Example Of Analogy Essay

Argument From Analogy Essay
The argument from analogy is an inductive argument that focuses on the problem of other minds
and aims to show that we are justified in inferring the existence of other minds. British philosopher,
Bertrand Russell, describes the argument from analogy as follows: "The behaviour of other people
is in many ways analogous to our own, and we suppose that it must have analogous causes. What
people say is what we should say if we had certain thoughts, and so we infer that they probably have
these thoughts. They give us information which we can sometimes subsequently verify" (Russell,
"Analogy", p89). Norman Malcolm argues that the argument from analogy does poorly in its
attempts to show that we are justified in inferring the existence of other minds. In assessing whether
the argument from analogy succeeds in its aims, I will raise and respond to Malcolm's objection
against the argument from analogy; Austrian–born British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's 'Beetle
in a Box' thought experiment; as well as Welsh philosopher H. H. Price's argument and English
philosopher Stuart Hampshire's argument in defence of the argument from analogy....show more
content...
From subjective observation, Russell claims to know that A, which is a thought or feeling,
causes B, which is a bodily act (Russell, "Analogy", p110). Russell argues that believing in the
existence of other minds requires some postulate, and describes this postulate to be "If, whenever
we can observe whether A and B are present or absent, we find that every case of B has an A as a
causal antecedent, then it is probable that most B's have A's as causal antecedents, even in cases
where observation does not enable us to know whether A is present or not" (Russell, "Analogy",
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Analogy Essay
What do Kingda Ka and the discoverer of radioactivity, Marie Curie, have in common? Actually,
there is a lot more than you would think. You might say to yourself that they are completely
different, which is correct, yet incorrect. One thing is a rollercoaster and the other is a famous
scientist, but when you look past just their physical descriptions, you will see how much they
actually are alike. They both follow similar paths and they both faced many hardships, but also
many great things. Firstly, they both start off slowly. Marie was just an average girl who was born
in Poland in 1867. Kingda Ka was just a rollercoaster when construction began. They weren't
anything special. Marie grew up like all other girls in Poland did at that...show more content...
Much like Kingda Ka, Marie was struck down by the fact that after a while, Marie had learned all
she could. If she wanted further education, she would have to wait a while to save up enough
money to keep going. As they had before, they didn't let this obstacle stop them. Kingda Ka was
eventually repaired and it continued working as it had before, even though it had many more
light breakdowns than it had before. Marie and her sister had worked out a plan as well. First,
they would save up enough money between them to send Marie's sister to college in France first.
Then, they would send Marie when they had enough money. Of course, there was a small issue.
Since the college was in France, all of the lectures were in French, so Marie would have to learn
French in order to understand what was being taught. But this was only a small issue because
Marie did know some French, so it was easy for her to learn the rest of the language. But after
these early issues, things seemed to be going well. There was nothing major that stopped them.
Kingda Ka ran smoothly for quite some time and Marie's interest in science really grew. This part
in their lives seemed like the initial hill on Kingda Ka. It was a huge obstacle and it seemed
difficult to make it all the way up, but they found a way to make it work. Of course, though, it didn't
stay this way. Marie was a very intelligent person. She had made many huge impacts on science, such
as

