Genetics, importance, csd, CCD

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

3. Manoj C A
PHD16AGR6022

4. Past
(1835-1995)
Monk’s
Posit
Present
(1995-2015)
3 C’s
Future
(>2015) Be(e)- Life
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Monk’s Posit….?
Silesian monk
1845- Sex in bees
Fertilization and non-fertilization of
eggs
50 years before discovery of sex
chromosomes
first successful movable-frame beehive “Father of modern Apiculture"
Johann Dzierzon
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Drone
Oh..! I don’t
have FATHER
Woyke, 1965
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Bees- Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian…!
Worker
Queen
Woyke, 1963
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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The Trending 3C’s
CSD- Complementary Sex Determination
Cape town bees
CCD – Colony Collapse Disorder
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

10. CSD-Complementary sex determiner
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

11. The Gene csd Is the Primary Signal
for Sexual Development in the Honeybee
and Encodes an SR-Type Protein
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Alignment of Deduced Amino Acid Sequences of csd Alleles
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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The regulative hierarchy of honeybee sex determination in
relation to other insect model species
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

17. Gradual Molecular Evolution
of a Sex Determination Switch through
Incomplete Penetrance of Femaleness
Beye et al., 2013 Current Biology
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14 natural sequence variants of the csd gene among 76
genotypes of the honeybee
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Scenario Depicting the Gradual Adaptive Evolution of a New
Specificity through Incomplete Penetrance
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

22. Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies increases
signal production by waggle-dancing foragers
Heather R. Mattila, Kelly M. Burke and Thomas D. Seeley
Proceedings of royal society B, 2008
• Single patriline V/s Multiple patrilne
• Fitness of Queens
• Disease resistance
• Mainting within-nest conditions for environmental
fluctutions
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

24. • Scientific name: Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz
• Thelytokous parthenogenesis
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Cape Town Bees
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding
James and Ashley, 2014

25. Normal- haplodiploid Cape bees- Thelytoky
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

26. Contd..,
• Worker Policing : destroy their
aunts' offspring
• Social Parasitism : invade, colony
dwindles and dies.
• Economic Importance :
‘capensis calamity’
• Management
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

27. CCD – Colony Collapse Disorder
Different Names Symptoms
• Insufficient workforce
• Reduced consumption of
Artificial diet
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Autumn collapse
May disease
Spring dwindle
Disappearing disease
Fall dwindle disease
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Percent contribution of factors to the CCD
Kielmanowicz et al., 2015
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

30. 6 Km (3.73 miles)
113 Km2=27,932 Acres !
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10 Km (6.21 miles)
314 Km2=77,440 Acres !
Highest reward forage
Average of 2 hrs
Frazier et al., 2011

31. Pesticide class and types of compounds detected in 108
pollen samples in 2007.
Frazier et al., 2008
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Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

32. Most frequently detected pesticides in honey bee pollen
Frazier et al., 2008
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Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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USDA (2015-16)
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

34. Do Bt pollen kill bees...?
A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on
Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Duan et al., 2008 (Plos one)
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

35. Results
• No statistically significant effect of Bt Cry
protein
• Exception - ant-specific Cry22 toxin
• Need for additional studies in the field may be
warranted if stressors such as heat, pesticides,
pathogens
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

36. Relying on Bees....!
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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Pollination service
• 65 % of agricultural production in
Australia depends on pollination by
European honeybees
• 35 industries are dependent on
honeybee pollination
• ≈500,000 commercial beehives in
Australia
• Of these, some 102,000 hives are used
for paid pollination
• Problem: transmission of diseases
Source: Pollination Aware: The Real Value of Pollination in Australia, 2010
29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding

40. Pollinator health task force
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29 July 2021 Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding