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third and last presentation on Reason ass a way of knowing for Theory of Knowledge
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Why do people believe the things they believe? What does it even mean to “know” something is true, and how can we determine what is true? In this sermon by Harmony member Mike Markey, you'll learn about epistemology—the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
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Why do people believe the things they believe? What does it even mean to “know” something is true, and how can we determine what is true? In this sermon by Harmony member Mike Markey, you'll learn about epistemology—the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
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As researchers working in government, influencing service design, we need to know that our research is methodologically sound, our research findings are grounded in empirical data and our recommendations are logically derived. 'Understanding arguments, reasoning and hypotheses' is the first in a series of 5 short courses, covering introduction courses to various aspects of methodology in research, from the use of grounded theory in discovery research, to hypothesis testing and sampling in more experimental research. In this course, you'll learn: About arguments - what we mean by an argument - how to identify a valid/invalid argument - what we mean by premises - what validity and soundness of arguments mean About reasoning - what is deductive reasoning and where do we use it - what is inductive reasoning and where do we use it - what is abductive reasoning and where do we use it About hypotheses - what is a hypotheses and a null hypothesis - how do we test them
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Dr. Lori Miller Logical fallacies Harrowing logic Informal Logical Fallacies A "fallacy" is a mistake or an error in reasoning. Our concern here is with informal or every day errors in reasoning, which we call “logical fallacies.” There are, of course, types of mistakes other than mistakes in reasoning. For instance, factual mistakes are sometimes referred to as "fallacies". However, today’s lesson is specifically concerned, not with factual errors, but with logical ones. An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that does not originate in improper logical form, which study belongs to the domain of philosophy. It comes from an error in thinking things through logically. Sweeping Generalizations A sweeping generalization is an unqualified general statement. It disregards exceptions and considers no qualifications. “Dicto simpliciter” “Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.” Correction: Add qualifiers Hasty generalizations Like the overgeneralization but sneaky because the claim offers proofs, but too few instances are provided to justify a logical conclusion. “Hypothesis Contrary to Fact” “Becky can’t speak French, Pete can’t speak French, and the teacher can’t speak French, so nobody in Spanish class can speak French.” Correction: qualify terms in conclusion False premises lead to irrelevant conclusions Red Herring Arguments Simply speaking, a red herring argument diverts attention away from the claim itself, avoiding an analysis of its merits. Red herring arguments lead to irrelevant or false conclusions. Logical fallacies are “red herring” arguments when they engage in disputing the premises or arguing about the logistics or processes involved. Irrelevant conclusions False Cause A fallacy of false cause illogically attributes the cause of something to another; in Latin this is a “non sequitur” “Post hoc” Let’s not take Bill with us to the game. Every time he goes with us, we loose. Every time I sit in that booth, the waitress brings me cold coffee. More Fallacies Leading to Irrelevant conclusions Appeals to authority We know pigs can fly because Mr. Bailey, an expert in the field, believes it is possible. Ad hominem George is a liberal who believes taxes should be raised. We should never follow liberals. Therefore, taxes should not be raised. (“Poisoning the Well.”) Bandwagon Everybody who is cool drinks Coke, so you have to drink Coke if you want to be cool. Appeals to loyalty John questions the minister’s claim that all good Christians donate 10% of their money to the church. The minister never lies so anyone who agrees with John is surely going to hell. Illogical premises Contradictory Premises If God can do everything, then He can create a stone too heavy for Him to lift. Problem: no argument exists when the premises are contradictory. This is simply untrue on its face. When people have the flu, they cough. Pedro is coughing, so he must have the flu. ...
