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Mendel’s Laws Of Heredity
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out
important studies of heredity.
Characteristics that are inherited are called traits.
Mendel was the first person to succeed in
predicting how traits are transferred from one
generation to the next.
A complete explanation requires the careful study
of genetics.
• Mendel worked with pea plants.
• Pea plants reproduce sexually, which means
that they produce male and female sex cells,
called gametes.
• When male gamete unites with female
gamete it is called fertilization.
• Then the fertilized cell is called a zygote.
Zygote then develops in to a seed in plants
and an embryo in animals.
• The transfer of pollen grains from a male
reproductive organ to a female reproductive
organ in a plant is called pollination.
• Since pea plants have both organs they selfpollinate. (male and female gametes come
from the same plant)
Mendel cross pollinated tall pea plants with
short pea plants.
Mendel’s Monohybrid
• Mendel cross pollinated tall pea plants with
short pea plants.
• Mendel referred to the offspring of this cross
as hybrids.
• A hybrid is the offspring of parents that have
different forms of traits, such as tall and short
height.
Mendel’s monohybrid crosses
The first generation (F1)
(P1) selected 6 ft pea plant and crossed
with less than 2 ft pea plant.
All F1 offspring grew to be as tall as the taller
parent. In this first generation, it was as if the
shorter parent had never existed.
Mendel’s monohybrid crosses
The second generation (F2)
Mendel allowed the tall plants in this first
generation to self pollinate. He planted the more
than 1000 seeds.
Mendel found that 3/4 of the plants were as
tall as the tall plans in the parent and first
generations.
He also found that ¼ of the offspring were as
short as the short plants in the parent generation.
The second generation (F2)
In the second generation, tall and short
plants occurred in a ratio 3 tall plants to 1 short
plant.
The rule of unit factors
Mendel concluded that each organism has two
factors that control each of its traits. We know
that these factors are genes and that they are
located on chromosomes.
Genes exist in alternative forms. We call
these different gene forms alleles.
Mendel’s pea plants had two alleles of the
gene that determined its height.
The rule of unit factors
A plant could have 2 alleles for tallness, 2
alleles for shortness, or 1 allele for tallness and 1
allele for shortness.
An organism’s two alleles are located on
different copies of a chromosome- one inherited
from the female parent and one from the male
parent.
The rule of dominance
In F1 generation the trait for tallness was shown.
Mendel called the observed trait dominant and
the trait that disappeared recessive.
So in the case of the F1 generation, the allele for
tall plants is dominant to the allele for the short
plants.
The law of segregation
The law of segregation states that every individual has
two alleles of each gene and when gametes are
produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles.
Phenotypes and Genotypes
Phenotype- the way an organism looks and
behaves.
Genotype- the allele combination an organism
contains.
phenotype

Genotype
Homozygous and heterozygous
Homozygous- two alleles for the trait are the
same. (TT) homozygous dominant, (tt)
homozygous recessive.
Heterozygous- two alleles for the trait differ
from each other. (Tt) heterozygous
Mendel’s dihybrid cross
Di means two.
Dihybrid cross- a cross involving two different
traits.
Law of independent assortment
Mendel’s second for different law states that
genes for different traits-for example, seed
shape and seed color- are inherited
independently of each other. This conclusion is
known as law of independent assortment.
Genotype RrYy- the alleles R and r will separate
from each other as well as from the alleles Y and
y.
Punnett squares
Monohybrid
Punnett squares
Dihybrid

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Mendel's laws of heredity

  • 1. Mendel’s Laws Of Heredity Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, carried out important studies of heredity. Characteristics that are inherited are called traits. Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how traits are transferred from one generation to the next. A complete explanation requires the careful study of genetics.
  • 2. • Mendel worked with pea plants. • Pea plants reproduce sexually, which means that they produce male and female sex cells, called gametes. • When male gamete unites with female gamete it is called fertilization. • Then the fertilized cell is called a zygote. Zygote then develops in to a seed in plants and an embryo in animals.
  • 3. • The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant is called pollination. • Since pea plants have both organs they selfpollinate. (male and female gametes come from the same plant) Mendel cross pollinated tall pea plants with short pea plants.
  • 4. Mendel’s Monohybrid • Mendel cross pollinated tall pea plants with short pea plants. • Mendel referred to the offspring of this cross as hybrids. • A hybrid is the offspring of parents that have different forms of traits, such as tall and short height.
  • 5. Mendel’s monohybrid crosses The first generation (F1) (P1) selected 6 ft pea plant and crossed with less than 2 ft pea plant. All F1 offspring grew to be as tall as the taller parent. In this first generation, it was as if the shorter parent had never existed.
  • 6. Mendel’s monohybrid crosses The second generation (F2) Mendel allowed the tall plants in this first generation to self pollinate. He planted the more than 1000 seeds. Mendel found that 3/4 of the plants were as tall as the tall plans in the parent and first generations. He also found that ¼ of the offspring were as short as the short plants in the parent generation.
  • 7. The second generation (F2) In the second generation, tall and short plants occurred in a ratio 3 tall plants to 1 short plant.
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  • 9. The rule of unit factors Mendel concluded that each organism has two factors that control each of its traits. We know that these factors are genes and that they are located on chromosomes. Genes exist in alternative forms. We call these different gene forms alleles. Mendel’s pea plants had two alleles of the gene that determined its height.
  • 10. The rule of unit factors A plant could have 2 alleles for tallness, 2 alleles for shortness, or 1 allele for tallness and 1 allele for shortness. An organism’s two alleles are located on different copies of a chromosome- one inherited from the female parent and one from the male parent.
  • 11. The rule of dominance In F1 generation the trait for tallness was shown. Mendel called the observed trait dominant and the trait that disappeared recessive. So in the case of the F1 generation, the allele for tall plants is dominant to the allele for the short plants.
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  • 13. The law of segregation The law of segregation states that every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles.
  • 14. Phenotypes and Genotypes Phenotype- the way an organism looks and behaves. Genotype- the allele combination an organism contains. phenotype Genotype
  • 15. Homozygous and heterozygous Homozygous- two alleles for the trait are the same. (TT) homozygous dominant, (tt) homozygous recessive. Heterozygous- two alleles for the trait differ from each other. (Tt) heterozygous
  • 16. Mendel’s dihybrid cross Di means two. Dihybrid cross- a cross involving two different traits.
  • 17. Law of independent assortment Mendel’s second for different law states that genes for different traits-for example, seed shape and seed color- are inherited independently of each other. This conclusion is known as law of independent assortment. Genotype RrYy- the alleles R and r will separate from each other as well as from the alleles Y and y.