This power point contains the information related to the participatory approaches in extension

1. Participatory Extension
Approaches
Presented by
MANJUPRAKASH
PhD SCholar
Department of Agricultural Extension
UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Objectives
1. To know the concept of participatory
extension
2. To understand different participatory approaches in
extension
3. To know the use of participatory approaches in
development initiatives
4. To review related research studies

4. People’s involvement in decision-making
processes, in implementing programmes,
their sharing in benefits of development
programmes and their involvement in efforts
to evaluate such programmes
Participation
Participation occupies a central place in development,
thinking and practice.

6. Learning approach for strengthening
individual and organizational capacities of
rural people and their livelihoods to enable
them to better cope with development in a
self-reliant way.
Participatory Extension

7. Theories behind Participatory
Extension

9. People’s Participation
It is active involvement of rural people,
particularly disadvantaged groups in the
development process.

12. Different Participatory Approaches

13. Rapid Rural Appraisal
It is a systematic, semi structured activity
conducted on-site by a multidisciplinary team
with the aim of quickly and efficiently acquiring
new information.

14. Origin
 Developed in 1970’s/ 1980’s
 RRA methodology owes much of its early development to
Farming Systems Research and Extension as promoted by
the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research Centers (CGIAR)
 In 1983, Robert Chambers, a Fellow at the Institute of
Development Studies (UK), used the term rapid rural
appraisal (RRA) to describe techniques that could bring
about a "reversal of learning", to learn from rural people
directly

15. RRA Guidelines
 Structured but flexible
 Integrated and interdisciplinary
 Awareness of bias
 Accelerating the planning process
 Interaction with and learning from local people
 Combination of different tools
 Iterative

16. Field Techniques
Mapping agricultural data Continuous recording
Systematic step recording Transects

17. Principles of RRA
1. Triangulation
2. Optimal ignorance
3. Appropriate imprecision
4. Rapid and progressive learning
5. Learning from, and along with, rural people

18. Application of RRA
 Main crops grown (by season)
 Land use intensity
 Extent of inter-cropping
 Soil types and soil conditions
 Farm sizes areas owned and areas cultivated
 Extent of farm fragmentation
 Ground topography
 Irrigation
 Crop yields
 Agricultural practices

19. Strengths of RRA
• Responsive and flexible
• Understanding complex processes,
dynamics and connections
• Analysis and interpretation

20. Weakness
1. Not statistically sound
2. Risk
3. Dependent on the skills

21. Kodagu Crisis Management

22. Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRA is a way of enabling local people to analyze
their living conditions, to share the outcomes
and to plan their activities. It’s a “handing over
the stick to the insider” in methods and action

23. Origin
• Developed in 1980’s
• RRA is the basis for development of PRA

24. Distinguishing Features of PRA
Closed
Measurement
Individual
Democracy
Verbal
Reserve
Open
Comparison
Group
Ground
Visual
Rapport
To

25. Principles of PRA

26. Need for PRA
For sustained change, accurate & timely information
Advocates that people are solution agents for their problems
Cut down normal professional bias and anti-poverty bias
Reduces time consuming long methods
Cost effective, accurate & timely method
To understand the local environment
To learn farmers indigenous technologies

27. Advantages of PRA
 Identification of genuine priorities for target group
 Devolution of management responsibilities
 Motivation and mobilization of local development workers
 Forming better linkages between communities and development
institutions
 Use of local resources
 Mobilization of community resources
 More sustainable development activities.

28. Limitations of PRA
 The availability of a number of specialists in different
disciplines & team building with the local people may
be a problem
 The changing attitudes of rural people
 Lack of accommodation
 Inadequate funds
 It may not be possible to cover several villages in one
season

29. Participatory Tools &
Techniques

30. Johari window

31. Social map

32. Mobility map

33. Resource mapping

34. Transect walk

35. Matrix ranking

36. Seasonality analysis

37. Trend analysis

38. Flow chart- Problem description

39. Venn diagram- Stakeholder Relationships

41. Focus group discussion

42. Triangulation

43. Pie diagram

44. Uses of PRA
Ascertain needs
Development activities
Feasibility studies
Implementation phase of projects
Scope of monitoring and evaluation of projects
For studies of specific topics
For focusing formal surveys
To identify conflicting interests between groups

45. Difference between RRA and PRA

46. Agro-Ecosystem Analysis

47. AESA
An approach, which can be gainfully employed
by extension functionaries and farmers to
analyse field situations with regard to pests,
defenders, soil conditions, plant health, the
influence of climatic factors and their
interrelationship for growing healthy crop.

48. AESA Methodology
1. Field Observations 2. Drawing
3. Group discussion and Decision
making
4. Strategy for decision making, based
on natural enemy population.

