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Writing a literary
analysis essay
       English 11/12
Begin with the basics
   Read the book or books assigned
   Ask relevant questions like:
     Why did the author write this?
     What is the theme?

     What are some symbols?

     How are the characters developed?

     How is the style relevant to the content?

     What do the characters learn?

     What literary terms are addressed and
      why?
Look for connections
and patterns
   Ask some more questions:
     How   are the characters connected
      to the themes?
     How are the themes, characters,
      and symbols connected?
     What does the format and style
      suggest about the story?
     What are my connections to the
      story?
(Do some research.)

   Maybe. Not all the time.
     Find out about the author.
     What do other critics say about
      the book?
     Has the author published anything
      about the book?
     What do other authors say about
      the book?
     What is the historical context?
Develop a thesis statement.
   Thesis statements are not questions.
   Thesis statements are not mere
    observations.
   Thesis statements function in two
    ways:
     They introduce the main idea that will be
      developed in the text of the essay.
     They analyze or illuminate the text,
      often in terms of literary elements.
Observation:



   Lena Cockley’s short story,
    “Mirror Image”, uses a non-
    linear structure with frequent
    flashbacks.
   That is merely an observation
    on the part of the essay writer.
    It’s a good observation, but it’s
    one most readers could
    recognize without your help.
    Think of your essay as a
    teaching tool that will help to
    analyze or illuminate the text.
Helpful hints for
developing thesis statements:
   Use action verbs:

     Lena    Coakley mirrors the
      fragmentation of her characters’
      lives in the structure of the novel
      itself.
     Not: “Mirror Image”, written by
      Lena Coakley, has a fragmented
      format that mirrors her
      characters.
   When applicable, use three
    examples to support your main
    idea:
     Lena  Coakley mirrors the
      fragmentation of protagonist
      Alice’s life through the story’s non-
      linear structure, specifically
      through her use of flashback,
      stream of consciousness, and use
      of the third person point of view.
Main idea:


   Lena  Coakley mirrors the
   fragmentation of protagonist
   Alice’s life through her story’s non-
   linear structure, specifically
   through her use of flashback,
   stream of consciousness, and
   third person point of view.
Three ideas that support that
idea:

   Lena  Coakley mirrors the
   fragmentation of protagonist
   Alice’s life through her story’s non-
   linear structure, specifically
   through her use of flashback,
   stream of consciousness, and the
   third person point of view.
Locate quotations that support
your thesis statement.
•   As a rule of thumb, try to find at
    least three direct quotations to
    support each element contained
    in the thesis statement.
    •   2-3 examples of flashback
    •   2-3 examples of stream of
        consciousness
    •   2-3 examples of the impact of the
        third person point of view
Determine the order you will
use this information. You can
use:
   Note cards.
   Traditional outline.
   Notes that only you can
    decipher.
   Macaroni art.
Get your ideas out to start, but
 ultimately you need to
 produce an outline.
Add your research to your
“outline.”
   If you’ve done any research,
    think about where it makes
    sense to insert it. If you have a
    difficult time determining this,
    maybe you shouldn’t add it at
    all.
Begin to write the paper.



   It may be helpful to begin with
    your introduction (though not
    always).
Writing an introduction.

   An introduction may be more
    than one paragraph, though in a
    short essay, it is typically only
    one.
   The thesis statement usually is
    placed at the very end of the
    introduction, or right after your
    hook statement at the start.
   NOT IN THE MIDDLE
More on introductions …


   A guideline to follow is that your
    introduction should contain at
    least five significant sentences,
    including your thesis statement.
An insignificant sentence:



   Literature often portrays
    characters who have many
    conflicts.
Duh!
All sentences should have
weight and meaning.
   They may introduce
    background.
   They may introduce new
    concepts and/or definitions.
   They may provide transitions.
   They may introduce quotations.
   They may provide facts and
    support.
Empty sentences have no other
purpose than to take up space.
Don’t pander to your audience.
 Lena Coakley is a good author.