Example Of Conduit Metaphor
2.Highlighting and Hiding
When explaining even more thoroughly the systematicity feature, Lakoff and Johnson referred to
Michael Reddy's (1979) "conduit metaphor": it is when a part of our experience is hidden by a
metaphorical concept; He believes that our language about language is organized or even designed
as the following metaphor:
'Ideas (or meanings) are perceived as objects', 'Linguistic expressions are perceived as containers'
and 'communication is perceived as sending'. This means that when someone wants to say an
expression (the object), he puts concepts into words (which are the container) and sends them along a
conduit to the person who is hearing him and who takes the concept out of the words which means
out of the containers. Examples of the 'conduit metaphor' are: "I gave you that idea", "it is difficult
to put my ideas into words" and "Her words carry little meaning". George Lakoff talked about
Reddy and he said that his theory and Reddy's are similar because they both imply that metaphors are
...show more content...
Types of Conceptual Metaphors according to Lakoff & Johnson
Lakoff & Johnson define conceptual metaphors as understanding and experiencing one kind of thing
in terms of another and argue that the way human beings think and talk is largely metaphorical.
Lakoff and Johnson prove that humans often speak in metaphors when they talk about any concept
without noticing it. Conceptual metaphors play a very important role in our lives and combines both
linguistic and cognitive domains. They identified three categories of conceptual metaphors:
1.Orientational metaphors:
Oriental metaphors are metaphors in which concepts are given spatial orientation: up–down,
front–back, on–off, central–peripheral. For example, 'HAPPY IS UP' and 'SAD IS DOWN'; the fact
that the concept happy is oriented up and the concept sad is oriented down leads to English
expressions like 'I'm feeling up today', 'That boosted my spirits' and 'I'm feeling down', 'I fell into a

Spoon River Anthology Essay
Spoon River Anthology
The Spoon River Anthology, written by Edgar Lee Masters in 1915, was a unique piece of work
in both style and structure. There are over two hundred "stories" told by the dead people who once
lived in the town of Spoon River. The lives and dreams of these people are written as poems. The
poetry itself is an excellent example of early modernist style. Since there are many people from
many different backgrounds, and even different generations, (There are examples of Old English
spellings and hints of people being from different decades), there are varied stories and themes
present throughout the Anthology. A lot of the book revolves around the concept of the American
dream and ethic, as well as the puritan...show more content...
Some died happy, but a lot of the poems are bitter.
The ghost of Lucinda Matlock presents one of the overall themes. The woman tells the story of her
hard but full life. Then she expresses her anger toward the living generations' petty woes. She states
that "Life is too strong for you– it takes life to love life." Lucinda's character is based on Edgar Lee
Master's grandmother of the same name, who is buried in the cemetery that inspired the author.
Another thematic poem is that of Yee Bow. Yee Bow was an Asian man who worshipped
Confucius. The people of Spoon River tried to convert him, but he was faithful. One day, without
warning, the clergyman's son hit and killed Yee Bow. Yee was grief
–stricken, knowing that his
progeny could not worship him while he lie in Spoon River.
Cooney Potter is my favorite character. He tells how he acquired a small piece of land from his
father, and through hard work, he became quite prominent, but never satisfied. "Wishing to own two
thousand acres, I bustled through the years with axe and plow, Toiling, denying myself, my wife,
my sons, my daughters..." He says that his hard work killed him before he reached the age of sixty.
He had achieved the American dream in the physical sense–but he had never taken the time to enjoy
it. The prologue and epilogue are different, in the way that they are omniscient and haunting. The
prologue sets the tone for the rest of the book. The poem is called The

Conversational Analogy
1.0 Introduction
Definition: An analogy is a comparison between one thing and another, usually for the purpose of
explanation or interpretation. It is similar to metaphor and simile; they are usually used in
conversation to relate one situation to other.
According to (Heick, 2014) other than conversational analogy there are analogies, which are formal
analogies, used in teaching. They usually are called academic analogies. These analogies are the
research–based tool for teaching in science classrooms. It can also be used in text books and web
based learning environment. Analogy can be used to explain concepts effectively to the students,
which makes sense of the concepts to the students. This also helps them to understand easily than
normal explanation. Especially, the students from primary and lower primary are getting to know of
the science concept for the first time. Analogies make the subject interesting to the students from the
age group of 5 to 12. In Maldives, National Institute of Education has implemented key...show more
content...
The aware idea is called the analog and the unaware one the target. The analog and the target have
attributes; if the analog and the target have similar features then an analogy may be made between
them. An orderly comparison, orally or visually, between the features of the analog and target is
called a mapping. (Dagher, 1995b; Duit, 1991). A theoretical illustration of an analogy, with its
essential parts, appears in Figure 1. ("Ecosystems–Interactive Science Notebook foldable", 2017)
Figure – 1
As ("Science Fun", 2017) an example of an analogy shown between cell & factory and a plant cell
&an animal cell appears below in Figures – 2 and Figures – 3
Figure –

