Year 10 Atoms and Elements

1. Atomic Science
Year 10
Ms Gibellini

2. SLOs

3.  Video
Introduction

4. Recognise various HAZCHEM
symbols
SLO

6. Distinguish between chemical and
physical changes
SLO

7. How many physical and chemical changes can you spot?

8. What is a chemical reaction?
cooking rusting sticking
burning making metals living!
Can you think of any other chemical reactions?
Chemical reactions do not only happen in the laboratory.
Chemical reactions happen anywhere that new substances
are made:

11. Reactants and Products
The starting substances used in a reaction are reactants.
The new substances formed in a reaction are products.
In a chemical reaction, one or more new substances are formed.
The arrow means “change into”. In a chemical reaction,
all the reactants change into the products.
It is difficult to reverse a chemical reaction and change the
products back into the reactants.

12. More about Chemical Changes
Chemical changes are usually
difficult to reverse.
Magnesium burns in oxygen to form
magnesium oxide. It is not possible
to “un-burn” the magnesium once it
has been burnt.
Many reactions need energy to get them started.
Many reactions (like the burning of magnesium) give out
heat energy once the reaction has started.
Heat energy being given out is one sign of a chemical
reaction. What other signs of a chemical reaction are there?
magnesium oxideoxygenmagnesium

13. Reactions all around us
How many chemical reactions go on around us everyday?

14. Chemical Reactions
Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Observations
Hydrochloric
Acid
Vinegar
Ice Heat
Potassium
Iodide
Lead Nitrate
Sugar Water
Magnesium Oxygen + heat
Iron Copper sulphate

15. Chemical Reactions
Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Observations
Hydrochloric
Acid
Vinegar No reaction
Ice Heat Melts and turns
to liquid water
Potassium
Iodide
Lead Nitrate Yellow
Sugar Water Dissolved.
Magnesium Oxygen + heat White light,
white powder
Iron Copper sulphate Red on wire, blue
colour goes clear

16. Chemical Reactions
When a chemical reaction or chemical change
occurs when:
 Heat is given off
 Colour change
 Gas is given off (bubbles, fizzing)
 Something new is made
 A precipitate is made

17. Elephant Toothpaste
 H2O2 + food colouring + detergent + solid
potassium iodide.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qtX6XgDeDY

18. Physical Change Reactions
When a physical change occurs chemicals change from
one state to another, and nothing new is made.
Eg
Ice cream melting
Water freezing

19. Making Ice cream
Put the following into a ziploc bag and seal it
 2 tablespoon sugar
 1 cup milk
 1/2 teaspoon vanilla
Put the following into the ice cream container, put the lid on
and shake it.
 6 tablespoons rock salt
 Ice cubes
 Bag with milk, sugar and vanilla in

20.  Complete Scipad pages 8-9 Chemical Change vs Physical
Change
 List three ways you know a chemical change has occurred
 List two chemical changes and state why they are a chemical
change
 List two physical changes and state why they are a physical
change
Success Criteria

21. Define the term ‘element’
Begin to understand the structure
of the periodic table
SLO

22. There are millions of different substances!
What are they all made of?
How many
different substances
can you think of?

23. All substances are made of Atoms
All substances are made of very tiny particles called atoms.
hydrogen and
oxygen atoms
carbon and
hydrogen atoms
carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, oxygen
and sulphur atoms
iron, aluminium,
silicon, oxygen
and boron atoms
Many substances are made up of different types of atoms.

24. What is an element?
All substances are made of very tiny particles called atoms.
The elements are the simplest substances in the universe.
The elements are the building blocks of all other substances.
copper
carbon
There are about one hundred substances that are made up
of just one type of atom. These are the elements.
helium

25. Element Symbol Description State Use
Elements

26. An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.
Atoms in elements
Copper is an
element made up of
copper atoms only.
Carbon is an
element made up of
carbon atoms only.
Helium is an
element made up of
helium atoms only.

