This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts related to describing language and language skills. It covers the eight parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), grammatical structures, word formation processes, and elements of language including lexis, phonology and functions. It also discusses topics like compound words, affixes, collocations, pronunciation rules and linguistic functions in communication. The document serves as a reference for teachers in understanding and explaining core components of language.

1. ICPNA- SANTYNA
For teachers
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2. DESCRIBING LANGUAGE AND
LANGUAGE SKILLS
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
PLANNING LESSONS
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3. DESCRIBING
LANGUAGE
AND
LANGUAGE SKILLS
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4. GRAMMAR
ELEMENTS
OF
LANGUAGE
LEXIS
PHONOLOGY
FUNCTION
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5. PARTS OF
SPEECH
GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURES
WORD
FORMATION
GRAMMAR
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6. Eight Parts of Speech
Nouns
Adjectives
Conjunctions
Interjections

7. Word that names
 A Person
 A Thing
 An Idea
 A Place
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8. Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Singular Possessive
Plural Possessive

9. Kinds of Nouns
Count Nouns
Non count Nouns
Collective Nouns
Compound Nouns
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10. A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a
statement.
“be” verbs
&
taste
feel
sound
look
appear
become
seem
grow
remain
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11. a
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12. Kinds of Verbs
 Action verbs express
mental or physical
action.
 Linking verbs make a
statement by
connecting the subject
with a word that
describes or explains it.
He rode the horse very
fast.
He has been sick.
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13. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
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14. PERSONAL
PRONOUN
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POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN
OBJECT
PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE

15. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Indefinite
Pronouns
anybody
each
either
none
someone, one, etc.
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16. Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you lose your telephone
book?
Is that a wool sweater?
Just give me five minutes.
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17. Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
Answers the questions:
He ran quickly.
She left yesterday.
We went there.
It was too hot!
To what degree or how much?
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18. Interrogative Adverbs
introduce questions
How did you break your leg?
How often do you
run?
Where did you put the mouse
trap?
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19. A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.
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20. The preposition never stands alone!
object of
preposition
preposition object
You can press those leaves under glass.
can have more than one object
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21. Some Common Prepositions
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
down
during
except
for
from
in
into
like
of
off
on
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
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22. The conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words or
groups of words.
or
but
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23. The interjection
is an exclamatory word that expresses
emotion.
Goodness! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that sunset!
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24. PARTS OF
SPEECH
GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURES
WORD
FORMATION
GRAMMAR
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25. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
TERM FORM USE
Past
Continuous
tense
He was running *to describe a
temporary action
in the past
Passive voice That building will
be destroyed
*to show what
happens to people
or things
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26. HOW WORDS ARE FORMED
TENSES PARTS
OF
VERBS
THE
PLURAL
OF
NOUNS
POSSESSIVES MAKE
NEW
WORDS
GOES
FISHING
WENT
HAVE
HAS
BOOKS
BOXES
LEAF/LEAVES
GIRL`S
CHILDREN`S
CAREFUL
FRIENDLY
DISAPPEAR
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27. GRAMMAR
ELEMENTS
OF
LANGUAGE
LEXIS
PHONOLOGY
FUNCTION
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NEW
WORD
AMAZE
AMAZED
AMAZING
AMAZINGLY
AMAZEMENT
COOK
COOKER
COOKERY
COOKING
COOKED
UNCOOKED

29. HAIRBRUSH
BROTHER IN-LAW
DVD PLAYER
COMPOUND
WORDS
AFFIX LEXIS
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COLLOCATION
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
LEXICAL
SETS
SUPER-RICH
ADMIRABLE
HEAVY RAIN
TALL MAN
DO HOMEWORK FAST –SLOW
RICH –POOR
BIG – LARGE
COUCH - SOFA
FURNITURE
MAMMALS

30. AFFIX
PREFIXES SUFFIXES
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Unclear
Imperfect
Rewrite
Unable
Incorrect
Ultramodern
Illness
Badly
Useless
Doubtful
Affordable
Ability
COMPOUND
Green card
Table lamp
Sunglasses
Telephone installer

31. Noun suffixes
-ness
-er / -or
-ty / -ity
-ance / -ence
-ion
-ment
TEACH + ER CARE + LESS
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Verb suffixes
-en
-ise / -ize
LENGTH + EN

32. Adjective prefixes
In- / im- / li- / ir-
En- / em-
Non-
IM + PERSON AL
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Noun prefixes
Un-
Dis-
DIS + ORDER
Verb prefixes
Re-
RE + DO