Example Of Oatmeal Analogy
My analogy/metaphor for affirmative action will be over something that everyone should already
have some understanding of, baked goods. Now let's make a quick comparison between two types of
cookies; the humble oatmeal–raisin and the extravagant white–chocolate macadamia nut. Some can
say that the humble cookie is much more undesirable than is extravagant counterpart. Since the
oatmeal–raisin cookie is less desirable than the other it will result in fewer sales. So to counter–react
this it should be required that every shop should keep a percentage of its sale strictly oat–meal
raisin. This means that if these shops sale out of cookies like the white–chocolate macadamia nut
and you still want a cookie you must accept an oat–meal raisin in

Wall E Environmental Analysis
WALL–E and the Overconsumption that Harm's Earth (Stanton) Wall–E is a Disney Pixar movie
that deals with overconsumption, obesity and the result of humans not managing waste properly.
The heart of the story focuses on Wall–E and Eve that aid humans whom have trashed the planet and
left the earth until the planet is habitable again (Stanton). The United States and other parts of the
world have a consumption problem. The obesity in the film reflects the lack of empathy for the
planet and ourselves as a society. At the very core of Wall
–E is a warning to correct the destructive
consumer culture that contributes to global warming, loss of land and loss of resources. The human
species only has one earth and with good conservation, waste management practices, humans can
help create cultures that are sustainable for ourselves and future generations. There is an important
message in Wall–E by showing how society consumes and disposes with disregard for the source of
the product. There is also irony, in my opinion, in the fact that a Blu–Ray of the movie or any of the
merchandising may end up in a landfill. In Resources, Conservation and Recycling a team took on a
low–cost way to get people to recycle more and try to increase the "34.3% or 87 million tons of
waste recycled by the U.S.A" with smart recycling bins that had mixed results (Mozo–Reyes,
Jambeck and Reeves 72). Reducing what goes in the landfill helps. The story of Wall–E and EVE is
an animation that focuses on humans

False Analogy
Part One: Overall, the argument presented is strong however, it is not without flaw. The first place
we see this is in the last sentence of paragraph one "Although, having a positive body image is good,
it does not outweigh the negative consequences brought about by the normalization of obesity." The
assertion made here, dismisses the psychological harm brought about by a negative body image. For
example, the prevalence of eating disorders in American women that can bring about equal health
risks. Moving forward, it could be argued that the author makes a false analogy throughout
paragraph one by comparing the health risks of smoking to the health risks of obesity. Furthermore,
even in the absence of the false analogy the assertions made about both the health risks of both lack
any academic backing, consequently, many readers will dismiss the argument immediately.
Paragraph three, makes the assumption that readers adopt a utilitarian moral view. Due to this,
readers who do not hold this view are neglected. In the third paragraph, the author again makes a
generalization about the reader; he assumes that the reader knows that BMI stands for body mass
index. By not making this clear, the reader may become confused. Throughout the entirety of the
essay the author, speaks as if the ideal body type is one that is obese, and it isn't until the final
paragraph that it is even mentioned that the current and most prominent standards of beauty are (for
women anyway) ultra–thin body types. It could be argued that this is irrelevant and that the...show
more content...
Repeatedly throughout the essay the author references outside material, however he never provides a
list of his sources. Although, at face value, the anecdotes and case studies mentioned strengthen the
argument, it is entirely possible that the author just made everything up so that it conveniently
strengthened his

Analogy Means In Relation To The Community
Discuss what this analogy means in relation to the community and world changing possibilities.
God is referring to salt and light as world changing. Salt makes what is good even better! Salt
improves the quality of what is good. "We are the salt of the earth", we as Christians are the ones
walking the earth to better it.
How does Jesus' "forced analogy" of salt and light expand your understanding of how an individual
or organization can significantly impact the world?
Salt and light expanded my understanding of how individuals can make a difference. It only takes
one person to be inspired and keep the light coming through to make the world a better place.