49. 5.Pest monitoring through pheromone /light
traps: to monitor the initial pest build up.
i. Pheromone Trap:
ii. Light trap:
iii. Sweep-nets-water pans
6. Economic threshold level (ETL)

51. Participatory Learning and Action
(PLA)

52. Origin
Participatory Learning and Action (PLA),
evolved out of earlier developed participatory
techniques such as RRA and PRA, have gain
recognition as an individual set of tools in the
social and development sector
Developed by MYRADA in Bangalore, India
around 1989

53. It is a form of action research which is a
practical, adaptive research strategy that enables
diverse groups and individuals to learn, work and
act together in a co-operative manner, to focus
on issues of joint concern, identify challenges
and generate positive responses in a
collaborative and democratic manner.

54. Participatory Learning Method
The aim of PALM is to go beyond “appraisal”
and arrive at participatory analysis and
common understanding of rural conditions
Developed by MYRADA IN Bangalore, India
around 1989

55. PLA has three foundations,
1. BEHAVIOUR & ATTITUDES
• Respect for local knowledge and capabilities
• Rapid and progressive learning
• Handing over the stick
• Flexibility & informality
• Offsetting biases
• Seeking diversity
• Self-critical awareness

56. 2. METHODS
• Mapping & diagramming
• Semi-structured interviews
• Sorting & ranking
• Transect walk and
observation
• Timelines, schedules,
seasonal calendars etc.
3. SHARING
• Local people sharing
information amongst
themselves
• Local people and outsiders
sharing information with
each other
• PLA facilitators sharing
information amongst
themselves; and
• Organizations conducting
PLA sharing experiences
with each other

57. Nali Kali –The Best practices of
Karnataka
To educate an illiterate population of such a
country

58. Learning cycle
1) Pre- Preparatory activities
2) Preparatory activities
3) Competency Preparatory activities
4) Learning Activities
5) Practice activities
6) Evaluation activities

59. Children identifying their position in
the ladder from the Progress chart
The child is picking up its card
The child is picking up his/her card Learning under the guidance of teacher

60. Tools
Geographical
transect
Participatory
mapping
Seasonality
diagram
Ranking and
scoring

61. Uses of PALM
Participatory planning of natural resource development
Participatory project management
Integrated rural development programs
Rural credit management
Customs and coping with local conflicts
Participatory impact monitoring and assessment of programs

62. Participatory Action Research
PAR is “learning-by-doing” approach in which
the investigator places his/her knowledge at the
disposal of local groups

63. Awareness
Willingness
Knowledge
Engaging
Work
together

64. Uses of PAR
Community development & rural
organisations
Adult education
Concretization and mobilization at
grass-root movements

65. Tools
Evaluation of
sources
Social
stratification
Group
interviews

66. Participatory Assessment, Monitoring &
Evaluation
PAME is a process through which stakeholders at
various levels engage in monitoring or evaluating a
particular project, program or policy, share control
over the content, the process and the results of the
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activity and
engage in taking or identifying corrective actions.

68. Core principles
• Local people are active participants — not just
sources of information.
• Stakeholders evaluate, outsiders facilitate.
• Focus on building stakeholder capacity for
analysis and problem-solving.
• Process builds commitment to implementing
any recommended corrective actions.

69. Steps of PAME
Planning Gathering Analyzing sharing

70. Purposes of PAME
Improves capacity building
Increases efficiency and effectiveness
Combines quantitative and qualitative methods
Fosters decentralization
Promotes transparency and accountability
Encourages coordination of data collection and supervision
Creates new partnerships and leads to empowerment

71. Farmer System Research
FSR is an approach to agricultural research and
development that views the whole farm as a system
and focuses on
(i) The interdependencies between the components
under the control of members of the household,
and
(ii) How these components interact with the
physical, biological and socioeconomic factors not
under the household’s control

72. Features
• Holistic
• Farmer participatory
• Problem solving
• Gender sensitive
• Interdisciplinary
• Interactive and iterative
• Emphasizes extensive on farm activities
• Complements experiment station research
• Acknowledges the location specificity of
technical solutions

73. Activities
• Target and research area selection
• Problem diagnosis and development of
research agenda
• Planning and designing of on-farm research
• Farmer participatory on-farm research and its
analysis
• Extension of research results.

75. Diagnosis
Planning and design
Experimentation or testing
Evaluation
Recommendations & dissemination
Steps

76. Participatory approaches in
development initiatives
1. Farmers Organization
2. Farmers’ Clubs
3. Agriculture cooperative society
4. Self help groups
5. Farmers interest groups

77. Example
• Jack growers association
• Onion growers association
• Grape growers association
• Rural biofuel growers association

78. Sidhu Nyamagouda barrage
Siddu Nymagouda Shrama Bindu Sagar, 1989
 The farmers from over 30 villages pooled in money by mortgaging
their ornaments amounting rupees 1 crore

79. Yashomarga

80. Swachh Bharat abhyan

84. Types of Participation

90. - Helen Keller

91. Thank you