Dr. Lori MillerLogical fallacies.docx
Dr. Lori MillerLogical fallacies.docx
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3564054 (1).ppt
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Informal Fallacies Enterline Design Services LLC/iStock/Thinkstock Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the various fallacies of support, their origins, and circumstances in which specific arguments may not be fallacious. 2. Describe the various fallacies of relevance, their origins, and circumstances in which specific arguments may not be fallacious. 3. Describe the various fallacies of clarity, their origins, and circumstances in which specific arguments may not be fallacious. We can conceive of logic as providing us with the best tools for seeking truth. If our goal is to seek truth, then we must be clear that the task isnot limited to the formation of true beliefs based on a solid logical foundation, for the task also involves learning to avoid forming falsebeliefs. Therefore, just as it is important to learn to employ good reasoning, it is also important to learn to avoid bad reasoning. Toward this end, this chapter will focus on fallacies. Fallacies are errors in reasoning; more specifically, they are common patterns ofreasoning with a high likelihood of leading to false conclusions. Logical fallacies often seem like good reasoning because they resembleperfectly legitimate argument forms. For example, the following is a perfectly valid argument: If you live in Paris, then you live in France. You live in Paris. Therefore, you live in France. Assuming that both of the premises are true, it logically follows that the conclusion must be true. The following argument is very similar: If you live in Paris, then you live in France. You live in France. Therefore, you live in Paris. This second argument, however, is invalid; there are plenty of other places to live in France. This is a common formal fallacy known asaffirming the consequent. Chapter 4 discussed how this fallacy was based on an incorrect logical form. This chapter will focus on informalfallacies, fallacies whose errors are not so much a matter of form but of content. The rest of this chapter will cover some of the most commonand important fallacies, with definitions and examples. Learning about fallacies can be a lot of fun, but be warned: Once you begin noticingfallacies, you may start to see them everywhere. Before we start, it is worth noting a few things. First, there are many, many fallacies. This chapter will consider only a sampling of some of themost well-known fallacies. Second, there is a lot of overlap between fallacies. Reasonable people can interpret the same errors as differentfallacies. Focus on trying to understand both interpretations rather than on insisting that only one can be right. Third, different philosophersoften have different terminology for the same fallacies and make different distinctions among them. Therefore, you may find that others usedifferent terminology for the fallacies that we will learn about in this chapter. Not to worry—it is the ideas here that are most important: Ourgoal is to learn to identi.
Informal FallaciesEnterline Design Services LLCiStockThinkst.docx
Informal FallaciesEnterline Design Services LLCiStockThinkst.docx
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With a view to employing logic appropriately we should be aware of logical fallacies we might commit. Some are common and unintentional , others are deliberate .Some are tricks to win an argument, others are simply immoral and should be avoided.
Critical thinking Logical Fallacies t
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Chapter 22: Expert Intuition: When Can We Trust It? Professional controversies bring out the worst in academics. Scientific journals occasionally publish exchanges, often beginning with someone’s critique of another’s research, followed by a reply and a rejoinder. I have always thought that these exchanges are a waste of time. Especially when the original critique is sharply worded, the reply and the rejoinder are often exercises in what I have called sarcasm for beginners and advanced sarcasm. The replies rarely concede anything to a biting critique, and it is almost unheard of for a rejoinder to admit that the original critique was misguided or erroneous in any way. On a few occasions I have responded to criticisms that I thought were grossly misleading, because a failure to respond can be interpreted as conceding error, but I have never found the hostile exchanges instructive. In search of another way to deal with disagreements, I have engaged in a few “adversarial collaborations,” in which scholars who disagree on the science agree to write a jointly authored paper on their differences, and sometimes conduct research together. In especially tense situations, the research is moderated by an arbiter. My most satisfying and productive adversarial collaboration was with Gary Klein, the intellectual leader of an association of scholars and practitioners who do not like the kind of work I do. They call themselves students of Naturalistic Decision Making, or NDM, and mostly work in organizations where the"0%Љ ty often study how experts work. The N DMers adamantly reject the focus on biases in the heuristics and biases approach. They criticize this model as overly concerned with failures and driven by artificial experiments rather than by the study of real people doing things that matter. They are deeply skeptical about the value of using rigid algorithms to replace human judgment, and Paul Meehl is not among their heroes. Gary Klein has eloquently articulated this position over many years. This is hardly the basis for a beautiful friendship, but there is more to the story. I had never believed that intuition is always misguided. I had also been a fan of Klein’s studies of expertise in firefighters since I first saw a draft of a paper he wrote in the 1970s, and was impressed by his book Sources of Power, much of which analyzes how experienced professionals develop intuitive skills. I invited him to join in an effort to map the boundary that separates the marvels of intuition from its flaws. He was intrigued by the idea and we went ahead with the project—with no certainty that it would succeed. We set out to answer a specific question: When can you trust an experienced professional who claims to have an intuition? It was obvious that Klein would be more disposed to be trusting, and I would be more skeptical. But could we agree on principles for answering the general question? Over seven or eight years we had many discussions, resolved many di ...