Analysis Of Malala Yousafzai Speech
Malala Yousafzai's Speech I am honored to be chosen to pick a speech and read it for the
conference. I have chosen Malala Yousafzai's speech on free education for women and children
around the world. In the speech given by Malala Yousafzai on July 12, 2013 at the Youth takeover
of the United Nations, she claims that we must take action and help fight for women's rights and free
education for all around the world, and that the acts of terrorism against women and children should
be stopped. The speaker establishes the hopefulness for the women and children around the
world who lack a basic education and are judged by their race and gender to give hope that they
might be able to achieve a free education for all. She wrote this speech to inform the audience
about the lack of education for women and children. Malala Yousafzai's speech is the most
moving out of the three choices because the speaker creates a powerful message by using
anecdotes, repetition and ethos to convey her overall message to the audience. Malala Yousafzai
used an anecdote in her speech to relate her story with the audience. In the speech it says, "The
terrorists thought that they would change our aims and stop our ambitions but nothing changed
in my life except this: Weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was
born." This example gives the audience hope that they can take action and achieve gender
equality rights by using their words and actions. The anecdote appeals to the audience's emotions,
by using specific word choice such as strength, power, and courage. This helps connect Malala's
view to the audience. "I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a
journalist, Why are the Taliban against education? He answered very simply. By pointing to his
book he said, A Talib doesn't know what is written inside this book. They think that God is a tiny,
little conservative being who would send girls to hell just because of going to school. The terrorists
are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal beliefs." This quote
shows the audience why the terrorists do crimes and mass murders, and Malala Yousafzai is
teaching her audience to be forgiving and use words and

In Sherman Alexie's "Superman and Me," he uses rhetorical strategies to achieve his purpose of
reaching his audience. He uses analogies to depict something confusing with something simple to
understand. Syntax gives the readers an idea of Alexie when he was first learning to read. Finally,
his emphasis on anaphora allows the audience to see his relentlessness to keep reading. The use of
analogy, syntax, and anaphora persuades his audience to agree with Alexie's purpose of this essay.
Throughout this essay, Alexie uses an extended analogy. Alexie's analogies help the reader
understand the purpose of a paragraph. He realized that "a paragraph was a fence that held words.
The words inside a paragraph worked together for a common purpose." He compares a paragraph
with a fence which brings clarity to his understanding of a paragraph. From this understanding, he
began to think of everything in terms of paragraphs. For example, "Our reservation was a small
paragraph within the United States. My family's house was a paragraph, distinct from the other
paragraphs of Labrets to the north, the Fords to our south and the Tribal School to the west." He
uses this idea that each paragraph is an identity and inside those identities are smaller ones. Alexie
even says that his family is like a seven–paragraph essay, each different but linked by genetics and
common experiences. This allusion allows the audience to see Alexie's point of view on the world.
Syntax gives the readers an idea of Alexie when he was first learning to read. In the fourth
paragraph, he explains on how he started reading. As he was analogizing the world in paragraphs he
began reading that Superman comic. For him to understand the text he began piecing the pictures
together into words. His use of simple sentences gives the reader a feel to be in his place.
"Superman is breaking down the door," he states that was what he was interpreting from the
pictures and then pretended to say those words," Superman is breaking down the door." With this
picture and these words he concludes that Superman is saying words and those words, "I am
breaking down the door." Alexie's way of learning to read relates to other people. These readers
could have used elements like

Life Is Like A River
If there is one consistency in life, then it is the one of change. As the ancient philosopher Heraclitus
of Ephesus articulated with a brilliant and memorable statement on the river of flux that life is like
a river: "We both step and do not step in the same rivers. We are and are not" (Heraclitus). What
Heraclitus points out for those who are unfamiliar with this school of thought is, that the natural state
of life is change where everything including ourselves is consistently changing, transforming, and
morphing into something different than it was before. This theory that life is like a river is helpful
for me to understand happiness.
I like to see happiness as the river of flux where it comes, goes, and where it never appears the
same. To me happiness has various forms and I try not to make it depended upon temporary
conditions and rather go with the flow. For instance, having a good or bad experience is really
more up to me. Yet some people may disagree with my view; however, out of my own experience
happiness is not found in the outside world, more so I believe it is something what comes from
within. The inside of that is that I am responsible for creating, living, and making conscious
decisions on choosing to be happy in my life. For example, as a young adult, I knew I wanted to
stretch my boundaries and pursue everything the world had to offer. I left my home country of
Germany to move to the United States. I wanted to increase my fluency with the English language