33. COMPOUND WORDS
ROOT + ROOT
• Kitchen table
• Address book
• Telephone book
• Hairbrush
• Toothpaste
NOUN+NOUN
• Black coffee
• Loudspeaker
ADJ+NOUN • Regular exercise
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34. COMPOUND WORDS
 Compound words are written in different ways:
1.-as one word
armchair sunflower sunglasses
2.-with the words separated by a hyphen or by
a space.
Gear-change Fruit-cake Desk lamp
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35. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
1.- ADJECTIVE + NOUN+ED
HIGH SPIRITED
KIND HEARTED
OPEN - MINDED
STRONG. WILLED
2.- ADVERB + VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
HIGHLY RESPECTED
LITTLE - KNOWN
WELL - EDUCATED
WELL - KNOWN
WIDELY RECOGNIZED
3.- ADJECTIVE + VERB
ADVERB present participle
NOUN
EASY - GOING
BREATH TAKING
WELL - MEANING
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36. COMPOUND CONTEST
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ROOT
PAPER
BOOK
CARD
TABLE
WORK
NEWSPAPER, WALLPAPER, PAPERBACK,
PAPER CLIP, PAPERWORK

37. COLLOCATION
refers to the ways words are combined with each
other.
TYPES OF
COLLOCATION
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EXAMPLES
ADJECTIVE+NOUN LONG / LARGE LEGS
HIGH / TALL BOY
BIG / LARGE STOMACH
VERB + NOUN DO / MAKE HOMEWORK
GO / TAKE A BREAK
GO BY / ON FOOT

38. EXERCISE
ARE THESE WORDS COMPOUNDS,COLLOCATIONS,WORDS
WITH PREFIXES OR WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?
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illness badly
useless doubtful
afordable interesting
a straight road a brilliant idea
hard work extremely grateful
a great idea a heavy subject
microwave compact disc
toothbrush lampshade
bottle top paper knife
Imperfect unable
incorrect impossible
disadvantage irresponsible

39. PHRASAL VERBS
are made up of a
one-syllable verb
plus a particle.
Turn on
Give away
Cheer up
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LEXICAL PHRASES
are chunks of words or
phrases that are
understood as a unit
with a purpose.
Have you heard the one
about….?
IDIOMS
are a lexical item in
which the meaning of
the whole is not
transparent from its
parts.
Green thumb
Pain in the neck

40. I’m all ears.
Bite your tongue
Don’t be thin-skinned
It’s raining dogs and
cats
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Tell the truth
Assign responsibility
Make a budget
So happy
Listen to
Shoe repair
Hair stylist
Talent show
Daydream
Classmate
Run away
Look after
Take off
Pick up
Take away
Do you think…..?
In my opinion..
As a matter of fact..
Come to think of it

41. COMPOUND
WORDS
TYPES
OF
MULTI-WORD
UNITS
PHRASAL
VERBS
LEXICAL
PHRASES
IDIOMS
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*COMPOUND NOUNS
*COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
*COLLOCATIONS
VERB + PARTICLE
WHAT ON EARTH?
WOULD YOU MIND…?
COULD YOU PLEASE….?
TWO LEFT FEET
FROG IN THE THROAT

42. SYNONYMS
ANTONYMS
LEXICAL
SETS
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DIRTY FILTHY
IMPORTANT SIGNIFICANT
CRAZY NUTS
FANTASTIC WONDERFUL
OBESE OVERWEIGHT
TALL SHORT
HAPPY SAD
DIRTY CLEAN
OLD NEW
HOT COLD
FOOD
SPORTS
SCHOOL SUBJECTS
APPLIANCES
MONEY

43. PRACTICE
I want you to write a (1)list of ten things which(2)you
like. Do it(3)carefully. But don’t talk to me or your
sister.(4)Ask me about any (5) difficult words you can’t
spell.(6)When you have finished,you can watch
television.
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PARST OF SPEECH
A conjunction
B preposition
C noun
D adverb
E pronoun
F verb
G adjective

44. GRAMMAR
ELEMENTS
OF
LANGUAGE
LEXIS
PHONOLOGY
FUNCTION
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45. PHONOLOGY
is the study of
the sound
features
Phoneme.-smallest
unit of sound with
meaning.
Phonemic. Symbol.-
represents only 1
phoneme.
Word stress
• Stressed syllable
• Unstressed
syllable
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Sentence
stress
Word stressed
Intonation
• You are cooking.
• You are cooking?
• You are cooking!