Chapter 22Expert Intuition When Can We Trust It Professiona.docx
Chapter 22Expert Intuition When Can We Trust It Professiona.docx
cravennichole326
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Display competence in the art of analyzing the logic of the subject one is studying. 2. Determine the purpose of analyzing the logic of the subject one is studying. 3. Compare and contrast the logic of college as it is and as it should be. 4. Assess the logic of the four modalities of communication. 5. Appraise the criteria for evaluating an author's reasoning by using the elements of thought. 6. Identify how one should assess one's progress in learning. 7. Describe the strategies for self-assessment. 8. Apply the generic model to various applied majors Unit Lesson This lecture continues with the discussion of rhetorical devices. Downplayers A downplayer is a word that is inserted in a sentence that undermines something that is being discussed. Let’s take a look at two sentences that mean the same thing in their deepest structure, but that have radically different connotations due to one word. “Brent got a B on his exam.” “Brent only got a B on his exam.” By inserting the word “only,” the person saying sentence two has downplayed Brent’s achievement. Most people would be happy, or at least satisfied, with a grade of B on an exam. However, the second sentence seems to diminish Brent’s accomplishment by indicating that a grade of B on the exam does not meet his or her expectations of Brent. You can think of downplayers as using scare quotes “” in verbal language. Let’s look at some more examples. “Yeah, Ellen just got her ‘degree’,” In this case, the person seems to indicate that Ellen’s degree is not really a degree. The person is attempting to cast suspicion on Ellen’s accomplishment. Friend #1: “I hear that the teacher for critical thinking is great.” Friend #2: “Oh yeah, he’s a great ‘teacher’.” It seems that Friend #2 does not think that the teacher for critical thinking performs very well and has cast doubt on the teacher’s abilities by downplaying the teacher’s pedagogy. Be on the lookout for the use of downplayers. Do not let anyone downplay accomplishments by using disingenuous words. Always remind yourself of the facts. If Brent got a B on a difficult organic chemistry exam, then one should give credit where credit is due and not try to discredit his accomplishment in a devious manner. Ridicule Ridicule occurs when someone tries to cast suspicion on another by making fun of the person or personally embarrassing the person in front of others. We are often told that this form of interaction is a high school phenomenon, but most of us realize that this form of interaction can occur at any time, and often in the most inappropriate contexts. Employee to Boss: “According to the research that our team put together, it seems that a marketing campaign targeted towards 18-35 year old women would be in the best interests of the company.” Boss: “What do you know? You are just an inte ...
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of thi.docx
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of thi.docx
MARRY7
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Dodgy argumentsextendeda4
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Week 3 - Instructor Guidance Welcome to week three! This week we will jump ahead to the inductive method of logical reasoning. If you will remember, inductive movements go from general to particular, and the logic of induction operates in the realm of probability. In inductive reasoning you are not certain about the answer with the given information, but you can make an educated guess. You will come across inductive arguments all the time in everyday life. Just think about buying a car. Most of us judge whether or not to buy a certain kind of car based upon past experiences that we have had or our friends have had. If the past two cars that I bought were a Ford, and they fell into pieces after a couple of years, then odds are I will not buy a Ford again when I am perusing the car lot. There are several different kinds of inductive argument. One major type of inductive argument (like the one I just mentioned) is the argument from analogy or analogical inductive argument. An analogy is where you compare the property of one thing to the property of another. You can spot these when they are in written form because “like” English principles of speech, an analogy compares two things together using “like” or “as”. For example, “Men are like parking spots. All the good ones are taken, and the rest are handicapped.” This was a funny analogy that my sister used to say when she was single. What is the “target” of the analogy and what is the “property” in question being related. It is obvious in this example that men are the targets of the analogy (and the butt of my sister’s joke). The properties in question are availability and desirability because since in the one instance the good guys are already taken by other women, and in the second instance the remaining men are not of good quality. You will probably be able to spot these analogous thought processes in your everyday thinking if you stop and think about it. Inductive arguments are not valid (like deductive arguments) they are strong or weak depending on the logic. For analogical arguments, it is the closeness of the properties being compared between the two things that matters. If you were comparing someone who hurt your feelings to Adolf Hitler, then the analogy would be pretty weak. Another form of inductive reasoning is “inductive generalization”. This is where you take a sample or piece from a class of things and “generalize” about the whole group or class. If you are shopping for an apple at the grocery store and the first five apples you pull out are completely rotten, then you might generalize that the whole bin is spoiled. We would be more inclined to affirm that the whole bin is spoiled if there were only ten apples than if there were 100 apples. This is because the larger the sample size of the generalization the stronger the induction. This is most true when you consider scientific studies or social science surveys. You want the cancer study to have used a sample group of larger than .
