2. Plane
• Introduction ………………………………………………….3
• History ………………………………………………………..5
• What’s physical layer? ……………………………………...7
• From 1G to 4G , a huge evolution …………………………9
• Conclusion …………………………………………………..18
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3. Radio systemes
• ARPANET development centered around the Request for Comment process and on 7 April
1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET eventually merged
with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon today
were specified through the Request for Comment process. In September 1981, RFC
791 introduced the Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) — thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today.
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10. La 2G: Présentation et évolution
• 2G ou 2e generation Mobile after the 1G
• Telephones that transmit only voice et SMS
• Protocols : CDMA, TDMA et GSM
• Le GSM: point de départ avec 9.6kb/s
• Evolution to 2.5G and GPRS
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11. From 2.5G to the 3G
• Le GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
• Transfert of data: debit 40kb/s
• First steps into mobile internet
• L’EDGE (enhanced Data rates for Gsm Evolution)
• A theory of a high debit: 384kb/s
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12. La 3G: A huge step of telecoms
• représented by UMTS et CDMA 2000
• New transfer technologies of voice and data
• 10Mb/s as a debit of reception et 5Mb/s in case of emission
• First applications: internet, visiophone, video
• HSPA: evolution de UMTS
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13. Why la 4G?
• Who was really in nedd of the 4G, the consumer or the operator?
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14. • The answer is: the IP traffic
• A very big evolution of data traffic
Gap growth between income and investment
Mobile phone data
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15. Caractéristics of the 4G
• Debit
• Interactivity: reduction of latency
• Automatic Optimisation of operators’ networks
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16. What’s new?
• OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)
• WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE
(telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier
FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related
issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less
power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly,
MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes
offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this,
scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
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18. Conclusion
• A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a
larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in
between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed
by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and
also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).
• Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical
concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several
wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them
(See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-
Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this
concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to
efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use
of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
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