Contents: Nuclear Technology. Atom. Nuclear Energy. Splitting the uranium atom. chain reaction. Types of nuclear reaction. Nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion. Where does energy comes from. Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors. Nuclear Weapons. Types of Fission Bombs. Gun Triggered fission bombs. Implosion Triggered fission bombs. Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects. Advantages and Disadvantages The Future of Nuclear Energy

2. Contents
Nuclear Technology.
1. Atom.
2. Nuclear Energy.
3. Splitting the uranium atom.
4. chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
1. Nuclear fission.
2. Nuclear fusion.
3. Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
 Types of Fission Bombs.
1.Gun Triggered fission bombs.
2. Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
 Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy

3. Acknowledgement
The report has been produced in collaboration with my friends
who provided information, material, data and invaluable
suggestions.
I thank my father for supporting me to complete this report
and my mother for helping me to make this report look attractive, I
also like to thank Henry madam whose suggestions helped us a
lot.
I acknowledge my deep gratitude towards my team mate
but for whose assistance this mammoth task of collecting and
shifting of information would have been beyond me.
Last but not least I express my gratitude towards your
college TSEC who organized such an event and inspired us so
that we may bring fort our talent make such a report possible.

4. Abstract
Nuclear energy has inhabited two distinct environments
since its inception - the environments of nuclear
deterrence and of electricity supply.
The relationships between the technologies and
institutions inhabiting these environments have been both
intimate and troublesome.
As both nuclear weapons and nuclear power rely
upon the fission energy of uranium and plutonium, and as
both generate harmful by-products, they are bound to have
technologies, materials and liabilities in common.
However, nuclear deterrence belongs in the realm of high politics, whilst
electricity production is part of the commercial world rooted in civil society.
Establishing a political, industrial and regulatory framework that allows nuclear
activities to develop safely and acceptably in both domains has been a difficult
and contentious task.
In this paper we wish to make some
observations about the relations between military
and civil nuclear technology at the end of this
century, and about nature of their working
processes.
The concept of use of nuclear
technology for civilian purposes is also
discussed in the following paper.

5. Nuclear technology:
Nuclear technology is “the technology that involves
the reactions of atomic nuclei”. It has found
applications from smoke detectors to nuclear
reactors, and from gun sights to nuclear weapons.
History :
In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating
phosphorescence in uranium salts when he
discovered a new phenomenon which came to be
called radioactivity.
He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began
investigating the phenomenon. In the process they
isolated the element radium, which is highly
radioactive.
They discovered that radioactive materials produce
intense, penetrating rays of several distinct sorts,
which they called alpha rays, beta rays and gamma
rays. Some of these kinds of radiation could pass
through ordinary matter, and all of them could cause
damage in large amounts.
Many of the scientists working on radioactivity died
of cancer as a result of their exposure.

6. Atom:
The atom is the fundamental building block of all stuff,
or what scientists like to call "matter". An individual atom
is very small.
Atoms are mostly empty space, but in the center of the
atom is a structure called a nucleus.
The nucleus is a congregation of protons and neutrons.
Neutrons are neutral, or have no electrical charge.
Protons, however, carry a positive electrical charge of 1.
Nuclear energy:
Changes that occur in the structure of the nuclei of
atoms are called nuclear reactions. Energy created in a
nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy, or atomic
energy.
Nuclear energy is produced naturally and in man-made
operations under human control.
Naturally: Some nuclear energy is produced naturally.
For example, the Sun and other stars make heat and
light by nuclear reactions.
Man-Made: Nuclear energy can be man-made too.
Machines called nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants
provide electricity for many cities. Man-made nuclear
reactions also occur in the explosion of atomic and

7. Splitting the Uranium Atom:
Uranium 235U is the principle element used in
nuclear reactors and in certain types of atomic
bombs.
When a stray neutron strikes a 235U nucleus, it is at
first absorbed into it. This creates 236U.
236U is unstable and this causes the atom to fission
in the process which is shown in adjacent figure.
235U + 1 neutron=2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba +ENERGY
Chain reaction:
When the atom is split, 2 additional neutrons are
released. This is how a chain reaction works.
If more 235U is present, those 2 neutrons can cause
2 more atoms to split. Each of those atoms releases
1 more neutron bringing the total neutrons to 4.
Those 4 neutrons can strike 4 more 235U atoms,
releasing even more neutrons.
The chain reaction will continue until all the 235U
fuel is spent.
This is roughly what happens in an atomic bomb. It
is called a runaway nuclear reaction.

8. Types of nuclear reactions:
There are two types of nuclear reactions they are:
Nuclear fission: In nuclear fission, the nuclei of atoms are split, causing
energy to be released. The atom bomb and nuclear reactors work by fission.
Uranium nuclei can be easily split by shooting neutrons at them, thus resulting
in release of energy.
Nuclear fusion: In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of atoms are joined together, or
fused. This happens only under very hot conditions. In the Sun, hydrogen
nuclei fuse to make helium. The hydrogen bomb, humanity's most powerful and
destructive weapon, also works by fusion. The heat required to start the fusion
reaction is so great that an atomic bomb is used to provide it. Hydrogen nuclei
fuse to form helium and in the process release huge amounts of energy thus
producing a huge explosion.