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Week 3 - Instructor GuidanceWelcome to week three! This week w.docx
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Le Portrait D’Harpagon
Une Pièce Comique
Une Pièce Comique
La Scène du vol
La Scène du vol
Dernier
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges •This presentation gives an overall view of education in 21st century and how it is facilitated by the integration of ICT. •It also gives a detailed explanation of the challenges faced in ICT-based education and further elaborates the strategies that can help in overcoming the challenges.
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
AreebaZafar22
Mehran University Newsletter is a Quarterly Publication from Public Relations Office
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro
cultivation of kodo Millet ppt #kodomillet
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
pradhanghanshyam7136
Students will get the knowledge of the following- meaning of the pricing, its importance, objectives, methods of pricing, factors affecting the price of products, An overview of DPCO (Drug Price Control Order) and NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority)
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
VishalSingh1417
The Graduate Outcomes survey exists to improve the experience of future students.
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
neillewis46
Importance of information and communication (ICT) in 21st century education. Challenges and issues related to ICT in education.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
MaryamAhmad92
This will help people alote.
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
KarakKing
Setting up a development environment for odoo using pycharm is highly preferred by odoo developers to develop and debug odoo modules and other related functionalities .
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
Celine George
This presentation is from the Paper 210A: Research Project Writing: Dissertation Writing and I choose the topic Beyond Borders: Understanding Anime and Manga Fandom: A Comprehensive Audience Analysis.
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Pooja Bhuva
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Property (IP), Intellectual Property Protection (IPP), Intellectual Property Rights (IPR);
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Poonam Aher Patil
national learning camp 2024
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
MaritesTamaniVerdade
A short exhibit showcasing three concepts from sociology.
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
jbellavia9
In this webinar, members learned the ABCs of keeping books for a nonprofit organization. Some of the key takeaways were: - What is accounting and how does it work? - How do you read a financial statement? - What are the three things that nonprofits are required to track? -And more
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
TechSoup
𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬: -Discern accommodations and modifications within inclusive classroom environments, distinguishing between their respective roles and applications. -Through critical analysis of hypothetical scenarios, learners will adeptly select appropriate accommodations and modifications, honing their ability to foster an inclusive learning environment for students with disabilities or unique challenges.
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
MJDuyan
Wednesday 20 March 2024, 09:30-15:30.
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jisc
Numerical on HEV
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
RamjanShidvankar
Basic Civil Engineering notes first year Notes Building notes Selection of site for Building Layout of a Building What is Burjis, Mutam Building Bye laws Basic Concept of sunlight ventilation in building National Building Code of India Set back or building line Types of Buildings Floor Space Index (F.S.I) Institutional Vs Educational Building Components & function Sills, Lintels, Cantilever Doors, Windows and Ventilators Types of Foundation AND THEIR USES Plinth Area Shallow and Deep Foundation Super Built-up & carpet area Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R) RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RCC VS PCC
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Denish Jangid
38 K-12 educators from North Carolina public schools
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
Mebane Rash
This slide will show how to set domains for a field in odoo 17. Domain is mainly used to select records from the models. It is possible to limit the number of records shown in the field by applying domain to a field, i.e. add some conditions for selecting limited records.
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
Celine George
My CV as of the end of April 2024
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
agholdier
Dernier
(20)
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
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