 1994
• NATO Bombing of Kosovo, 1995
• Landmines, ongoing