9. Where Does the Energy Come From?
In the section above we described what happens when a 235U atom fissions.
We gave the following equation as an example:
235U + 1 neutron = 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY
You might have been wondering, "Where does the energy come from?". The
mass seems to be the same on both sides of the reaction:
235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236
Thus, it seems that no mass is converted into energy. However, this is not
entirely correct.
when the uranium atom is split, some of the energy that held it together
called binding energy is released as radiation in the form of heat. Therefore,
the total mass does decrease a tiny bit during the reaction.
Thus the energy released can be calculated by using the mass of fuel spent
by using Einstein equation. 2
E=MC

10. Nuclear reactor:
Nuclear power is considered as one of
the main sources of the world’s energy
needs in the future. It is also a
emission-free alternative, given the hue
and cry about global temperature rise
from excessive carbon emissions these
days.
The fuel used in the nuclear power
plant is usually 2 to 3 percent uranium-
235 rich uranium fuel. Plutonium-239
may also be used as a nuclear fuel.
Construction And Functioning Of The
Nuclear Reactor:
The main components of a nuclear
reactor are:
Closed containment structure, reactor,
control rods, coolant, turbine, pump,
and steam generator. neutrons resulting from chain reaction
and permit only one to pass through.
Hence, the nuclear reaction is kept under
control.

11. The coolant also has an important role to
play. A lot of heat is produced from the
nuclear reaction causing the reactor to heat
up excessively. The coolant helps to extract
this heat and maintains the temperature
within an optimal range, making the
operation of the reactor smoother.
The coolant usually used is water, but in
some cases carbon dioxide gas or a liquid
metal like sodium may also be used.
The heat produced from the fission
reaction is used to heat the water into
steam. The steam is then passed through a
steam turbine, rotating it and hence leading
to production of electricity.
The nuclear reactor is housed in a
concrete structure which serves two
purposes. Firstly, it prevents the nuclear
reactor from damage due to external forces.
Secondly, it prevents the radioactive
emissions from the nuclear reactor from
escaping into the atmosphere.

12. Application of Nuclear technology
Nuclear techniques can be used to diagnose
and treat diseases, and offer unique ways to
assess the efficacy of drugs, and detect
particularly harmful organisms, radiotherapy
can be used to treat cancer patients across the
world.
Irradiating seeds with x-rays or gamma rays
accelerates the natural genetic mutation
processes that can lead to more desirable
characteristics, such as higher yields,
increased protein content, or better drought-tolerance.
Nuclear and related techniques contribute
greatly to improving livestock productivity and
food security through improved management of
feed resources, reproduction and diseases.
A quick pass through an enclosed chamber
where food is exposed to ionizing radiation
eliminates harmful bacteria and pests without
altering the chemical or physical properties of
the produce. This technique reduces spoilage,
making foods easier to store and transport.

13. Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement:
The Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement is the
name commonly attributed to a bilateral agreement
on nuclear cooperation between the United States of
America and the Republic of India.
By which India agreed to separate its civil and
military nuclear facilities and place civil facilities
under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
safeguards and, in exchange, the United States
agreed to work toward full civil nuclear cooperation
with India.
On August 1, 2008, the IAEA approved the safeguards agreement with India,
after which the United States approached the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
to grant a waiver to India to commence civilian nuclear trade.
The 45-nation NSG granted the waiver to India
on September 6, 2008 allowing it to access
civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other
countries.
The significance of the nuclear deal goes beyond
the concrete benefits that may accrue to India and
the US. It not only means a real transformation in
bilateral relations; It is the legitimization of
India's nuclear assets and recognition of India
as a Nuclear weapons state.

14. Nuclear weapons:
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force
from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts
of matter;
A modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand
kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more
than a billion tons of TNT.
Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use
and control has been a major aspect of international policy since their debut.
Fission Bomb:
There are two types of fission bombs they are:
A pressure sensor determines the altitude for
detonation and triggers the following sequence of
events:
1. The explosives fire and propel the bullet down
the barrel.
2. The bullet strikes the sphere, initiating the
fission reaction.
3. The fission reaction begins.
4. The bomb explodes.
Little Boy
Little Boy was this type of
bomb which was used on
Hiroshima.
Gun-triggered Fission Bomb:
Neutron generator with the bullet is placed at the one end of
a long tube with explosives behind it, while the sphere is placed at the other
end.

