Language and culture are closely intertwined. Culture shapes language use and form, while language expresses cultural identity. The relationship between language and culture can be studied both synchronically and diachronically, as languages and cultures evolve over time through historical development. Comparative methods can also be used to study cultural relationships by comparing languages. The document discusses establishing the genealogical relationship between the languages and cultures of South Halmahera through reconstructing their proto-language and subgroupings to determine linguistic evidence of their shared origins and evolution over time.

1. JUMAHIR JAMULIA
P0300310004

2. two groups of words
Genealogical
Relationship of
Language and
Culture
South Halmahera
Languages Group

3. genealogical relationship
*L
LA LB
LB1 LB2
LC
LC1

4. LANGUAGE CULTURE
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

5.  Language and culture are inextricably linked,
and their relationships cannot be overstated.
 Cockerham (1995:72-74) culture shapes the
form and use of language, while language is an
expression of culture.
 Kramsch (1998:3) language expresses cultural
identity, language embodies and symbolizes
cultural reality.
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

6. If language can be
studied synchronically
and diachronically,
then culture can be
interpreted both
synchronically and
diachronically
HISTORY
LANGUAGE
CULTURE
“like language, every
culture is a result of
historical
development, whether
it is studied as a
functional system of
composite parts, or
atomistically as a
description of
ethnographic facts.”
(Anttila, 2009:379)
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

7. If language
relationship can be
studied by applying
comparative method,
then cultural
relationship can also be
studied through
comparative method.
HISTORY
LANGUAGE
CULTURE
“every language
contains a vocabulary
with precise references
to aspects of culture
relevant to the people
who speak it."
Cockerham, 1995:72)
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

8. SOUTH HALMAHERA LANGUAGES GROUP
Gane
East Makian
Buli
Maba
Patani
Sawai
Irarutu
Weda
Gebe

9.  To what extent is the degree of genealogical
relationship of language and culture of South
Halmahera languages?
 How to establish the genealogical relationship
of language and culture of South Halmahera
languages?
 Why the South Halmahera languages are
considered genealogically related both in
language and culture?

10.  Describing the degree of language relatedness
of South Halmahera languages.
 Establishing language sub-groupings,
reconstructing proto-language, and finding the
origin or homeland of South Halmahera
languages.
 To explain the genealogical relationship of
language and culture of South Halmahera
languages through the linguistic evidence
provided by research objective (1) and (2)
above.

11. LANGUAGE
SUBGROUPINGS
PROTO
LANGUAGE
LINGUISTIC
HOMELAND