9. Generalized anxiety disorder
JMJ 9
• Characterized by
• Excessive, uncontrolled, irrational worry
• About everyday things
• They can be over concerned with
• Normal issue of health, money, work &
relationships
• Is symptoms have been present for a
shorter time,
• May be stress or adjustment disorder
10. Generalized anxiety disorder
JMJ 10
• Clinical features
• Complain of anxiety
• Appearance
• Looks concerned about something
• Restless, sweaty and shaky
• Tearfulness – may suggest depression
Symptoms
Psychological Physical
12. Psychological Symptoms
JMJ 12
GI
• Epigastric discomfort
• Excessive wind(due to
air swallowing)
• Frequent or loose
motions
RESPIRATORY
• Constriction in the
chest
• Difficulty inhaling
• Over breathing
CARDIOVASCULAR
• Palpitation
• Discomfort in chest
• Awareness of missed
beats
GENITOURINARY
• Frequent or urgent
micturition
• Failure of erection
• Menstrual discomfort
• Amenorrhoea
CNS
• Tremor, pricking
sensation
• Tinnitus
• Dizzziness
• B/L headache
• Aching muscles
SLEEP DISTURBANCE
• Insomnia
• Night terrors
13. Sleep
JMJ 13
• Characteristic way
• Lies awake worrying
• They wake intermittently
• Often report unpleasant dreams
• Occasionally night terrors
• Early waking with an inability to go back to
sleep again is much less common among
patients with a generalized anxiety
diosrders
15. Prevalence
JMJ 15
• 4-5%
• 2:1 – women:men
• Common in
• Caucasians
• Lower socio-economic group
• Age at onset – 21 years
• Peak at – 40 to 59 years
16. DD
JMJ 16
Depressive
disorders
In chronic GAD
Other symptoms of depression +
Schizophrenia Anxiety can occur before other symptoms
Dementia In older patients
Assess memory impairment
Drugs Alcohol
Cannabis
Antidepressant
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepine
Caffeine
Sedatives
Thyroxine
Bronchodilators
Anti
hypertensive
Anti convulsions
Withdrawal from
alcohol/substance
Symptoms severe on awaking in morning - dependence
Physical illness Thyrotoxicosis
Hypoparathyroi
dism
peochromocyto
ma
Hypogycemia
Arrythmia
Respi.disease
Carcinoid tumor
Temporal lobe
epilepsy
22. General Measures
JMJ 22
• Psychoeducational for patient and carers
• Relaxation training
• Problem-solving skills
• Self-help
• Books
• Website
• Telephone guided treatment
• Computerized CBT
• Voluntary- sector group meetings
23. Psychological Treatments
JMJ 23
• Psychoeducational, support and problem
solving
• Self-help books or computer courses
• Refer to Cognitive behaviour therapy
• Weekly sessions of 1 hour to a total of 16-20
hours delivered within 4 months
24. Pharmacotherapy
JMJ 24
• Antidepressents
• SSRI – 1st line tx
• Tricyclic anti depressants also can be used
• More toxic in overdose, less good side effects
• If no improvement after 12 weeks- add another SSRI
• Medication usually – for 6 months after symptoms relieve
• Limit use of anxiolytics
• Causes dependence
• Can use for short term (benzodiazepine)
• Buspirone
• Non benzodiazepine anxiolytic
• Short term relief in GAD
• Less likely to cause dependence
26. Phobic anxiety disorder
JMJ 26
• Symptoms may be same as GAD
• But there are 3 distinguishing features
• Anxiety occurs in particular circumstances only
• Avoidance of circumstances
• Anticipatory anxiety
Phobic
Simple
phobia
Social
phobia
Agoraphobia
28. Simple phobia
JMJ 28
• Inappropriately anxious
• in the presence of a particular object or
situation, or
• When anticipating this encounter,
• and has the urge to avoid the object or
situation
• for example,
• a person who fears storms may become extremely
anxious when there are only black clouds, which might
precede a storm
30. Simple phobia
JMJ 30
• Prevalence
• Common
• Life time prevalence of 12.5%
• Mean age of onset – 7
• Most situational phobias present in early
adulthood
• More frequent in women
31. Simple phobia
JMJ 31
• Prognosis
• Phobias that begins in childhood
• Continue for many years
• Those starting after a stressful experience in
adult live
• May improve with time
32. Simple phobia
JMJ 32
• Treatment
• Cognitive behavior therapy
• Tx of choice for simple phobia is graded exposure
therapy
• Medication
• Benzodiazepine short term course
• To the patients who need immediate relief
34. Social phobia
JMJ 34
• Anxiety in social situations
• Specific concerns
• About being observed critically by others
• Situations
• Restaurants, canteens
• Anticipatory anxiety
• Avoidance
• Symptoms
• Use of Alcohol
• Low-self esteem
35. Social phobia
JMJ 35
• Onset and course
• Begins with acute attack of anxiety
• Subsequently, anxiety occurs in similar places,
• Episodes becomes gradually severe
• With increasing avoidance
36. Social phobia
JMJ 36
• Prevalence
• Lifetime prevalence – 12.1%
• Equally common in men & women
• Mean age of onset – 13-20 years
37. Social phobia - DD
JMJ 37
GAD Distinguished by pattern of situation
Depression Absence of other depressive symptoms
Schizophrenia Avoidance due to paranoid delusions
Anxious/ avoidant
personality disorder
Lifelong shyness & lack of self-confidence
Personality disorders starts at young age
More gradual development
Social inadequacy Primary lack of social skills
Panic disorder with
agoraphobia
Panic attacks are typically unexpected
38. Social phobia
JMJ 38
• Aetiology
• Starts in late adolescence
• Prognosis
• Most improve by mid-life
39. Social phobia
JMJ 39
• Treatment
• Antidepressents
• Best – SSRI
• 2nd line – SNRI
• Monoamine oxidase were used fro social anxiety
• While taking drugs patients are advised to practice
exposure to situations
• Anxiolytic medications
• Immediate short term relief
• Risk of dependence
• Beta adrenergic antagonists
• Control tremor and palpitations
41. Agoraphobia
JMJ 41
• in which the patient experiences anxiety
• in situations that are unfamiliar,
• From which they cannot escape,
• or in which they perceive they have little
control.
• Leads to avoidance
43. Agoraphobia
JMJ 43
• Course and outcome
• Median age of onset – 20 years
• 2 peaks
• 15-30 years
• 70-80 years
• First episode of agoraphobia often occurs while the
person is
• away from home,
• waiting for public transport, or
• Shopping in a crowded store
• Suddenly develops panic attack
44. Agoraphobia - DD
JMJ 44
GAD Distinguished by pattern of situation
Social phobia Pattern is different
Simple phobia May involve panic attacks
Only occur in special objects or situations
Depressive disorders Low mood, anhedonia, lack of energy
Schizophrenia Paranoid delusions may mistaken
45. Agoraphobia
JMJ 45
• Treatment
• Antidepressents
• 1st line – SSRI
• Fluoxetine, fluoxamine, citalopram, sertraline
• Should be combined with exposure, either as a self-
help procedure or as part of CBT
• Anxiolytics
• Benzodiazepine
• Short term
49. Prevalence
JMJ 49
• Twice common in females
• Risk factors
• Urban living
• Divorce
• Limited education
• Physical or sexual abuse
• 2 peaks of onset
• 15 to 24 years
• 45 to 55 years