1. DNA STRUCTURE and
REPLICATION
Pranabjyoti Das
12/8/2013
Pranabjyoti Das
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2. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
DNA usually exists as a double-stranded
structure, with both strands coiled together
to form the characteristic double-helix.
Each single strand of DNA is a chain of
four types of nucleotides having the bases:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
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3. Nucleoside & Nucleoside
A Nucleoside is a combination of Pentose sugar &
Nitrogen Base
A Nucleotide is a combination of nucleoside &
Phosphoric Acid
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4. DNA BACKBONE
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5. Nucleotides are matched between strands
through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs.
Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs
with guanine
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6. DNA strands have a directionality, and the
different ends of a single strand are called
the "3' (three-prime) end" and the "5' (fiveprime) end" with the direction of the naming
going 5 prime to the 3 prime region.
The strands of the helix are anti-parallel
with one being 5 prime to 3 then the
opposite strand 3 prime to 5.
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7. These terms refer to the
carbon atom in deoxyribose to
which the next phosphate in
the chain attaches.
Directionality has
consequences in DNA
synthesis, because DNA
polymerase can synthesize
DNA in only one direction by
adding nucleotides to the 3'
end of a DNA strand.
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8. The pairing of bases in DNA through
hydrogen bonding means that the
information contained within each
strand is redundant. The nucleotides
on a single strand can be used to
reconstruct nucleotides on a newly
synthesized partner strand.
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9. DNA Replication
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10. DNA replication is a biological process that occurs
in all living organisms and copies their exact DNA.
It is the basis for biological inheritance.
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11. The first major step for the DNA Replication to
take place is the breaking of hydrogen
bonds between bases of the two antiparallel
strands.
The unwounding of the two strands is the
starting point. The splitting happens in
places of the chains which are rich in A-T.
That is because there are only two bonds
between Adenine and Thymine. There are
three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine
and Guanine.
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12. Helicase is the enzyme that
splits the two strands. The
structure that is created is
known as "Replication
Fork".
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13. 12/8/2013
In order for DNA replication to begin, the
double stranded DNA helix must first be
opened. The sites where this process first
occurs are called replication origins.
Helicase unwinds the two single strands
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14. The replication fork is a structure that forms
within the nucleus during DNA replication. It
is created by helicases, which break the
hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA
strands together. The resulting structure
has two branching "prongs", each one
made up of a single strand of DNA.
These two strands serve as the template for
the leading and lagging strands, which will
be created as DNA polymerase matches
complementary nucleotides to the
templates; The templates may be properly
referred to as the leading strand template
and the lagging strand template
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15. One of the most important steps of DNA
Replication is the binding of RNA Primase in the
initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain.
RNA Primase can attract RNA nucleotides which
bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due
to the hydrogen bonds between the bases. RNA
nucleotides are the primers (starters) for the
binding of DNA nucleotides.
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16. RNA
Primase
lays down
the RNA
primers
so that
the
Polymeras
e III can
get to
work or
can
function.
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17. The elongation process is different
for the 5'-3' and 3'-5' template. a)5'-3'
Template: The 3'-5' proceeding
daughter strand -that uses a 5'-3'
template- is called leading
strand because DNA Polymerase
III can "read" the template and
continuously adds nucleotides
(complementary to the nucleotides
of the template, for example Adenine
opposite to Thymine etc).
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18. The
leading
strand
requires fewer steps
and
therefore
is
synthesized
the
quickest. Once a RNA
primer has been laid
down by Primase, the
DNA Polymerase III
can build the second
strand continuously and
in the same direction
that the double helix is
being
opened.
To
complete the process,
DNA
Polymerase
I
replaces
the
RNA
Primer with DNA.
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19. 3'-5'Template: The 3'-5' template cannot be
"read" by DNA Polymerase III. The replication
of this template is complicated and the new
strand is called lagging strand. In the lagging
strand the RNA Primase adds more RNA
Primers. DNA polymerase III reads the
template and lengthens the bursts. The gap
between two RNA primers is called "Okazaki
Fragments".
The RNA Primers are necessary for DNA
Polymerase III to bind Nucleotides to the 3'
end of them. The daughter strand is
elongated with the binding of more DNA
nucleotides.
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20. 12/8/2013
In the synthesis of the lagging strand, the
helix uncoiling occurs in the opposite
direction to w/c Polymerase III works. The
process therefore has to be done in
pieces,PranabjyotiOkazaki Fragments.
called Das
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21. In the lagging strand the DNA Pol IExonuclease- reads the fragments and
removes the RNA Primers. The gaps
are closed with the action of DNA
Polymerase which adds complementary
nucleotides to the gaps and DNA
Ligase which acts as a glue to attach
the phosphate to the sugar by forming
phosphodiester bond.
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22. Each new double helix is consisted of one old and one new
chain. This is what we call semiconservative replication.
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The total mechanism requires a cycle of repeating steps that include:
1) Creation of RNA Primers (Primase)
2) Synthesizing a short segment of DNA between the primers
(Polymerase III)
3) Replacing the RNA primer with DNA (Polymerase I) and finally
4) The binding of these piecesDas
Pranabjyoti (Ligase)
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23. 12/8/2013
The last step of DNA Replication is
the Termination. This process happens when
the DNA Polymerase reaches to an end of the
strands. We can easily understand that in the
last section of the lagging strand, when the
RNA primer is removed, it is not possible for
the DNA Polymerase to seal the gap (because
there is no primer). So, the end of the parental
strand where the last primer binds isn't
replicated. These ends of linear
(chromosomal) DNA consists of noncoding
DNA that contains repeat sequences and are
called telomeres. As a result, a part of the
telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA
Replication.
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The DNA Replication is not completed before
a mechanism of repair fixes possible errors
caused
during
the
replication.
Enzymes
like nucleases remove the wrong nucleotides and
the DNA Polymerase fills the gaps.
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25. END OF
PRESENTATION
Thanks
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