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by Norman Hiob
DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGY
WHY LARGE COMPANIES OFTEN FAIL TO INNOVATE
© NORMAN HIOB
WHY DO LARGE
COMPANIES
OFTEN FAIL TO
INNOVATE?
© NORMAN HIOB
5 REASONS
© NORMAN HIOB
1
COMPANIES
DEPEND ON
CUSTOMERS

AND INVESTORS
FOR RESOURCES
© NORMAN HIOB
GOOD
MANAGERS

DO WHAT

MAKES

SENSE
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
WHAT MAKES
SENSE IS
PRIMARILY
SHAPED BY
THEIR VALUE
NETWORK
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
VALUE NETWORK =
ECONOMIC ECOSYSTEM
© NORMAN HIOB
COMPANIES
MUST SATISFY…
© NORMAN HIOB
CUSTOMERS
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
INVESTORS
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
WITH PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND
PROFITS THAT THEY REQUIRE
© NORMAN HIOB
WHICH LEADS TO
© NORMAN HIOB
RESOURCE DEPENDENCE
COMPANIES FREEDOM
OF ACTION IS LIMITED TO
SATISFYING THE NEEDS
OF EXTERNAL ENTITIES
© NORMAN HIOB
IN OTHER WORDS
© NORMAN HIOB
IT DRIVES THE
ALLOCATION
OF RESOURCES
© NORMAN HIOB
TOWARDS
SUSTAINING
TECHNOLOGIES
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
AND AWAY FROM
DISRUPTIVE ONES
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
2
MARKETS THAT
DON’T EXIST
CAN’T BE
ANALYSED

© NORMAN HIOB
THE TECHNOLOGY S-CURVEProductperformance
Time or engineering effort
	 Richard N. Foster: „Innovation: The attacker's advantage“, New York, Summit Book, 1986
OFTEN USED TO
PREDICT NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
© NORMAN HIOB
THE TECHNOLOGY S-CURVEProductperformance
Time or engineering effort
	 Richard N. Foster: „Innovation: The attacker's advantage“, New York, Summit Book, 1986
DECREASING RATE OF
IMPROVEMENT INDICATES
THAT A NEW TECHNOLOGY
MAY EMERGE
© NORMAN HIOB
USEFUL FOR
SUSTAINING
TECHNOLOGIES
© NORMAN HIOB
#1 Sustaining technologies
IMPROVES

PRODUCT
PERFORMANCE
Productperformance
Time or engineering effort
Technology #1
Technology #2
Technology #3
Clayton M. Christensen: „Exploring the Limits of the Technology S-Curve“, Productions and Operations Management 1, no. 4, 1992
© NORMAN HIOB
BUT NOT FOR
DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
© NORMAN HIOB
#2 Disruptive technologies
Technology #1
Technology #2
Technology #2
Application
(Market) „A“
Application
(Market) „B“
Time or engineering effort
Productperformance
DISRUPTS OR
REDEFINES
PERFORMANCE
TRAJECTORIES
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 10, 47
© NORMAN HIOB
PROBLEM
© NORMAN HIOB
MOST MANAGERS
LEARN ABOUT
INNOVATION IN

A SUSTAINING
CONTEXT
© NORMAN HIOB
Sustaining innovations
MARKETS:	 	 KNOWN
CUSTOMERS:	UNDERSTOOD
MARKET

RESEARCH

GOOD

PLANNING

EXECUTION
ACCORDING

TO PLAN
+ +
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
MARKET

RESEARCH

GOOD

PLANNING

EXECUTION
ACCORDING

TO PLAN
+ +
Disruptive innovations
MARKETS:	 	 UNKNOWN
CUSTOMERS:	UNKNOWN
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
MARKETS
THAT DON’T

EXIST CAN’T

BE ANALYSED
© NORMAN HIOB
APPLICATIONS
FOR DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
ARE UNKNOWABLE
© NORMAN HIOB
3
SMALL MARKETS
DON’T SOLVE

THE GROWTH
NEEDS OF LARGE
COMPANIES
© NORMAN HIOB
SUCCESSFUL
COMPANIES
NEED TO GROW
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
WHY?
© NORMAN HIOB
TWO REASONS
© NORMAN HIOB
1
CREATE
INTERNAL
OPPORTUNITIES
FOR EMPLOYEES

© NORMAN HIOB
2 MAINTAIN

OR INCREASE
SHARE PRICE

© NORMAN HIOB
GROWTH
RATE
SHARE
PRICE
=
© NORMAN HIOB
PROBLEM
SMALL MARKETS OF
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
DON’T SERVE THE NEAR-
TERM GROWTH OF LARGE
COMPANIES
© NORMAN HIOB
REVENUE
2016
GROWTH

RATE
ADDITIONAL
REVENUE
$40M 20 % $8M
$400M 20 % $80M
$4G 20 % $800M
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 147-148
SMALL
COMPANY
LARGE
COMPANY
© NORMAN HIOB
RESULT
© NORMAN HIOB
LARGE COMPANIES
LOSE THE CAPABILITY
TO ENTER SMALL
EMERGING MARKETS
© NORMAN HIOB
THEY OFTEN FAIL, BECAUSE THEY
WAIT TOO LONG UNTIL THE