27. Atoms and molecules of elements
In some elements, the atoms are joined in groups of two or
more. A particle containing atoms grouped in this way is
called a molecule.
An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.
Other elements, that contain atoms joined in molecules are
hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and bromine.
Oxygen is an
element made up of
oxygen atoms only.
How many atoms
are there in an
oxygen molecule?

28. 1) Hydrogen
2) Helium
3) Lithium
4) Beryllium
5) Boron
6) Carbon
7) Nitrogen
8) Oxygen
9) Fluorine
10)Neon
11) Magnesium
12)Aluminium
13)Silicon
14)Phosphorus
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Mg
Al
Si
P
Elements to Learn

29. 15)Sulphur
16)Chlorine
17)Argon
18) Calcium
19) Zinc
The less obvious ones:
1) Sodium
2) Potassium
3) Iron
4) Copper
5) Silver
6) Tin
7) Gold
8) Mercury
9) Lead
S
Cl
Ar
Ca
Zn
Na
K
Fe
Cu
Ag
Sn
Au
Hg
Pb

30. How to write symbols for elements
Two important rules should be followed when writing the
symbols of elements so that there is no confusion.
1. The first letter of an element’s symbol is always
a capital letter.
2. If there are two letters in the element’s symbol,
the second letter is always a small letter.
e.g. N (not n) for nitrogen
e.g. Co (not CO) for cobalt
No, Watson! It was
carbon monoxide
poisoning – not cobalt.

32. The Story of ‘The Kid’

33.  Elements have been put in order of:
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Atomic number
Mass number
Number of electrons in outer shell
on the Periodic Table of Elements
Atoms and Elements

34. Periodic Table

35. Arranging Elements

36. antimony (Sb)
Is this element a or a ?
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Sc Ti
Mg
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Se BrCa Kr
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr TeRh
Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa AtPt
Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?
Al P
N O
S Cl
F Ne
Ar
Rn
I
Si
Xe
He
B C
AsFeFe
Mg SPMg SP
CuCu
metal non-metal
IISb
Hard to
say!
Sb
Metal or Non-metal?
iodine (I)iron (Fe)copper (Cu)phosphorus (P)sulfur (S)magnesium (Mg)

37. Metals and non-metals in the periodic table
The periodic table is a list of all the known elements which
are arranged according to the similarities in their properties.
Non-metals are
mostly on the right.
Metals are on the
left and in the centre.
What type of elements are between metals and non-metals?
Xe

39. H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Sc Ti
Mg
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Se BrCa Kr
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr TeRh
Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa AtPt
Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?
Al P
N O
S Cl
F Ne
Ar
Rn
I
Si
Xe
He
B C
As
silicon (Si) metalloidfrancium (Fr) metalscandium (Sc) metalkrypton (Kr) non-metalcobalt (Co) metal
What are
metalloids?
Which side
are the non-
metals on?
Which side
are the
metals on?
Metalloids sometimes
behave like metals and
sometimes like non-metals.
Metals are on
the left and in
the centre.
Non-metals
are mostly
on the right.

40. 18/07/2015
Mendeleev
Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups
according to their properties.
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
Vertical columns are
called GROUPS

41. 18/07/2015
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt Au Hg
The Periodic TableFact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have
similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in
the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.
E.g. consider the group 1 metals. They all:
1) Are soft
2) Can be easily cut with a knife
3) React with water

42.  Element Song
 Daniel Radcliff

43. Understand the structure of the
atom
Understand the key differences
between the three sub-atomic
particles
SLO

44. Discovery of Atomic Structure

45. How small is an Atom?
Atoms are very small – they are about 0.00000001 cm wide.
N X3,000,000,000
If a football was enlarged by the
same amount it would stretch
from the UK to the USA!
To make an atom the size of a football it would have to be enlarged by about
3,000,000,000 times.

