2. 1. Carnivores – eat meat – dogs and cats
2. Herbivores – eat plants - cattle, horses,
and sheep
3. Omnivores – both plant and animal
eaters – pig and humans
3. Monogastric – 1 stomach – can’t digest
cellulose (fiber) – pigs and humans
Ruminant – 4 stomachs – polygastric – digest
cellulose, produce own B vitamins and proteins
– cows and sheep
Pseudo-ruminant - have 1 stomach, but have
enlarged cecum that digests cellulose – horses
and rabbits
4.
5.
6. Prehension – gathering food –
teeth, lips, tongue
Mastication – Chewing – break food into
smaller pieces for swallowing – teeth and
saliva
7. Esophagus – transport tube to stomach –
muscular contractions move food down
8. Stomach
conditions – pH of
2, churning and
contracting to mix
and grind food
ingredients –
food, HCl, enzymes
9. Small intestine
major site of nutrient absorption
Functions – villi absorb nutrients that have been
broken down – minerals, vitamins,
amino acids,
Fatty acids,
simple sugars
10. Glands –
gallbladder secretes
bile used for lipid
breakdown;
Pancreas secretes
enzymes for protein
and carbohydrate
breakdown
11. Large intestine – colon
accumulates wastes
absorbs water
Rectum and Anus
12.
13.
14. Mouth
Prehension – cow tongue is very long
Mastication – graze rapidly, and don’t
chew much 1st time
Esophagus – liquids to the reticulum and
solids to the rumen
Rumen – very large compartment
15. Regurgitation – when rumen full, force contents
back up to re-chew
Rumination
re-mastication of cud or bolus
Bolus – ball of grass
Adds saliva to food
Esophagus – re-swallow food
Reticulum – honeycomb
16. – fermentation vat
30 gal or more
contains microbes that break down the
cellulose
pH of 6.5 – 7 for microbes
releases methane – belch
creates B vitamins and proteins from
amino acids
also contains papalli that absorb
nutrients released by microbes
17. Omasum – filter for large particles – grinds
them down
Abomasum – like the monogastric stomach –
acidic
Small intestine – same as monogastric
Large intestine – same as monogastric
Rectum and anus
19. Rumen
Large
intestine Omasum
Rectum
Anus
Cecum Abomasum Reticulum
Small intestine
20.
21. Small
colon Large
colon
Rectum
Esophagus
Anus
Cecum
Small
intesine
22. Mouth
a. prehension
b. mastication
Esophagus
Stomach
a. same as monogastric
b. too small in horses and inactive
– doesn’t break down cellulose
c. require frequent smaller meals
23. Small intestine – absorption of nutrients – same
as monogastric
**Still has not digested the cellulose – large
amount
Cecum
enlarged area between small and large
intestine
contains microbes that break down cellulose
like rumen
24. Large colon – absorbs nutrients released by
cecum
Small colon – absorbs water and collects waste
Rectum and Anus
25.
26.
27. Beak
Prehension – claws
Mastication - no teeth and no enzymes
in the saliva
Esophagus
Crop – enlargement in esophagus that adds
moisture
Proventriculus – adds HCl and enzymes to
begin digestion
28. Gizzard – muscular region that contains grit to
grind food
Small intestine – absorbs nutrients through
villa
Ceca – bi-lobed region that breaks down and
absorbs cellulose – not much in chicken diet
Large intestine – very short – absorbs water
Cloaca – urine is combined with feces – very
high in N
Vent – homologous to the anus