A recent bibliometrics study found that 54% of 4.6 million scientific papers from peer-reviewed journals indexed in Scopus during the years 2011-2013 could be downloaded for free on the internet in April of 2014 (Archambault, et al. 2014). As time rolls on, authors and researchers are increasingly using more-and-less legal scholarly article sharing services to "take back the literature," or even just to access it more conveniently (Bohannon, 2016). The objective of this study was to evaluate a manageable sample of journal articles across the sciences, social sciences and humanities for their availability in gold, green and rogue open access forms, including ResearchGate and Sci-Hub. Attendees will gain a greater appreciation of the extent of open access availability through Google Scholar, Google and commercial discovery systems, and will be challenged to roll with the times by expanding the role of libraries in broadening access to the freely available literature.
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Access to Freely Available Journal Articles: Gold, Green, and Rogue Open Access Across the Disciplines
1. Access to Freely Available
Journal Articles:
Gold, Green, and Rogue Open Access
Across the Disciplines
Charleston Conference
November 3, 2016
Michael Levine-Clark
University of Denver
John McDonald
University of Southern California
Jason Price
SCELC Library Consortium
7. A Science survey of 11,000 researchers . . .
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/survey-most-give-thumbs-pirated-papers
Yes
No
I don’t have
access
Convenience
Other
Object to profits
off academics 23%
88%
51%
17%
9%
12%
8.
9. Our Journal Article Sample
• 300 articles indexed in Scopus
• Published in 2015
• 100 from Arts & Humanities
• 100 from Social Sciences
• 100 from Life Sciences
• 100 journal articles randomly
selected from 2000-4000
English language records
matching each subject area
• extracted in August 2016
10. Definitions
Availability
• Presence of full text in a “free”
version
Search Locations
• Google Scholar
• Google
• ResearchGate
• Sci-Hub
Access Type
• ‘Gold’ OA – open access on the
publisher’s website
• ‘Green’ OA – open access in a
repository or author website
• ‘Rogue’ OA – freely available via
an academic social network
(ResearchGate, academia.edu)
• Pirated – freely available via Sci-
Hub, a pirate site
11. Methodology
• Searched each article title in:
• Google Scholar
• Google
• Counted:
• Access type (gold, green, rogue)
• Number of title match results
• Number of results w/ available
full text (from off campus)
• Searched each article title in:
• ResearchGate (if not already found
there via Google Scholar or Google)
• Sci-Hub.cc
• Measured title match vs.
freely available full-text results
13. • How many articles are Gold OA?
• How many articles are Green OA?
In Institutional Repositories
In Subject Repositories
On author websites
• How many articles are available in
Rogue and Pirate systems
ResearchGate & academia.edu
Sci-Hub
Gold/Green/Rogue
14. Articles available
via Gold OA
Discipline
Publisher
Websites
Arts & Humanities 23
Social Sciences 25
Life Sciences 32
Total 80/300 (26%)
15. Articles Available via Green OA
Discipline
Institutiona
l
Repository
Subject
Repositor
y
Author
Website
(Self-
Archived
)
Total
Articles
Arts &
Humanities
6 4 5 13
Social Sciences 14 10 3 19
Life Sciences 7 27 2 27
41 10
16. Articles available in Rogue Systems
ResearchGate academia.edu
Total
Rogue
Arts & Humanities 11 20 26
Social Sciences 36 9 40
Life Sciences 44 5 45
ALL 91 (30%) 34 111 (37%)
25. Search Location
Where do we find available full text? Google Scholar, Google, ResearchGate, Sci-Hub
26. Google Scholar
ALL
versions
(average #)
# w/ Google
Scholar
(right-hand)
OA links
Arts & Humanities 2.55 35
Social Sciences 3.63 39
Life Sciences 5.03 48
Total 3.74 122/300 (41%)
27. Google
# of title
matches
OA Articles
Available
Arts & Humanities 2.94 37
Social Sciences 2.99 40
Life Sciences 3.62 45
Total 3.18
122/300
(41.3%)
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Conclusions
It’s hard to follow the
rules:
• 26% Gold OA
• 20% Green OA
• 37% Rogue OA
• 87% Pirated
*Starting with Google Scholar, supplemented
by Google, is a slightly better strategy than
starting with ResearchGate
*Starting with Sci-Hub, and bypassing
legitimate search options entirely, gives the
best results for users willing to use pirated
papers
*Libraries and publishers should be concerned
35. Next Steps
• Examine OA ‘discoverability’ and
availability in library Discovery
Systems
• How effective are library linking
tools in providing full-text access
to OA articles?
36. 1) Collar Google Scholar? 2) Emulate ResearchGate?
3) Don’t ignore the Sci-hub pirate club!
How should libraries respond?
37. 1) Collar Google Scholar?
• Link to Scholar results from
OpenUrl resolver results to
leverage more full text
OR
• Draw Scholar OA full text links
into the results menu when they
are available?
38. 1) Collar Google Scholar?
• Link to Scholar results from
OpenUrl resolver results to
leverage more full text
OR
• Draw Scholar OA full text links
into the results menu when they
are available?
39. 2) Emulate ResearchGate?
• Include metadata for ALL faculty
publications in Institutional
Repositories (even if the an OA
copy is not available)
• Allow users to request a copy
through the institutional
repository listing
40. 2) Emulate ResearchGate?
• Include metadata for ALL faculty
publications in Institutional
Repositories (even if the an OA
copy is not available)
• Allow users to request a copy
through the institutional
repository listing
41. 2) Emulate ResearchGate?
• Include metadata for ALL faculty
publications in Institutional
Repositories (even if the an OA
copy is not available)
• Allow users to request a copy
through the institutional
repository listing
42. 3) Don’t ignore the Sci-Hub (pirate) club!
Recall that:
• 88% of researchers
do NOT think it is
wrong to download
pirated papers
• 87% of papers are
available via Sci-Hub
43. 3) Don’t ignore the Sci-Hub (pirate) club!
Recall that:
• 88% of researchers
do NOT think it is
wrong to download
pirated papers
• 87% of papers are
available via Sci-Hub
Notes de l'éditeur
Need to note Academia.edu and that we didn’t search it directly, only noted it when it came up through Google or GS. Also note why the totals aren’t cumulative – some articles available both places.