1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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2. Mohammad Hailat
Dept. of Mathmatical Sciences,
University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken SC
29801
Abdullah Sabbagh
Engineering Studies, Sydney
Catalina Neculai
University of Coventry, UK
Ecaterina Patrascu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Loredana Bosca
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Fabricio Moraes de Almeida
Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
George - Calin SERITAN
Postdoctoral Researcher
Hasan Baktir
English Language and Literature
Department, Kayseri
Ghayoor Abbas Chotana
Department of Chemistry, Lahore
University of Management Sciences [ PK
]
Anna Maria Constantinovici
AL. I. Cuza University, Romania
Horia Patrascu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest,
Romania
Ilie Pintea,
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Xiaohua Yang
PhD, USA
Nawab Ali Khan
College of Business Administration
Flávio de São Pedro Filho
Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
Kamani Perera
Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri
Lanka
Janaki Sinnasamy
Librarian, University of Malaya [
Malaysia ]
Romona Mihaila
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Delia Serbescu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest,
Romania
Anurag Misra
DBS College, Kanpur
Titus Pop
Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade
ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India
R. R. Patil
Head Geology Department Solapur
University, Solapur
Rama Bhosale
Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education,
Panvel
Salve R. N.
Department of Sociology, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur
Govind P. Shinde
Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance
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Arts, Science & Commerce College,
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Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya
Secretary, Play India Play (Trust),Meerut
Iresh Swami
Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur
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Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur
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Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune
K. M. Bhandarkar
Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia
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Vikram University, Ujjain
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S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka
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Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar
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Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
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3. Please cite this Article as :
Novel : Indian Streams Research Journal (Oct. ; 2012)
Khalil Abdul-Hameed Mohammed Saif Alquraidhy , Irony - Its Discourse Structure In The
Volume 2, Issue. 9, Oct 2012
Indian Streams Research Journal
KEYWORD:
Irony, communicative,Bennet.
INTRODUCTION
To me, as a teacher of English language, the main aim of teaching English language to the learner
should be to make him develop his own individual capacity to respond to language. The language teaching
imparted by us today is a patterned teaching. He at best, learns how to react to a patterned situation or event
in a pattern like this; for instance go to the booking counter and ask for the ticket by using this sentence or
these sentences and at the end say 'thank you'. If the booking clerk asks such and such questions reply with
these and these sentences. The same formula or pattern is adopted in other situations. So everything
depends on the assumed situation calling for an assumed response. In teaching to the medical students or
law graduates (and this I do myself) we do the same thing. Certain course books are prescribed; they follow
the same formula or patterned situation with a patterned response. Beyond the pattern our learners start
fumbling. They fail to react properly or to communicate efficiently and powerfully if they are faced with a
sudden changeinthepatternedsituationortheevent.
Further, in language course books, the learners see sentences only as illustrations of grammatical
patterns and not as expressions with an independent communicative value that can be an aid to some
pragmatic and sociolinguistic questions noosing our day to day life. That way, we, as it were, compel the
language to commit a serious and unpardonable fault of creating a big gap between the learner and life.
Since he lacks this training, so, at best he can express and understand simple ideas in a common simple
language, but he gets confused and nervous with complex expressions having a serious communicative
value that has or can have an impact on life for an understanding of life or various situations in life. I have
been trying to experiment at the level of my medical students and graduates of law after completing these
course books I shift to some common simple medical or legal documents, bring them before my students
and try to gauge their response. Such documents have their communicative value; they give them, in a
simple way and the simple language, a knowledge about diseases and patients, about certain laws, courts
Abstract:
In this paper I have tried to explain how the discourse structure of irony - of
the most complex, vocal and meaningful linguistic and literary devices – can best be
revealed in the prose fiction which can an Essay, a short story or a Novel .To me, it
appears that the meaningful use of irony for the purposes of communication can best
be taught with the help of a novel. Both irony and the novel use the same discourse
structure and, hence, they help each other in communicating the several layers of
meanings which hide, in themselves, the linguistic and literary beauty of irony and the
novel. Irony can best be communicated through the events and conditions of the
fictional world and construed from the description itself. It requires the help of both –
What happens and how it is described. And both are the basic of the novel. So a lesson
in irony can best be given with the help of a novel. For my purposes, I will take the help
ofJaneAusten's novelPrideand Prejudice.
ISSN:-2230-7850
Irony - Its Discourse Structure In The Novel
Khalil Abdul-Hameed Mohammed Saif Alquraidhy
Department of English, .
Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