 She writes about teenagers and
  people who have had
  transplants.
 In this powerful short story....

 “Mirror Image” is a good story
  that deals with many issues
  relevant to literature.
YUCK!
Using our thesis statement
from earlier, let’s write an
introduction.
   Let’s start with a general
    statement about writing (a hook
    statement), one that begins to
    deal with our topic directly yet
    hasn’t addressed the specific
    novel or the thesis statement.
Hook statements say
something general to draw
readers in.
   Experimental writers can
subvert the traditional form of the
story by refusing to use a
chronological plot line.
Now let’s get more
specific. It’s time to
mention our novel and the
author.
Experimental writers can
subvert the traditional form of the
short story by refusing to use a
chronological plot line. Lena
Coakley’s“Mirror Image” is not
narrated chronologically from
Alice’s brain transplant to her
eventual self-acceptance.
Instead it is told in a series of
flashbacks interspersed with
the turmoil of Alice’s present.
Now, let’s add our thesis
       statement.
Experimental writers can subvert
the traditional form of the short story by
refusing to use a chronological plot line.
Lena Coakley’s “Mirror Image” is not
narrated chronologically from Alice’s
brain transplant to her eventual self-
acceptance. Instead,it is told in a series
of flashbacks interspersed with the
turmoil of Alice’s present. Coakley
mirrors the fragmentation of her
protagonist’s life through the novel’s
non-linear structure, specifically through
her use of flashback, stream of
consciousness, and the third person
point of view.
An effectively-written and well-
organized introductory
paragraph should act as a
signpost for the rest of the
paper.
A good introduction essentially
    writes the rest of the
        essay for you.
The outline for the rest of this
essay might look something like
this:
I.    Introduction
II.   Body
  I.          “Mirror Image” uses flashback
              to demonstrate that the past is
              always a part of the present.
       I.       Example of flashback.
       II.      Example of flashback.
       III.     Example of flashback.
       IV.      Analysis of how flashback relates
                to your thesis statement.
III. In addition to flashback, Coakley
   uses stream of consciousness to
   illustrate the fragmented state of
   Alice’s mind.
   1. Example of stream of consciousness.
   2. Example of stream of consciousness.
   3. Example of stream of consciousness.
   4. Analysis sentence of how these examples tie into
   your thesis statement.

* Don’t forget to add transitions between ideas or to
   introduce your quotations properly!
IV. Coakley also employs the
  person point of view as a
  method of shrouding the
  narrative in secrecy, but also to
  illustrate Alice’s own confusion
  about her identity.
  1. Example of point of view.
  2. Example of point of view.
  3. Example of point of view.
  4. Analysis sentence explaining how all of these
  examples relate back to your thesis statement.

* Note: Some of these sections may actually be
   several paragraphs long.
V. Conclusion
  It is sometimes helpful to think
  of the conclusion as a reversal
  of your introduction.

 You may want to begin by
 rephrasing your thesis
 statement.
Original: Morrison mirrors the fragmentation
of her characters’ lives through the novel’s
non-linear structure, specifically through her
use of flashback, stream of consciousness,
and shifts in point of view.

Rephrasing: Because of Morrison’s innovative
  use of basic literary elements like
  flashback, stream of consciousness, and
  point of view, she is able to produce a
  powerful effect that reflects the sometimes
  chaotic and often broken lives of her
  characters.
Now we work backwards to
something a little more general.
Original: Lena Coakley mirrors the
  fragmentation of protagonist Alice’s life
  through the story’s non-linear structure,
  specifically through her use of flashback,
  stream of consciousness, and use of the
  third person point of view
Conclusion: By constructing the short story
  in what at first appears to be unrelated
  pieces unanchored in chronology or point
  of view, Coakley actually achieves a kind of
  unity that supports the development of the
  story and her characters.
We finally add the “clincher.”