15.  Implosion-Triggered Fission Bomb:
 The implosion device consisted of a
sphere of uranium-235 (tamper) and a
plutonium-239 core surrounded by high
explosives.
 When the bomb was detonated, this is
what happened:
1. The explosives fire, creating a shock
wave.
2. The shock wave propels the plutonium
pieces together into a sphere.
3. The plutonium pieces strike a pellet of
beryllium/polonium at the center.
4. The fission reaction begins.
5. The bomb explodes.
Fat Man was this type of
bomb and had a 23-kiloton
yield with an efficiency of 17
percent. These bombs
exploded in fractions of a
second. The fission usually
occurred in 560 billionths of
a second.
Fat Man
Explosion of
little boy over
Hiroshima.
Explosion of
fat man over
Nagasaki

16. Hydrogen bomb:
The hydrogen bomb was invented by Edward Teller. One of the most
powerful forms of nuclear weapon indeed a successor to the atomic bomb.
uranium-235 or plutonium undergoes a fission reaction, liberating a
great deal of energy, the heat and energy from the fission reaction then
causes tritium to undergo a fusion reaction, which liberates even more
energy than fission of plutonium or uranium.
 The hydrogen bomb is also known as a fission-fusion-fission weapon in
some instances due to its design.
working:
In the center is an atomic bomb, surrounding which
is a layer of lithium deuterate (H-2, hydrogen atom
with atomic mass 2).
The neutrons that are released from the fission
reaction (atomic bomb explosion) cause the lithium to
fission into helium, tritium (H-3, isotope of hydrogen
with atomic mass 3), and energy.
When the atomic bomb explodes, the temperature
required for fusion of deuterium with tritium or of
tritium with tritium are reached (50,000,000*C and
400,000,000*C , respectively).

17. The process that takes place when a hydrogen
bomb is detonated is given below:
The fission bomb imploded and the heat cause the
foil to expand and burn away, exerting pressure
inward against the lithium deuterate.
The lithium deuterate is squeezed by about 30-
fold,The compression shock waves initiates fission
in the plutonium rod.
The fissioning rod gave off radiation, heat and
neutrons ,The neutrons go into the lithium deuterate,
combined with the lithium and to make tritium.
The combination of high temperature and pressure
are required for tritium-deuterium and deuterium-deuterium
fusion reactions to occur, producing more
heat, radiation and neutrons.
Fission of the tamper and shield pieces produced
even more radiation and heat.
The bomb explodes.
Deadly hydrogen bomb is a nuke within a nuke!!

18. Advantages of Nuclear Energy:
The Earth has limited supplies of fossil fuels i.e.
coal and oil. Nuclear power plants could still
produce electricity after coal and oil become
scarce.
Nuclear power plants need less fuel than ones
which burn fossil fuels. One ton of uranium
produces more energy than is produced by several
million tons of coal or several million barrels of oil.
Coal and oil burning plants pollute the air while
Well-operated nuclear power plants do not release
contaminants into the environment.
This helps in getting rid of most of the CO2
emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels,
there by reducing the Greenhouse effect.
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's
not expensive to make and is reliable.
To enhance national security and energy security
over the long term, it is imperative that the nation
expand its use of nuclear power.

19. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy:
The nations of the world now have more than enough
nuclear bombs to kill every person on Earth. What if
there were to be a nuclear war? What if terrorists got
their hands on nuclear weapons? Or what if nuclear
weapons were launched by accident?
‘Nuclear explosions’ produce radiation. The
nuclear radiation harms the cells of the body which
can make people sick or even kill them. Illness can
strike people years after their exposure to nuclear
radiation.
Nuclear reactors also have waste disposal
problems. Reactors produce nuclear waste
products which emit dangerous radiation. Because
they could kill people who touch them, they cannot
be thrown away like ordinary garbage.
Nuclear wastes dumped in oceans causes
adverse affects in aquatic animals.
Nuclear reactors only last for about forty to fifty
years.

20. The given figure compares the
mushroom cloud that erupts
when a nuclear weapon is used
or tested. The picture shows the
destruction caused at Hiroshima
compared with destruction
caused when the most powerful
nuclear bomb present until today
“TZAR BOMBA” was tested by
Russia in 1961.
 Just one such bomb is
enough to wipe out a whole
city from the face of the
earth. The following figure shows the area that is
affected when such nuclear bombs were tested.
Russia possesses 10,000 such warheads while
8000 such are in hands of USA.
India has 80-100 such warheads while
Pakistan has 40-50 such.
If a nuclear war breaks out between any
of these nations, only god can save this
world!!

21. The future of Nuclear Energy:
Some people think that nuclear energy is here to stay and we must learn to live with it.
Others say that we should get rid of all nuclear weapons and power plants. Both sides
have their cases as there are advantages and disadvantages to nuclear energy. Still
others have opinions that fall somewhere in between.
What do you think we should do? After reviewing the pros and
cons, it is up to you to formulate your own opinion.

22. Bibliography:
 India's Nuclear Technology Dilemma Projections and Realities
by G.B. Reddy.
 Look at Fusion Reactor Technology
by V.K. Rohatgi
 First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb,
by Robert Serber, University of California Press, 1992.
 The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb,
by Richard Rhodes, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995.
 Information on Nuclear Technology from Wikipedia.
 www.ntec.ac.uk

23. An original photo of ‘Testing of TZAR BOMBA’