Argumentative Essay On Memorials
Memorializing events in the history of the world for any purpose has it's positives as well as the
negatives. Ranging from a memorial of a popular United States president from a loved one of a
family, memorials have generally served as a purpose of remembrance from the past of said event.
The purpose of the memorial is usually associated with a positive, uplifting feeling towards the
deceased individual or past event. While this is more or less simply defining what memorials are
for, what is the meaning behind them? What purpose do they serve besides the simplicity that they
are? Important messages from a few varied sources will give a differing viewpoint on memorials
from one to another. The first thought of memorials is the simple, generic...show more content...
Memorials are meant to be striking in the sense that you will notice said memorial and donate some
attention to it. The views of these see this attention capturing as exceedingly high for some purposes.
Some memorials are outstanding in their craftsmanship and aesthetics. This makes people wonder
what could be lurking inside the memorial, or what is near that memorial. What we've got here is a
formula, striking looks of the monument is almost guaranteed to attract some form of attention.
According to Source G, the analogy of tainting the planet with specific memorials are ridiculous, "I
imagined taking a knife and cutting into the earth, opening it up, an initial violence and pain that in
time would heal. The grass would grow back, but the initial cut would remain a pure flat surface in
the earth with a polished, mirrored surface, much like the surface on a geode when you cut it and
polish the edge. The need for the names to be on the memorial would become the memorial; there
was no need to embellish the design further. The people and their names would allow everyone to
respond and remember. The ideals of such nonsensical placements of the memorials are just irritable
at the

Analogy Assignment
A lot has changed in our houses from the earlier nineteen hundreds to present day furniture that we
think of today. In this illustration by Chris Ware of a Thanksgiving dinner, Chris wants to illustrate
to the viewers of a family from the nineteen–forty's and contrast the family with another family from
the two–thousand era. The cover was published in the year 2006 around the time of the Afghan–Iraqi
war in the Middle–East and, to me, it seems like Chris wants you to see how families interacted
back then and how families interact now. There are a decent amount of subtle images within these
two images that show the viewer's how life was back about seventy years ago and how life is now.
First off, the image at the top of the page has a...show more content...
The bottom family seems to be more interested in the technology than the actual gathering. If you
think about it, it is a little sad because that is how most families are these days. The clothing the
families are wearing are also striking to me because in the top image the family is wearing more
formal clothes with skirts and dress shirts with ties where the other family at the bottom is wearing
more "everyday clothing" such as tank tops and camouflaged t–shirts. It looks like this is more of a
"gathering" than a family Thanksgiving dinner. The reason I think this looks more like a
gathering than a formal dinner is not only because of the clothing but also because there are two
types of tables in the dining room and there are a few different types of chairs that look like they
either came from the back deck or from the basement storage. If you take a look at where the pies
are located you can see that in the top image they are placed right beside the dining room table
where there are multiple types of desserts for the whole family where in the bottom image there is
only one pie and it is located in the kitchen almost out of sight. Where it is located it makes it seem
like the pie is only there for the people that want it and they may not care if they do not have enough
for the entire family. It appears that the bottom family is so caught up into watching the game that
they might have the pie when the game is finished where it

