Guest presentation for CI349 - Interactive Educational Software Design

1. Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity
Marcus Winter & Lyn Pemberton
University of Brighton, UK

2. 1. Invisible Buildings overview
2. Device focus & Device sharing
3. Evaluation
4. Results
5. Summary & Conclusions
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

3. 1. Invisible Buildings overview
primary school children
cross-curricular, whole-day
indoor + outdoor
- location-based games
- mock-up archaeological tools
- archaeologist & helpers
- related website
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

4. Device sharing
Device focus
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

5. HCI perspective
Pascoe et al. (2000)
simplify interaction screens
Brewster (2002)
balance visual interaction with haptic or auditory feedback
Göth et al. (2006)
mobile phone metaphor ( ≠ small screen metaphor)
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

6. TEL perspective
Eliasson et al. (2010)
1. two or more devices with implicit roles for students
2. mobile devices as tools
3. integrate teachers and tech personnel to scaffold learning
4. encourage face-to-face collaboration and communication
5. build on prior knowledge, invite students to form own strategy
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

7. 1. two or more devices with implicit roles for students
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

8. 2. mobile devices as tools
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

9. 3. integrate teachers and tech personnel to scaffold learning
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

10. 4. encourage face-to-face collaboration and communication
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

11. Evaluation
2 days at Sunnymede Primary School
2 mixed gender classes
9 to 10 years old
total 53 children
1 x archaeologist
2 x teachers
2 x Essex ICT Curriculum team
3 x tech support
2 x researchers
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

12. Data Collection Data Analysis
Video:
- 3 usability experts ITRG, UoB
- emergent coding scheme
- device focus, device sharing, usability
Questionnaires:
- aggregate PIPC rating (Barendregt et al., 2008)
- interpret trends in data
- analyse comments in two-step emergent
coding process (Miles and Huberman (1994)
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

13. Results I - Device focus
roles + auxiliary tools
focus on own role, teamwork
device as tool
device focus in key situations
mock-ups willingly accepted
integrate teachers and tech personnel
consultation crucial
focus on task
prompt tech-support
face-to-face collaboration
discuss line of action
terrain features, promising sites
meaning of objects
excitement and enthusiasm
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

14. Results II - Device sharing
key situations / no supporting role action
“like bees around the hive”
(Morrison et al., 2009; Eliasson et al., 2010)
• point at device screen
• grab device / mock-up tool
push hand towards the device
block others’ hand
push others' hands away
• “control by proxy”
• communal control
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

15. Results III - Acceptance & Usability
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

16. Summary & Conclusions
Invisible Buildings
Whole-day mobile learning actvity for primary school children
Device Focus
HCI perspective, TEL perspective
Implementation
Eliasson et al. (2010); mock-ups, auxiliary tools; professional actor
Evaluation
Two whole days with two classes of primary school children
Results
- Measures support communication, negotiation, context-awareness
- First steps to understand what is going on inside the ‘bee hive’
- Minor usability problems, good acceptance
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

17. Thank You 
Questions ?
Marcus.Winter@brighton.ac.uk
Lyn.Pemberton@brighton.ac.uk
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity

18. References
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Barendregt, W., Bekker, M. and Baauw, E. (2008). Development and evaluation of the problem identification picture cards method. Cognition, Technology and Work, 10(2),
pp. 95-105.
Brewster, S. (2002). Overcoming the Lack of Screen Space on Mobile Computers. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6(3), pp. 188-205.
Burgess, R. G. (Ed.). (1989). The Ethics of Educational Research. New York: Falmer Press.
Burrill, D.A. (2010) Wii Will Become Silhouettes. Television & New Media, 20(10) pp. 1-11
Eliasson, J., Spikol, D., Pargman, C. and Ramberg, R. (2010) Get the Bees away from the hive: Balancing visual focus on devices in mobile learning. Proceedings of
the IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2010, pp. 77-84.
Göth, C., Frohberg, D, and Schwabe, G. (2006). The focus problem in mobile learning. Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Wireless, Mobile and
Ubiquitous Technology in Education, WMUTE 2006, pp. 153-160.
Hsi, S. (2003). A study of user experiences mediated by nomadic web content in a museum. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 19(3): 308-19.
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Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Morrison, A., Oulasvirta, A., Peltonen, P., Lemmelä, S., Jacucci, G., Reitmayr, G., Näsänen, J. and Juustila, A. (2009). Like bees around the hive: A comparative
study of a mobile augmented reality map. Proceedings of CHI 2009, Enhancing Reality, ACM Press, pp. 1889-1898.
Naismith, L., Sharples, M and Ting, J. (2005). Evaluation of CAERUS: A Context Aware Mobile Guide. Proceedings of mLearn2005, pp 112-115.
Pascoe, J., Ryan, N., and Morse, D. (2000). Using while moving: HCI issues in fieldwork environments. ACM Transactions in.Computer-Human Interaction 7, pp. 417-437.
PhoneBook (2010). PhoneBook homepage at Mobile Art Lab. [Online] http://www.mobileart.jp/phonebook_en.html. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
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Turnock, C. and Gibson, V. (2001). Validity in action research: a discussion on theoretical and practice issues encountered whilst using observation to collect data.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36 (3), pp. 471-477.
Unearthing Invisible Buildings:
Device Focus and Device Sharing in a Collaborative Mobile Learning Activity