 In doing so, Coakley reflects the
 disjointed perspective of her
 character and creates a reality
 where the reader understands
 what it is like to open their eyes
 in a new body.
The final conclusion looks something like this:

         Because of Coakley’s use of basic literary
  elements like flashback, stream of consciousness,
  and third person point of view, she is able to
  produce a powerful effect that reflects the
  sometimes chaotic and often broken life of her
  protagonist. By constructing the short story in what
  at first appears to be unrelated pieces unanchored
  in chronology or point of view, Coakley actually
  achieves a kind of unity that supports the
  development of the story and of Alice. In doing so,
  Coakley reflects the disjointed perspective of her
  protagonist.
And voila!
Your essay is
 complete!

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How to write a Literary Essay Introduction and Thesis

  • 1. Writing a literary analysis essay English 11/12
  • 2. Begin with the basics  Read the book or books assigned  Ask relevant questions like:  Why did the author write this?  What is the theme?  What are some symbols?  How are the characters developed?  How is the style relevant to the content?  What do the characters learn?  What literary terms are addressed and why?
  • 3. Look for connections and patterns  Ask some more questions:  How are the characters connected to the themes?  How are the themes, characters, and symbols connected?  What does the format and style suggest about the story?  What are my connections to the story?
  • 4. (Do some research.)  Maybe. Not all the time.  Find out about the author.  What do other critics say about the book?  Has the author published anything about the book?  What do other authors say about the book?  What is the historical context?
  • 5. Develop a thesis statement.  Thesis statements are not questions.  Thesis statements are not mere observations.  Thesis statements function in two ways:  They introduce the main idea that will be developed in the text of the essay.  They analyze or illuminate the text, often in terms of literary elements.
  • 6. Observation:  Lena Cockley’s short story, “Mirror Image”, uses a non- linear structure with frequent flashbacks.
  • 7. That is merely an observation on the part of the essay writer. It’s a good observation, but it’s one most readers could recognize without your help. Think of your essay as a teaching tool that will help to analyze or illuminate the text.
  • 8. Helpful hints for developing thesis statements:  Use action verbs:  Lena Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of her characters’ lives in the structure of the novel itself.  Not: “Mirror Image”, written by Lena Coakley, has a fragmented format that mirrors her characters.
  • 9. When applicable, use three examples to support your main idea:  Lena Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of protagonist Alice’s life through the story’s non- linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and use of the third person point of view.
  • 10. Main idea:  Lena Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of protagonist Alice’s life through her story’s non- linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and third person point of view.
  • 11. Three ideas that support that idea:  Lena Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of protagonist Alice’s life through her story’s non- linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and the third person point of view.
  • 12. Locate quotations that support your thesis statement. • As a rule of thumb, try to find at least three direct quotations to support each element contained in the thesis statement. • 2-3 examples of flashback • 2-3 examples of stream of consciousness • 2-3 examples of the impact of the third person point of view
  • 13. Determine the order you will use this information. You can use:  Note cards.  Traditional outline.  Notes that only you can decipher.  Macaroni art. Get your ideas out to start, but ultimately you need to produce an outline.
  • 14. Add your research to your “outline.”  If you’ve done any research, think about where it makes sense to insert it. If you have a difficult time determining this, maybe you shouldn’t add it at all.
  • 15. Begin to write the paper.  It may be helpful to begin with your introduction (though not always).
  • 16. Writing an introduction.  An introduction may be more than one paragraph, though in a short essay, it is typically only one.  The thesis statement usually is placed at the very end of the introduction, or right after your hook statement at the start.  NOT IN THE MIDDLE
  • 17. More on introductions …  A guideline to follow is that your introduction should contain at least five significant sentences, including your thesis statement.
  • 18. An insignificant sentence:  Literature often portrays characters who have many conflicts.
  • 19. Duh!
  • 20. All sentences should have weight and meaning.  They may introduce background.  They may introduce new concepts and/or definitions.  They may provide transitions.  They may introduce quotations.  They may provide facts and support.