Balanced Chemical Equations
When considering the symbolic level of representation used in teaching kinetics, the types of models
commonly used by educators can be classified into two categories: (a) balanced chemical equations
or (b) mathematical–based equations and graphs. Balanced chemical equations are traditionally used
to support student understanding of the overall, complex reaction under study in the experiment or
simulation. Balanced chemical equations are also used to support a mechanistic understanding of
the step–by–step process of reactants turning becoming products. Here, balanced chemical equations
illustrate the creation and consumption of reaction intermediates, as well as providing insight as to
how a catalyst interacts with the reacting species at a...show more content...
Models are utilized by teachers to communicate important content to students, and to help students
better understand the nature of science (Duit & Treagust, 2003). Any representation used as a
teaching tool "should build on students' prior knowledge of a phenomenon and ways of thinking
about it, for example by taking into account the skills they possess for dealing with the concrete
and abstract entities involved in analogical relationships" (Justi & Gilbert, 2002b, p.1274). Too
often, this is a missing criterion for the representations used in a lesson. Visual representations can
be chosen for a variety of reasons including availability or copyright, use of color or lack thereof,
aesthetics, transferability to printed materials, etc. without ever considering whether the model used
is tied to students' previous knowledge. Models used without thoughtful consideration of the
intended audience are weak teaching tools, and can lead to a variety of problems in the classroom
(Justi & Gilbert, 1999a, 199b, 2002b; Johnstone, 1991, Talanquer, 2011, Taber, 2013). These
problems occur because students who are learning aspects of a concept for the first time lack the
ability to recognize or value the limited scope of use that is inherent with a teaching model (Taber,
2014). If the teacher, the expert in the room,

Evidence Of Evolution
Nora Lyang
AP Bio Pd. 3
2 January 2016
Evidence of Evolution The theory of evolution is the process how organisms on Earth change over
time by natural selection. The theory of evolution is so widely known that it is almost universally
accepted, except for a few people that think otherwise. For a theory to become so widely known
and established, there has to have been evidence to back it up. The most prominent pieces of
evidence for evolution are often cited as biogeography, homology, analogy, direct evidence, and
paleontology. Each of these pieces of evidence provide indication for evolution. Biogeography is
the study of where life is found and where their descendants were living in the past. Before Darwin,
all scientists believed in special...show more content...
Analogous structures have similar structures, but a different origin. They also have similar functions.
An example of analogy that supports the theory of evolution is speciation. Speciation is defined as
the biological change over time by which new species arrive. Some might wonder how analogous
structures come to be. Different species usually become more alike because of convergent evolution.
For example, two species can live in different but similar environments and need to fill the same
niche in different places on Earth. Because natural selection is the same around the world, the
species will go through similar styles of adaptations. Animals with advantageous adaptations will
be able to pass on their genes through reproduction. Reproduction continues until the advantageous
adaptation is the only one left. Occasionally, the favorable variation can change the structure of
the species. Limbs can be lost, gained, or changed, creating analogous structures in diverse
species that live in similar niches and surroundings, but don't live in the same places. A more
specific example is the similarity between the wings of birds and bats. A widespread adaptation for
many species, the wings of birds and bats are analogous as flight structures. The wings of both
animals have developed by different paths. In bats, the surface of the wing is a membrane without
feathers whereas birds have wings covered in feathers. Although both animals can fly and have
wings, they are different in many other places. Birds and bats just happen to fill the flying niche of
their

Examples Of False Analogy
The logical fallacy identified in question five is False Analogy. False Analogy is a false
comparison between two objects or two different points of view. In the cartoon two men are
sitting next to each other in their cars. One of them is a member of the National Regulatory
Authority that says "Guns don't kill people do" and the other one is a drug dealer that says,
"Drugs don't kill people do". This cartoon actually comes across comical because both of them are
obviously going to have two different points of view. These two analogies are not something you
can really compare because we have constitutional rights to bear arms, but drugs do not have
constitutional rights. It is like comparing oranges to apples. They are two completely unrelated
topics. However they can both be dangerous, but drugs and guns do not serve the same purpose.
They are two completely different subjects....show more content...
Equivocation works by intentionally using a word that has more than one interpretation. It misleads
the reader or listener by comparing two things that are not necessarily equal. In the cartoon, two
students were caught cheating and tried to explain their actions to the professor by saying "We
weren't cheating. We were consulting." As it shows in the cartoon the professor is clearly
unimpressed by the students witty response. If I were the teacher my response would be consulting
during a test is not allowed. Even though the students tried to twist the truth the professor knew they
were lying. The students did not want to get in trouble so therefore they resulted in twisting the truth
and hoping that the professor would believe