MARKET IS ESTABLISHED
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
ESTABLISHED MARKET EMERGING MARKET
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 143-146
FIRMS REACHING $100M WITHIN TWO YEAR OF
ENTERING THE MARKET
© NORMAN HIOB
FIRMS
THAT ENTERED

SMALL, EMERGING

MARKETS CAPTURED
© NORMAN HIOB
20TIMES 

THE 

REVENUE

Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 143-146Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 143-146
© NORMAN HIOB
THAN FIRMS
THAT ENTERED
ESTABLISHED
MARKETS
© NORMAN HIOB
0
500.000.000
1.000.000.000
1.500.000.000
2.000.000.000
ESTABLISHED MARKET EMERGING MARKET
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 143-146
AVERAGE REVENUE CAPTURED PER FIRMS WITHIN
TWO YEAR OF ENTERING THE MARKET
© NORMAN HIOB
4
COMPANIES
CAPABILITIES
RESIDE IN THEIR
PROCESSES AND
VALUES
© NORMAN HIOB
TWO COMPANIES
BA
© NORMAN HIOB
SAME RECOURSES
=
A B
… …
© NORMAN HIOB
DIFFERENT OUTPUTS
≠
A B
© NORMAN HIOB
WHY?
© NORMAN HIOB
PROCESSES
AND VALUES
© NORMAN HIOB
PROCESSES
FORMAL
INFORMAL
CULTURAL
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“,
Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 185-196 © NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
ESTABLISHED TO PERFORM TASKS
IN A CONSISTENT WAY (= VALUE
CREATING MECHANISMS)
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
PROBLEM
© NORMAN HIOB
EMERGING MARKETS
REQUIRE A
DEGREE OF
AGILITY
© NORMAN HIOB
BUT…
© NORMAN HIOB
PROCESSES
ARE INIMICAL
TO CHANGE
© NORMAN HIOB
VALUES
CRITERIA
BY WHICH
DECISIONS
ABOUT
PRIORITIES
ARE MADE
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“,
Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 185-196 © NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
COMPANIES
THAT FOCUS ON
HIGH-MARGIN
PRODUCTS
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
CAN NOT
© NORMAN HIOB
SIMULTANEOUSLY
FOCUS PRIORITIES
ON LOW-MARGIN
PRODUCTS
*
* EMERGING MARKET
© NORMAN HIOB
5
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLY MAY NOT
EQUAL MARKET
DEMAND

© NORMAN HIOB
INITIALLY
USE OF DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES IN
SMALL MARKETS
ONLY
© NORMAN HIOB
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLY
MARKET
DEMAND
≠
* MAINSTREAM MARKET
*
© NORMAN HIOB
BUT…
© NORMAN HIOB
DISRUPTIVE

TECHNOLOGIES
EVOLVE FASTER
THAN MAINSTREAM
MARKETS
© NORMAN HIOB
TOMORROW, THEY
MAY BECOME
COMPETITIVE IN
MAINSTREAM
MARKETS
© NORMAN HIOB
LET’S SUMMARISE
WHY LARGE
COMPANIES FAIL
TO INNOVATE
© NORMAN HIOB
1
2
3
4
5 TECHNOLOGY UNDERSUPPLY
RESOURCE DEPENDENCE
UNKNOWN MARKETS
GROWTH NEEDS
PROCESSES AND VALUES
© NORMAN HIOB
WHAT TO DO?
© NORMAN HIOB
GIVE AWAY
RESPONSIBILITY
TO FIRMS WHOSE
CUSTOMERS NEED
THE TECHNOLOGY
© NORMAN HIOB
SO RESOURCES
WILL FLOW

TO THEM
© NORMAN HIOB
CHECK INNOVATION
REQUIREMENTS
FIT WITH
PROCESSES
AND VALUES
© NORMAN HIOB
SET UP SEPARATE
ORGANISATION
SMALL ENOUGH
TO GET EXCITED
BY SMALL GAINS
© NORMAN HIOB
1
SPINS-OFF
CREATE AN
ORGANISATION WHOSE
SIZE MATCHES THE
OPPORTUNITY



Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 154-155
© NORMAN HIOB
2
INCUBATE
ACQUIRE A SMALL
COMPANY WHOSE
STRUCTURE MATCHES
THE OPPORTUNITY



Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 154-155
© NORMAN HIOB
DISCOVERY

DRIVEN LEARNING
TEST MARKET
ASSUMPTIONS
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 180-182
© NORMAN HIOB
PLANS FOR
EXECUTION
PLANS FOR
LEARNING
Clayton M. Christensen: “The Innovators Dilemma“, Harper Business, New York, 2011, p. 180-182
© NORMAN HIOB
PLAN FOR

FAILURE
DON’T RUN OUT
OF RESOURCES
OR CREDIBILITY
© NORMAN HIOB
1
2
3
4
5 PLAN FOR FAILURE
FIND NEW CUSTOMERS
CHECK PROCESSES AND VALUES
SET UP SEPARATE ORGANISATION
CREATE PLANS FOR LEARNING
© NORMAN HIOB
ARE YOU
READY TO
INNOVATE?
© NORMAN HIOB
© NORMAN HIOB
GET IN TOUCH!


Norman Hiob
Olivaer Platz 17
10707 Berlin
normanhiob@me.com

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Disruptive Technology - Why large companies often fail to innovate