  • 21. Empty sentences have no other purpose than to take up space. Don’t pander to your audience.  Lena Coakley is a good author.  She writes about teenagers and people who have had transplants.  In this powerful short story....  “Mirror Image” is a good story that deals with many issues relevant to literature.
  • 22. YUCK!
  • 23. Using our thesis statement from earlier, let’s write an introduction.  Let’s start with a general statement about writing (a hook statement), one that begins to deal with our topic directly yet hasn’t addressed the specific novel or the thesis statement.
  • 24. Hook statements say something general to draw readers in. Experimental writers can subvert the traditional form of the story by refusing to use a chronological plot line.
  • 25. Now let’s get more specific. It’s time to mention our novel and the author.
  • 26. Experimental writers can subvert the traditional form of the short story by refusing to use a chronological plot line. Lena Coakley’s“Mirror Image” is not narrated chronologically from Alice’s brain transplant to her eventual self-acceptance. Instead it is told in a series of flashbacks interspersed with the turmoil of Alice’s present.
  • 27. Now, let’s add our thesis statement.
  • 28. Experimental writers can subvert the traditional form of the short story by refusing to use a chronological plot line. Lena Coakley’s “Mirror Image” is not narrated chronologically from Alice’s brain transplant to her eventual self- acceptance. Instead,it is told in a series of flashbacks interspersed with the turmoil of Alice’s present. Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of her protagonist’s life through the novel’s non-linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and the third person point of view.
  • 29. An effectively-written and well- organized introductory paragraph should act as a signpost for the rest of the paper.
  • 30. A good introduction essentially writes the rest of the essay for you.
  • 31. The outline for the rest of this essay might look something like this: I. Introduction II. Body I. “Mirror Image” uses flashback to demonstrate that the past is always a part of the present. I. Example of flashback. II. Example of flashback. III. Example of flashback. IV. Analysis of how flashback relates to your thesis statement.
  • 32. III. In addition to flashback, Coakley uses stream of consciousness to illustrate the fragmented state of Alice’s mind. 1. Example of stream of consciousness. 2. Example of stream of consciousness. 3. Example of stream of consciousness. 4. Analysis sentence of how these examples tie into your thesis statement. * Don’t forget to add transitions between ideas or to introduce your quotations properly!
  • 33. IV. Coakley also employs the person point of view as a method of shrouding the narrative in secrecy, but also to illustrate Alice’s own confusion about her identity. 1. Example of point of view. 2. Example of point of view. 3. Example of point of view. 4. Analysis sentence explaining how all of these examples relate back to your thesis statement. * Note: Some of these sections may actually be several paragraphs long.
  • 34. V. Conclusion It is sometimes helpful to think of the conclusion as a reversal of your introduction. You may want to begin by rephrasing your thesis statement.
  • 35. Original: Morrison mirrors the fragmentation of her characters’ lives through the novel’s non-linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and shifts in point of view. Rephrasing: Because of Morrison’s innovative use of basic literary elements like flashback, stream of consciousness, and point of view, she is able to produce a powerful effect that reflects the sometimes chaotic and often broken lives of her characters.
  • 36. Now we work backwards to something a little more general. Original: Lena Coakley mirrors the fragmentation of protagonist Alice’s life through the story’s non-linear structure, specifically through her use of flashback, stream of consciousness, and use of the third person point of view Conclusion: By constructing the short story in what at first appears to be unrelated pieces unanchored in chronology or point of view, Coakley actually achieves a kind of unity that supports the development of the story and her characters.
  • 37. We finally add the “clincher.” In doing so, Coakley reflects the disjointed perspective of her character and creates a reality where the reader understands what it is like to open their eyes in a new body.
  • 38. The final conclusion looks something like this: Because of Coakley’s use of basic literary elements like flashback, stream of consciousness, and third person point of view, she is able to produce a powerful effect that reflects the sometimes chaotic and often broken life of her protagonist. By constructing the short story in what at first appears to be unrelated pieces unanchored in chronology or point of view, Coakley actually achieves a kind of unity that supports the development of the story and of Alice. In doing so, Coakley reflects the disjointed perspective of her protagonist.
  • 39. And voila! Your essay is complete!