46. Vowels
bait –
father-bat
–
wear –
beer –
feet -
bird –
wet –
bite –
boat
food –
foot -
hot -
bought –
about –
boy –
hut –
pig –
computer-pure
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47. Consonants
hot -
sit -
tell -
man -
nut -
dig -
king -
lit -
shut -
think -
other -
vision -
chat -
get -
pet -
run -
vet -
win -
sing -
zen -
but -
fig -
yes -
just -

48. Rules for third person / plural
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/s/
Voiced
consonants &
vowels
/b/ /d/ /g/ /l/
/m/ /n/ /r/ /v/
/z/
Unvoiced
consonants
/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/
/Iz/
With sibilants
/s/ /z/
Climb
Sing
Read
Play
Plant
Cake
Paint
Cook
Language
Dress
Watch
Close

49. RULES FOR REGULAR PAST
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/t/
Voiceless
sound
p/ /k/ /f/ /s/
/d/ Voiced
consonants &
vowels
/b/ /z/ /g/ /l/
/m/ /n/ /r/ /v/
/Id/
/t/ /d/

50. Primary stress Tonic strong
stress
/’tei. bl/ /hoU ‘tel/
Secondary stress Non-tonic strong
stress
STRESS

51. STRESS
 to pronounce a word or syllable with greater force
than other words in the same sentence or other
syllables in the same word.
The meaning of a sentence often depends on stress
and intonation.
When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the second
syllable,
but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first
syllable “insert”.

52. Conduct
Contract
Contrast
Desert
Export
Import
Insult
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Object
Permit
Produce
Protest
Rebel
Record
Subject

53.  If the first part of the
compound is
adjectival,the stress goes
on the second element.
 If the first element is a
noun, the stress goes on
the first element.
Loudspeaker
Bad-tempered
Second-class
Three-wheeler
Typewriter
Suitcase
Tea-cup
sunrise
COMPOUND WORDS

54. E L I S I ON
describes the disappearence of a sound
(unrealesed consonant)
Could Doug take care of my pet tarantula?
 Can you ask Bob to sit behind Kate?
 I wonder if could borrow that book.
 Can you take it back to Greg tomorrow?
Would you mind giving Albert some help
moving that big bed?

55. LINKING
when two sounds meet,speakers often link them in
various ways.
 I need you to help us.
 Can you take apples and bananas?
 She and her sister like English a lot.
 What do you do to solve each problem?
 You can get a tv.station to run a story on it?

56. ASSIMILATION
the process in which a sound changes because of the
effect of another sound next to it.
1. DRESS SHOP
2. HAS SHE
3. ICE SHOP
4. DID YOU
5. COULD HAVE
6. SHOULD HAVE
7. NOT HAVE
8. CUPBOARD
9. TEN CARS
10. TEN BOYS
11. GOOD GIRL
12. THAT KID
13. COULD YOU
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57.  BLUEBIRD
 TREE HOUSE
 SUPERMARKET
 DRUGSTORE
 SHOPPING MALL
 HAIRBRUSH
 EASY-GOING
 BACKGROUND
 ICE CREAM
 WARM-HEARTED
 COLD-BLOODED
 THOUGHT
PROVOKING
 SEAFOOD
 WASTEBASKET
 GOLD RING
 COOLHEADED
 STRONG WILLED

58. FUNCTIONS
A FUNCTION IS A REASON WHY WE
COMMUNICATE, WE HAVE A PURPOSE OR
FUNCTION.
APOLOGISING GREETING AGREEING
INVITING REFUSING THANKING
INTERRUPTING REPORTING ADVISING
CONTEXT EXPONENT FUNCTION
A girl meets poeple for
the first time.
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The girls says:
Hello.My name is Santy
Introducing yourself.
A customer doesn’t
understand.
The customer says:
Sorry,what do you
mean?
Asking for clarification

59. PRACTICE TASK
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FUNCTIONS
A describing
B clarifying
C comparing
D disagreeing
E wishing
F suggesting
G speculating
1. I don’t think that’s a very good
D
idea.
2. It’s a beautiful place with a big
A
river.
3. G
He might be able to,I’m not sure.
4.B
What I mean is…….
5. I’d really love to fly to the moon.
E
6. They’re much older than their
C
friends.

60. LANGUAGE SKILLS
RECEPTIVE PRODUCTIVE
LISTENING
READING
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SPEAKING
WRITING