Examples Of Analogy In Teaching
1.0 Introduction
Definition: An analogy is a comparison between one thing and another, usually for the purpose of
explanation or interpretation. It is similar to metaphor and simile; they are usually used in
conversation to relate one situation to other.
According to (Heick, 2014) other than conversational analogy there are analogies, which are formal
analogies, used in teaching. They usually are called academic analogies. These analogies are the
research–based tool for teaching in science class rooms. It can also be used in text books and web
based learning environment. Analogy can be used to explain concepts effectively to the students,
which makes sense of the concepts to the students. This also helps them to understand easily than
normal explanation. Especially, the students from primary and lower primary are getting to know
of the science concept for the first time. Analogies make the subject interesting to the students from
the age group of 5 to 12. In Maldives, National Institute of Education has implemented key stage 1
and 2 for the classes from grade 1 to 5 fully, with the help of analogy teachers can easily make the
students to make their...show more content...
The aware idea is called the analog and the unaware one the target. The analog and the target have
attributes; if the analog and the target have similar features then an analogy may be made between
them. An orderly comparison, orally or visually, between the features of the analog and target is
called a mapping. A theoretical illustration of an analogy, with its essential parts, appears in Figure 1.
Figure – 1
An example of an analogy shown between a water circuit and an electric circuit appears below in
Figures – 2 and Figures –

Analogy And Participation : Analogy
Analogy and Participation
Analogy, as viewed by Aristotle is a theory of general logic, the theory of predication, which has
only to be applied to the notable case of being. St. Thomas, on the other hand, generally introduces
it as a mode of logical predication, the mode that is neither univocal nor equivocal but in between
(analogical). Focusing on St. Thomas' philosophy, this section will determine how analogy can
bring us to know God analogously. St. Thomas' emphasis is on the analogy of being, a principle that
makes for a better understanding of analogy, when speaking of existence or metaphysics and
knowing true epistemology. This, in turn, leads us to God who is all truth and has always existed.
Since God is existence itself and us as human beings are participants in His Divine plan, there is a
vast separation of what the human intellect truly understands about the Creator. St. Thomas rightly
claims that it is through our senses that we can get to know things but since God is beyond our
senses, the finite mind cannot adequately describe the infinite being that is. God, as St. Thomas has
said, is pure existence in act since it can only be grasped through examples and illustrations. Potency
belonging to those primary analogous notions that cannot be defined and act that cannot be grasped,
reveals one another with the understanding that act is included in every notion of potency but does
not necessarily imply potency. Act, according to Aristotle, is prior

Cultural Differences Argument Analysis
Cultural Ethical Relativism is a theory that is used to explain differences among cultures, and thus
their moral codes. According to cultural relativists, different cultures have different moral codes, and
there is no objective truth in ethics. They believe there is no independent standard that can be used
to judge one's custom as better than another's. In his article entitled "The Challenge of Cultural
Relativism," James Rachels offers his argument against the theory of Cultural Relativism by proving
the Cultural Differences Argument is unsound and invalid. Further in his article, Rachels reasons
against the claims made by cultural relativists, and he argues there are common values shared by all
cultures and there exists an independent standard...show more content...
If the Cultural Relativism is correct, then each culture will have total freedom in which its people can
do whatever they want within their society because what is right is determined by the moral code of
that society, and we cannot judge them since there is no independent standard that can be used to
judge one's custom. For example, in the late 19th century in the Southern United States, despite the
passages of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment had abolished slavery and made African Americans
citizens, the majority of White Americans still perceived the Negroes as inferior. Within the society
in the South, the culture determined it was right that whites were superior over blacks and American
Whites could do whatever they pleased to the African Americans. Consequently, the violent actions
White Americans had committed against the Negroes, such as murdering, lynching and preventing
blacks to vote, were culturally acceptable in the South. If the Cultural Ethical Relativism is right,
then what these whites had done is justified as correct and they did not commit any moral mistakes
since their culture permitted such a

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