46. Atoms
 All matter is made up of atoms
 Chemistry involves the rearrangement of atoms
or groups of atoms

47. The Amazing Atomic Zoom

48. Inside an AtomWhere are the electrons and nucleus found in an atom?

49. Atoms are mostly empty space . . .
 Structure of atom
 How do we know?

50. Even Smaller Particles
For some time, people thought that atoms were the smallest
particles and could not be broken into anything smaller.
proton
neutron
electron
Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from even
smaller subatomic particles. There are three types:

51. Where are subatomic particles found?
Protons, neutrons and electrons are NOT evenly distributed
in an atom.
The electrons are
spread out around the
edge of the atom. They
orbit the nucleus in
layers called shells.
The protons and neutrons
exist in a dense core at the
centre of the atom. This is
called the nucleus.

52. The Atom
Draw a labelled diagram of the atom showing the nucleus
and labelling protons, neutrons and electrons.
nucleus
neutron proton
electron

53. Atoms are made up of the following sub
atomic particles:
 Electrons
 negative charge
 outside nucleus, in shells
 constant motion
 very very small (1/2000 of a
proton)
 Neutrons
 No charge, neutral
 Inside nucleus
 Same size as proton
 Protons
 Positively charged
 Inside nucleus

54.  Atoms have an overall neutral charge, therefore:
Number of protons = Number of electrons

55. Making Models . . .
 You are going to make a model of the lithium atom, Li.
 Li is Lithium, a metal.
 Li has 3 protons, 3 _________ + 4 neutrons.
(remember atoms are neutral so they must have the
same number of protons (positive) and electrons
(negative)

56. Atom Model:
 Protons – 1 colour of pebble
 Electron – chocolate chip
 Neutron – different coloured pebble
 Nucleus - Marshmallow
 Electron orbit - cotton

57. Success Criteria
 Copy the title into your books, and
draw your model atom.
 Label your drawing, protons,
neutrons, electrons
 What colour pebble represents the
protons?
 What colour pebble represents the
neutrons?
 What particles make up the
nucleus?
 Complete Scipad page 10 Atoms

58. Atomic Number:
 Smaller number
 Number of protons
 Number of electrons
Atomic Mass or Mass Number:
 Bigger number of the two
 Total number of sub atomic particles
 Number of protons + neutrons.
Atom Information

59. How do we work out the number of:
 Protons
= Atomic number
 Electrons
= Atomic number
 Neutrons
= Mass number – atomic number
big number – small number
Atomic Information

60. How Many Protons?
The atoms of any particular element always contain the
same number of protons. For example:
The number of protons in an atom is known
as its atomic number
or proton number.
It is the smaller of the two numbers shown in most
periodic tables.
 hydrogen atoms always contain 1 proton;
 carbon atoms always contain 6 protons;
 magnesium atoms always contain 12 protons,

61. What’s the Atomic Number?
What are the atomic numbers of these elements?
11
sodium
26
iron
50
tin
9
fluorine

62. Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number
hydrogen
lithium
aluminium
Mass Number
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the
mass of each atom results almost entirely from the number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in
an atom’s nucleus is the mass number.
It is the larger of the two numbers
shown in most periodic tables.
1 0 1
3
13
4
14
7
27

63. 127
What’s the Mass Number?
What is the mass number of these atoms?
73
59
64
4
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number
helium
copper
cobalt
iodine
germanium
2 2
29 35
27 32
53 74
32 41

64. How many Neutrons?
How many neutrons are there in these atoms?
Atom
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number of
neutrons
helium 4 2
fluorine 19 9
strontium 88 38
zirconium 91 40
uranium 238 92
51
146
50
10
2
Number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons
= mass number - atomic number

66. Properties of subatomic particles

67. 18/07/2015
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt Au Hg
The Periodic Table
Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the same number of
electrons in the outer shell (this corresponds to their group number)
E.g. all group 1 metals
have __ electron in
their outer shell
These elements
have __ electrons
in their outer shell
These elements have __
electrons in their outer
shells

