Lecture on Bio380 module at University of Birmingham on Recent African Origins theory and the evidence for it.

1. Scatterlings of Africa Bio380 Human Evolution Genes and Genomes Professor Mark Pallen, University of Birmingham http://youtube.com/watch?v=GOoVjXx0bPk

7. Stringer 1974: cranial shape suggests Neanderthals are not good ‘ancestors’ - there are better ones, esp. in Africa

10. Geographical distribution of diversity Africa Asia Europe 79 RFLPs 30 microsatellites beta-globin flanking region Xq13.3 50 autosomal segments mtDNA control region 43 Y-chr binary markers From Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples & Disease, p 251 Jobling, Hurles, Tyler-Smith 0.29 0.33 0.38 0.81 0.68 0.73 0.32% 0.33% 0.23% 0.035% 0.025% 0.034% 0.11 0.06 0.06 2.1 1.75 1.1 0.84 0.90 0.85

12. Allozyme polymorphisms in multiple loci (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003)

16. Mitochondrial Eve All non-African lineages derive from two branches, M and N, from L3 haplogroup

17. Y chromosomal data X Y Male Female X X Y chromosome is paternally inherited “ Y Adam” was also African ~60,000 years ago But not the only male of his time and a moving target, shifting forward as Y lines die out Europeans Asians Africans

18. Y chromosomal data All non-African lineages derive from CR haplogroup

19. T. Michael Keesey (CC BY 2.0)

20. The peopling of the world 100-150Kya 60Kya 45Kya 50Kya 15Kya N D Beachcomber route Remote Australia colonised before Europe!

22. migration speed for the first Eurasians of 0.7 to 4 km per year rough upper estimate of the number of women who left Africa 60,000 years ago: ~600

24. (see also Disotell 2003 Genome Biol. )

30. Current consensus? 100% RAO | RAO+hybridisation | assimilation | multiregionalism | 0% RAO

31. Old racist view View from modern genetics Genetic Residues of Ancient Migrations: An End to Biological Essentialism and the Reification of Race William M. Richman University of Toledo

32. Conclusions Hdptcar Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Dennis Stefani, (c) Mrs. Me, Inc., 2008, made available under a CCBY-NC-ND license Helga's Lobster Stew Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Steve Evans Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Publik15 Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) We are all no more than 4000 mothers away from Africa

33. Recommended Viewing & Listening See also: Genomic Dub Collective Origin of Species in Dub http://www.infection.bham.ac.uk/BPAG/Dub/Videos/Track9.html http://bababrinkman.bandcamp.com/track/im-a-african I’m a African, I’m a African And I know what’s happenin’ I’m a African, I’m a African Archaeologists know what’s happenin’ You a African? You a African? Do you know what’s happenin’? I’m a African, I’m a African Geneticists know what’s happenin’ No I wasn’t born in Ghana but Africa is my mama ‘ Cause that’s where my mama got her mitochondria You can try to fight if you wanna, but it’s not gonna change me ‘ Cause it’s plain to see, Africans are my people And if it’s not plain to see then your eyes deceive you I’m talkin’ primeval; the DNA in my veins Tells a story that reasonable people find believable But it might even blow your transistors; Africa is the home of our most recent common ancestors Which means human beings are all brothers and sisters So check the massive evidence of Homo erectus And Australopithecus afarensis in the fossil record And then try to tell me that we’re not all connected The fossil record has gaps but no contradictions And it complements the evidence in your chromosomes So I came to let you know about your ancestral home.