Democratic leaders had high morale and friendly relationships with workers. Autocratic leaders led to low morale and two behaviors from workers - aggression and apathy. Laissez-faire leaders led to reasonable morale but low quantity and quality of work with low satisfaction. Adair's action-centered leadership model involves three areas - achieving the task, managing individuals, and managing the team. For the task, leaders define goals, make plans, and monitor performance. For individuals, leaders understand strengths, give support and praise, and develop skills. For the team, leaders agree on standards, maintain discipline, resolve conflicts, and build morale.

1. Lippitt and White’s leadership styles
Democratic leaders Autocratic leaders Laissez-faire leaders
Morale high Low morale Reasonable morale
Friendly relationships Two behaviours:
 Aggressive – rebellious,
demanded attention, blaming
 Apathetic – few demands, no
much interest
Normal relations
Reasonable quantity and
high quality
More quantity, low quality Quantity and quality
low
High satisfaction Hositlty Satisfaction low
Independent working Dependent on leader Unable to work
independently
Best cooperation Foreced No cooperation
Reasonable originality No creativity Vareity
Best performing Reasonable performance Worst-performing
groups

2. Adair’s action-centred leadership
Achieving task Managing individuals Managing the team
Define task/
goals/objectives
Understand individuals Agree standard of
performance/behaviour
Make plan for
achieving
Assist individuals Establish culture of group
Identify/acquire
resources
Give support Maintain ethical standards and
discipline
Establish
responsibilities
Give praise Resolve conflicts
Set performance
standards
Agree individual
responsibilities and objectives
Change the balance/membership
Establish reporting
systems
Make use of strengths and
skills
Develop ability of members
Monitor performance Reward individuals Build team morale
Control performance Train and develop members Develop collective skills and
maturity
Review task on
completion
Facilitate communications
Consult with the group
Give feedback
Provide group training