68. 18/07/2015
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt Au Hg
The Periodic Table
Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell
is added:
E.g. Lithium has 3
electron in the
configuration 2,1
Potassium has 19 electrons in
the configuration __,__,__,__
Sodium has 11 electrons
in the configuration
2,8,1

69.  Complete Sci pad pages11-13 Elements, Getting the know the
Periodic Table, Element Bingo
 How can you tell if a chemical change has occurred?
 Draw a labeled diagram of an atom, state the charge and size of
each particle
 What information does the atomic number tell us?
 What information does the mass number tell us?
 How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Lithium have?
Success Criteria

70.  Draw the arrangement of electrons
around any given atom.
SLO

71. Atom Protons Neutrons Electrons
helium
copper
iodine
How many Electrons?
Atoms have no overall electrical charge and are neutral.
This means atoms must have an equal number of
protons and electrons.
The number of electrons is therefore the same as
the atomic number.
Atomic number is defined as the number of protons rather
than the number of electrons because atoms can lose or
gain electrons but do not normally lose or gain protons.
2 2 2
29 35 29
53 74 53

72. Atom Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic
number
Mass
number
boron
potassium
chromium
mercury
argon
5
19
18
24
80
5
19
18
24
80
11
39
40
52
201
What are the missing numbers?
5 6
19 20
24 28
80 121
18 22

73. How are Electrons Arranged?
Electrons are not evenly spread but exist in layers called
shells.
3rd shell
2nd shell
1st shell
The arrangement of electrons in these shells is often called
the electron configuration.

74. How many Electrons per Shell?
Each shell has a maximum number of electrons that it can
hold. Electrons will fill the shells nearest the nucleus first.
3rd shell holds
a maximum of
8 electrons
2nd shell holds
a maximum of
8 electrons
1st shell holds
a maximum of
2 electrons

75.  Electrons arrange themselves in regular order around the
nucleus depending on their energy.
 Each energy level holds a different number of electrons:
 Level 1 – 2 electrons
 Level 2 – 8 electrons
 Level 3 – 8 electrons
 Electrons fill from Level 1 shell, or the closet to the nucleus
first.
Electron Shell Configuration

78.  Thinly spread around the outside
of the atom.
 Very small and light.
 Negatively charged.
 Found orbiting the nucleus in layers called shells.
 Able to be lost or gained in chemical reactions.
Summary: the Atom so far
The nucleus is:
Electrons are:
 Dense – it contains nearly all the mass
of the atom in a tiny space.
 Made up of protons and neutrons.
 Positively charged because of the
protons.

79. Use the information on the periodic table to make dot diagrams
of the following atoms:
He, H, Li, Be, B
Step 1: Write out the atomic information
Mass number =
Atomic number =
Number of protons =
Number of neutrons =
Number of electrons =
Electron shell pattern =
Step 2: Make a dot diagram
Step 3: Label the diagram
Task

80. Success Criteria
 Complete Sci pad page 14 A closer look at Electrons
 List three chemical reactions and three physical reactions
 What charge do protons, electrons and neutrons have?
 An atom has 16 protons. How many electrons does it have?
 A neutral atom has 4 electrons. How many protons does it have?
 Draw the electron configuration for Sodium, Atomic number 11

81.  Understand the role of electrons in
chemical reactions
SLO

82.  Atoms require their outer shells to be full in order to be
chemically stable
 Atoms either lose or gain electrons to get a full outer shell
(2,8,8 , 2 in first shell, 8 in second and third shells)
 When atoms lose or gain electrons they become electrically
charged and are then called ions
 Gaining electrons results in a ________ ion
 Losing electrons results in a __________ ion
 The number of protons stays the same
Ions

83. E.g
Na  Na+ + e-
Sodium atom sodium ion Free electron
2, 8, 1 2, 8,
Cl + e-  Cl-
Chlorine atom electron Chlorine ion
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
The charge on an ion is called its valency.
Valency always has a sign (+ or -) and a numerical value. (although we
don’t write 1)
Complete page 15 of Sci pad The role of the electron

