1. Introduction to Biological
Oceanography

2. Diversity
Definition: The degree of variation of life on earth
Q: how did diversity of life on earth happen?
A: Evolution!

3. Evolution
• Definition: Change over time
• Occurs to species, NOT to individuals
• 6 Points:
– Overproduction
– Competition
– Genetic variation
– Adaptation
– Natural selection
– Speciation

4. Causes of Evolution
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Non-random mating

5. Evidence of Evolution
1) Analogous structures
2) Embryology
3) Vestigial Organs
4) Fossils
5) Biochemical

6. Overproduction
• Too many individuals
• Too many offspring
• Too many gametes

7. Competition
• For food
• For mates
• For territory

8. Genetic Variation
• Genes
• Traits
• Individuals

9. Adaptation
• A trait with a current functional role in helping
an animal better survive in its environment
• Three types:
– Behavioral
– Physiological
– Structural

10. Natural Selection
• Organisms better adapted to their
environment get to reproduce and pass their
genes on to their offspring

11. Species
A species is a group of animals capable of producing
offspring with one another AND the offspring ALSO
must be capable of reproducing too
Mules aren’t
a speciesthey can’t
have babies!

12. Speciation can happen through
geographic isolation

13. Classification
• Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
• “King Phillip Came Over For Great Scallops”
• We name organisms using their most specific
classifications: Genus and Species
• We use a Dichotomous Key to help identify
organisms
• The proper way to write a scientific name is to write
the Genus name with a capital, the Species name in
lower case, and italicize or underline them both
– Morone saxatilis or Morone saxatilis
– Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

14. How are organisms placed into
Kingdoms?
• Cell type & complexity
• Ability to make food
• Number of cells in their body