2. Evolution of money
• Commodity money , metallic money, paper money, bank money
• Barter system
• Bank money
• Plastic money
• E-money
3. Barter – meaning and its inconveniences
• Direct exchange of goods without use of money is called barter exchange
• Economic exchanges without the medium of money are referred to as
barter exchange
• C.C.Economy
• Commodity for commodity exchange
4. Inconveniences of Barter exchange
• Lack of double coincidence of wants
• Lack of common measures of value
• Lack of standard of deferred payment
• Difficulty in storing wealth
• Lack of divisibility
6. Meaning of Money
• Anything which is generally accepted by the people in exchange of goods
and services or in repayment of debts
• Money is anything that is commonly accepted as a medium of exchange
7. Functions of Money
‘ Money is a matter of functions four
A medium, a measure , a standard , a store.’
• To facilitate the exchange of goods and services and help in carrying out
trade smoothly
8. Functions of money
Functions of money
Primary
functions
Medium of
exchange
Measures of
value
Secondary
functions
Standard of
deferred
payment
Store of
value
14. Legal defnation
• Legal tender money : money that has a legal sanction by the government
behind it, is called legal tender or legal tender money
1. Limited legal tender : it is the money which can be accepted only up to
a certain maximum limit fixed by law.
2. Unlimited legal tender : it is the money for which there is no limit to
the quantity of money offered in a payment at a time.
• Non legal tender money : it refers to that form of money whose
acceptance is optional
15. Functional definition of money
• It is defined in terms of its function. Accordingly, money is that which
money does
• It is based on the four functins of money – a medium , a measure , a
standard, a store
16. Classification of money
• Standard and Token coins
• Credit money
• Fiat money
• Fiduciary money-
Is the money which is accepted as
money on the basis of trust that the
issuer commands
• Standard coins refers to those coins whose face value is
equal to tis intrinsic value
• Token money refers to money whose face value is much
greater then its intrinsic value
Standard and token money
• Credit money refers to money whose intrinsic value is
less than its face value
Credit money
• Fiat money is that money which is issued by the order
of the govt, to act as money
Fiat money
Fiat money
fa
17. Liquidity Trap
• It is a situation of very low rate of interest where people expect the
interest rate to rise in future and consequently bond prices to fall.
18. Monetary system in India
• Indian monetary system is ‘paper currency standard’
• Again ‘paper currency standard’ is also known as ‘managed currency
standard’
• In India RBI issues all paper notes expect one rupee note and coins
• For note issue India follows the Minimum Reserve system.
20. Meaning of money supply
• The supply of money means the total stock of money in circulation held
by public at any point of time.
• The total stock of money in circulation on a specific day is the money
supply of a country
24. Impact of change in Money supply
1. If there is too much supply of money, people ill have too much
purchasing power and demand more and more of goods and services.
In case goods and services are not available in the market in sufficient
quantity, prices will shoot up. The economy will fall n vicious circle of
inflation.
2. If there is too little supply of money, it means people will have too less
purchasing power. People will demand less and less of goods and
services. A persistent fall in demand will cause depression leading to
vicious circle of deflation.
25. Alternative mesures of money supply (money
stock)
1. M1= C+DD+OD
2. M2 = M1 + saving deposits with post offices saving banks
3. M3= M1 + Net time deposits of Banks
4. M4 = M3 + total deposits with post office saving
organization(excluding NSE)
26. High powered money and money multiplier
• High powered money , the total liability of the monetary authority of the
country, RBI, is called the monetary base or high powered money.
• It consists of
1. Currency
2. Vault cash of commercial banks
3. Deposits held by government and commercial banks with RBI
27. Commercial Bank
• A commercial bank is a financial institution which performs the
functions of accepting deposits from the public and giving loans for
investment with the aim of earning profit.
29. Function of Commercial Bank
• Advancing loans
• Discounting bills of exchange
• Overdraft facility
30. Function of Commercial Bank
• Agency function
1. Transfer of funds
2. Collection of funds
3. Payments of various items
4. Collection of dividend
31. Function of Commercial Bank
• Performance General Utility services
1. Traveler's cheques
2. Locker facility
3. Underwriting securities issued by government, public or
private bodies
4. Purchases and sale of foreign exchange
• Money creation
32. Credit creation by commercial bank
• Credit creation by commercial banks is determined by two factors
1. Primary deposits
new deposit in cash by the people. Indirectly primary deposits
reflect savings of the people in the banks .
1. LRR( legal Reserve Ratio)
minimum ratio of deposits which is legally compulsory for the
commercial bank to keep as cash or in liquid form
33. Credit creation by commercial bank
• When banks receives cash deposit from the public, it keeps a fraction of
deposits as cash reserve and uses the reaming amount for giving loan.
• In the process of giving loans, banks are able to create
money(credit)through secondary deposits (demand deposits, are
deposits which arise on account of loan given by the bank)
• RBI produces money while commercial banks increases the supply of
money by creating credit which is also treated as money creation.
34. Process of money (credit) creation
• A man, say Madan, deposits ₹2,000 with a bank and the LRR is 10%
• Bank is required to keep only the minimum required ₹ 200 as LRR
• Now bank is free to lend the reaming amount ₹1800
• The bank lends ₹1800 to , say Vinod ,
• Actually not given in cash but only demand deposit account is opened in his
name and the loan amount is credited to his account.
• Again 10% of Vinod deposit is kept by the bank as LRR and remain amount will
be given as loan
• The process of credit creation goes on till derivative deposit (demand deposit)
becomes 0
37. Money multiplier
• It is multiple by which total deposits increases due to initial deposit
• More the number of deposit and the amount of loan therein, more will
be investment, in the economy leads to rise in national income through
multiplier effect .
38. Central Bank
• The central bank is the apex institution of monetary and banking system
of a country.
• In India the Central Bank is known as Reserve Bank of India which was
established in 1935
39.
40. Function of a Central Bank
• Issue of Currency/Bank of issue
• Banker to Government
• Banker’s bank and supervisor
1. It is the custodian of their cash reserves.
2. It is lender of last resort
3. It acts as clearing house
41. Function of a Central Bank
• Controller of credit and money supply
• Exchange control
• Lender of last resort
• Custodian of foreign exchange
• Clearing house function
• Collection and publication of data
42. Comparison between Central Bank and
Commercial Bank
Central Bank Commercial Bank
It is the apex bank in the money market of a
country
It is merely a unit in the banking structure of the
country
Its primary aim is general public welfare Its primary aim is to make profit
It has the monopoly/absolute right to issue
currency notes
A commercial bank is statutorily denied this
function
It cannot deal with the public It directly deals with the public ad business
firms
It acts as a banker to the government It has no such responsibility towards the state
It decides its monetary policy to realize
economic stability and full employment in
country
It plays a supplementary role and is quite often
regulated by the central bank
It is custodian of nation’s Gold and Foreign
Exchange Reserves
It does not perform such function