84. Calculating Charge
1. Work out how many electrons the atom has (mass
number, group number)
2. Work out the electron shell configuration 2,8,8
3. Work out if electrons need to be gained or lost to
make a full outer shell
4. If electrons are gained it makes the ion negative
5. If electrons are lost it makes the ion positive

85. Calculating Charge
What is the charge on a Sodium ion
 Electron Number = 11
 Electron Shell = 2,8,1
 Easiest to lose one electron
 Losing electrons means more protons
than electrons, so positive
 Lost 1 so Na+

86. Success Criteria
 Complete page 15 of Scipad The Role of the Electron
 How can you tell if a chemical change occurs?
Gas given off, heat, colour change, cannot be reversed, precipitate
 Draw a labelled diagram of an atom
 What does atomic number tell us? What does Mass number tell us?
Atomic no.= number of protons, number of electrons
Mass No. = total number of particles in nucleus, no. protons + neutrons
 What is an ion, how does it form?
When an atom gains or loses electrons, ion is an atom which has gained or lost
electrons
 Draw an electron dot diagram for Carbon 12 and sulphur 16
Carbon – 2,8,2 Sulphur – 2,8,6
 An ion has 8 protons and 10 electrons. What charge does it have?
Negative charge, 2-
 Does an atom with 8 electrons in its outer shell form an ion (circle the correct
answer)? Yes/No
No its already full, no reaction , its stable

87. Define the terms ‘compound’ and
‘mixture’ and give examples of each
Determine the number of atoms in a
compound given its chemical formula
SLO

88.  Elements are made of one kind of atom
 Compounds are made of two or more elements
chemically combined
 Mixtures are made up of two or more elements which
are NOT chemically combined
Elements Mixtures and
Compounds

89. A compound has very different properties to the elements
from which it is made.
carbon dioxide
A colourless gas
which is used
to put out fires.
to make
carbon
A black solid
which can be
used as a fuel.
combines
with
compoundelements
oxygen
A colourless gas
which is essential
for life.

90. What are the elements which make up water?
In what ways are the elements different to their compound?
to makecombines
with
compoundelements
water
A liquid which is
essential to our
lives and has many
different uses.
hydrogen
A colourless gas
which is used in
hot air balloons.
A colourless gas
which is essential
for life.
oxygen

92. Element or compound?

93. Aim: Investigate compounds and mixtures
Method:
1. Separate a mixture of iron and sulphur using a magnet
2. Heat a mixture of iron and sulphur to form iron sulfide which
is a compound
3. Now try to separate iron with a magnet
Results:
Mixtures can/cannot be physically separated
Compounds can/cannot be physically separated
Compounds and Mixtures

94.  Elements contain only one capital letter
 Al, H, He
 Compounds contain more than one element
and therefore more than one capital letter
 H2O, CuSO4
 Each capital letter represents a different atom
 H2O has Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in it
 How many different atoms does CuSO4 have in it?
Atoms and Compounds

95.  The numbers in a compound tell us how many atoms
there are:
 H2O = two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen
atom
 CO2 = two oxygen atoms for every one carbon atom
Methane has four hydrogen atoms for every one
carbon atom, what is its formula? (Carbon goes first)
Complete Scipad page 18-19 Mixtures and Compounds

96.  What is the difference
between an element,
mixture and a compound?
 Identify the element,
mixture and compound:
 Complete Sci pad page 18-
19
Success Criteria

97. Write word equations for chemical
reactions
SLO

98. Reactant + Reactant  products
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid  magnesium
oxide
Complete Sci pad pages 16-17
Chemical Equations

99. Multiple-choice quiz

100. Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Hydrogen Potassium Zinc
Helium Magnesium Copper
Lithium Aluminium Lead
Beryllium Silicon Silver
Born Phosphorus Gold
Carbon Sulphur Mercury
Nitrogen Chlorine Water
Oxygen Argon Carbon Dioxide
Fluorine Sodium Sulphuric Acid
Neon calcium Hydrochloric acid
Elements Test