4. and clients. But they take them to be too heavy. That is because they do not want to deviate from the learnt
patternsandcomeoutof artificialenvironmentof patternandbeindependent.
At that moment, I feel my limitations and wish to have some engrossing and interesting short story
books for my medical students and law graduates which can connect their professions to their actual life and
help them in communicating with their life and life-like situations. Communicating with one or two men is
in its simplest and miniature form. Even a child on his own knows how to do that. But the real
communication lies in conversing with life in a real life-like situation which brings us face to face with the
linguistic pragmatics (the study of the way in which language is used to express what subject really means
in particular situations, especially when the actual words used may appear to mean something different.)
helping us with the real pragmatic (solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having
fixed ideas or theories) life. And here language feels the necessity of literature, and literature becomes the
real aim and support to language. Here the pragmatics and the pragmatic life get combined. This is the
ideal situation but very complex for a learner since the patterned language teaching has not trained him to
reacttoit. Herehewillhavetogettraininginliteraturewhichisthedomainof such situation.
Irony - a linguistic and literary device - is the best illustration of this ideal situation where language
and literature join together to communicate the meaning of a complex life like event seeking the prompt
attention of both the individual and the society. As per his training the learner can react promptly to a simple
situation involving the use of a simple straight forward irony. Even a shop keeper can understand the
hidden ironic barb of the following sentence – 'I hope you are making enough profit out of this.' The shop
keeper understands the ironic implication of "enough"'; to him it suggests he is making far too much profit.
The individual makes the comment; the shop keeper understands its meaning and the onlookers laugh. So,
everybody can participate in this play of simple irony. They have this much of linguistic training. At this
simple level they can isolate the ironic meaning (what is really meant) from the literal meaning. (what has
been said or stated.) Here, the irony is simple because the context is simple, well known and common. This
isasimple"verbalirony" –agameofaword orwords initsor theirmeanings.
But what would be the reaction of the listener if he is put in a complex situation where a complex
ironic tone with layers of meaning and a complex discourse structure has been used. It is but natural that, in
the absence of proper linguistic training that has not made him capable of individual reaction and
communication, he will feel nonplussed. Here, he may feel the need of help from literature and literary
training. Suppose he comes across this opening of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth
universally acknowledged that a young man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."
Taken on its surface value it seems to the listener to be just a simple common usual statement about
marriage in general. His communication with this statement stops at that. But let him have a literary
training, he would not stop at that but try to probe further and find out its wider and deeper ramifications. He
would drop the sentence and start communicating with its tone. Once, he catches the tone, the discourse
structure of the sentence would reveal layers of meaning. The simple discourse structure as revealed to him
wouldbelikethis:
Addresser Message Addressee
(Novelist) (thesentence) (thereader)
This discourse, that is the sentence, read in isolation reveals this structure. But it is the surface
level structure which does not reveal the layers of meaning. This structure is there before the tone starts
ringinginhisears. Afteritstartsringingso manythingsappearinhismind:
1.Narrator's attitudetowards readers;
2.Narrator's attitudetowards characters;
3.Charactersattitudetowards thecharacteror characters;and
4.Thecontext.
If we draw thediscoursestructureitwould giveus apicturelikethis:-
Irony - Its Discourse Structure In The Novel
Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 2 Issue 9 • Oct 2012 2

5. From the novel's introductory sentence itself it seems that the novelist is simply addressing only
the reader. But, put in the whole context, it becomes clear that the matter is not so simple. If we read the two
pages 1 and 2 of the novel – which contain the long conversation between Ms. Bennet and Mr. Bennet – two
things become clear – the whole introductory sentence has been uttered and the extension of the
relationships between the novelists, the reader and the characters. The novelists addresses the first the
reader – both implied and actual. The implied the reader the whole of the then society which is supposed to
read the novel and in whose court the real action of the novel is ready to take place. This society is being
chiefly addressed; it is being implicated as the real culprit arranging for the marriage for money instead of
marriage for love and which is being suggested by implication to be the ideal for the novelists. The actual
reader also takes into account this implied reader and draws in his mind a picture of the then society.
Without this picture it would be useless for him to read the novel. The novelist also in her mind the
charactersspeciallyMs. Bennet.Thislinkbecomesapparentwhen we cometothisdialogueofMs. Bennet.
“Why, my dear, you must know Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large
fortune from the north of England. . . "(Chapter 1 Page 1)We have to like the repetition of the words "man of
large fortune" Here, the society and individual (in this case, the mother herself) seem to connive together
against the girls for the sake of large fortune. This way, the novelist brings before the reader three culprits,
the society, the family the individual especially the mother. Then, the novelist brings characters together –
Ms. Bennet talks to Mr. Bennet. The attitude of Ms. Bennet is already apparent. This attitude is contracted
Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 2 Issue 9 • Oct 2012 3
Addresser Message Addressee
(The novelist) (The sentence) (The reader)
Implied Actual
Addresser Message Addresser Addressee
(The novelist) (The sentence) (Mrs. Bennet) (Mr. Bennet)
Message Mrs. Bennet Mr. Bennet Message
Irony - Its Discourse Structure In The Novel

6. by his ironic tone. Here is his utterance "You want to tell me, and they have no objection to hearing it."
(Chapter 1 page 1) His ironic tone implies that he will listen to her knowing full well that her idea would not
be worth hearing. By this statement he wants to suggest this disagreement with a present social
arrangement.
This analysis of the discourse structure of the introductory sentence of the novel has been done to
suggest that irony – one of the most complex, vocal and meaningful linguistic and literary devices – can
reveal its beauty, complexity and utility best in a prose fiction. It is the best device to reveal the value
picture. The multi faceted nature of the novels value picture is a matter not only of co-existing spheres of
value, but of co-existing levels of discourse. In this discourse there is a secret communion between the
author and the reader. This conspiracy is founded on shared standards of evaluation, and on the manner in
whichthesearecontrolledanddevelopedthroughthenovel.
What is suggested is that irony is the most mature communicative device at service of both
linguists and the artists. It reveals its maturity in the novel. Hence the learner, in order to achieve the
perfection of communication, should try to achieve that maturity. It will come to him not only through a
language course. It will require him to attach himself to a literature course too.Alesson in irony can best be
given with the help of a novel. To establish this thesis I took recourse to Jane Austen's novel Pride and
Prejudice.
REFERENCES:
Widdowson H G (1975) StylisticsandtheTeachingofLiteratureLondon,OUP
FurnissT, andMichael,B (1996) ReadingPoetry–An IntroductionLondon:Penticehall.
LeechG N ,andS Mill(1981) StyleinFictionLondon,Longman.
Development of Primitive Tribes in India (An Impact Assessment of Development Initiatives)
Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 2 Issue 9 • Oct 2012 2

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