2Annotated Bibliography3164 wordsRough Draft o.docx

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Annotated Bibliography
3164 words
Rough Draft on Infection Control
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Infection Control
1
Introduction of the Paper
Background
According to various reports by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, a significant number of lives are lost each
passing year due to the spread of infections in hospitals that

could otherwise have been prevented (Alp & Damani, 2015).
Therefore, effort geared towards understanding infection control
plays a significant role in reducing the otherwise unnecessary
loss of lives. Infection control entails the power to directly
prevent or determine the spread of infections with the aim of
avoiding it (Berríos-Torres, et al., 2017). Indeed, the
pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by
pathogenic microorganisms has far-reaching consequences.
While so much has been done to prevent its spread, there is still
a lot more to be done. This research paper intends to focus on
Healthcare-associated Infections and how it can be prevented if
not eliminated altogether.
Statement of the Problem
Healthcare-Associated Infections are a common occurrence in
the modern healthcare setting resulting in huge financial losses
and loss of lives. According to the Office of Disease Prevention
and Healthcare Promotion (ODPHP), these are infections that
patients contract while receiving treatment in a medical facility.
Percival, Suleman, Vuotto & Donelli, (2015) pointed out that its
prevalence is as a result of the employment of invasive devices
and procedures meant to treat patients and to help them recover.
While most of them are accidental in nature, they still remain to
be seen as accidents that could have been prevented. The US
government, through the establishment of Healthy People 2020
and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
have taken a lead role in spreading the news on infection
control. To that effect, recent research reveals that there could
be a 70% reduction in infections by implementing existing
prevention practices. This translates to a financial benefit
estimated to be $31.5 billion in medical cost savings (ODPHP,
2019). Understanding these prevention measures should,
therefore, be a priority to all healthcare practitioners. That is
why this research study intends to shade more light on
nosocomial infections. These are infections that occur within 48
hours upon admission into a hospital. They can also occur in
three days of discharge or 30 days of operation. They affect one

in every 10 patients admitted in a hospital (Khan, Baig &
Mehboob, 2017; Suleyman, & Alangaden, 2016).
Rationale for addressing the issue
Addressing this issue is important to the health sector from a
political, social as well as environmental perspective. As a
matter of fact, its impact will be on a short term, interim basis
and long term basis. Politically, health has always been a major
subject of concern as it is used by voters to determine how best
an administration has taken care of their needs. Establishing an
infection control unit will therefore be beneficial to any
incumbent during the elections. Besides improvising awareness
on infection control, addressing this issue will not only lead to
improved safety measures to control spread of diseases but also
result to reduced cases of infections in the short run (Percival,
Suleman, Vuotto & Donelli, 2015). This is will be the
epidemiological contribution of this research, On the other
hand, it will lead to the adoption of policies on infection control
in the hospital, proper designing of an infection control modes
and effective preparation of infection control training manual
for the health facility on the interim basis. Finally, it will lead
to the elimination or significant reduction in infection-related
mortality in the long run. All these will result in an infection-
free health care environment.
The following are the impact statements that I intend to engage
to address this problem during your 120 hours in the field.
· To find out how to prevent the transmission of germs during
interactions between healthcare workers and patients.
· To evaluate the best approaches to using personal protective
equipment.
· To identify approaches that minimize the role of the
healthcare environment
· to find innovative strategies to protect patients by stopping
spread of germs
Foundational Competencies
These are the set of skills used in the broad practice of public
health by healthcare professionals. They were developed by the

council of Linkages and are categorized into three tiers and 8
domains. The framework that supports the approach taken by
this study is from the first tier (Front Line Staff/Entry Level)
and two domains namely the Analytical/Assessment Skills as
well as the Public Health Sciences Skills. The first tier is
concerned with those competencies that apply to public health
professionals who are not necessarily in management positions.
The approach is therefore meant to provide analytical skills on
infection control to the public.
Research Methodology
There are efforts to contain the scourge of infections that
happen within healthcare precincts. Apparently, there is need
for more initiatives to try and control the infections and with an
ultimate goal of complete eradication. This section lays out the
methodology of one of the infection control efforts whose
results will, hopefully, influence key decision makers in terms
of commitment and the will to face the problem. As Sessler &
Imrey pointed out, research methodology is the framework that
chronologically arranges the techniques that will be used to
conduct a study into a specific problem. To be sure, the
methodology contains specific procedures that pinpoint, gather
and analyze data that is relevant to the research topic. Broadly
speaking, research methodology forks into two major categories
that are quantitative and qualitative analysis. While quantitative
research is descriptive in nature, quantitative analysis follows
an exploratory approach where the primary objective is provide
more insights into a problem (Hammersley, 2017).
Research design
The ultimate goal of this study is to completely eradicate
healthcare-associated infections. To that end, there is need for
insights into the problem and, particularly, how the infections
happen and why. As such, the researcher will utilize a
qualitative research design which, as per Castrodale facilitated
an in-depth examination of non-numerical data to establish the
best way to control, prevent and eradicate infections.
Procedures for data collection and analysis

Beginning the data collection and analysis process goes back to
the point where the researcher identifies the appropriate sample
that will aid the investigation during the study. In a qualitative
analysis, the data is always in non-numerical form. To be sure,
qualitative study collects data that will aid the researcher to
develop appropriate, if not accurate, ideas to facilitate the
study. The best technique that can be used to collect such data
is by employing questionnaires. In addition, the researcher will
carry out assessments on the infection levels within the target
population. This is one of the ways through which the
researcher will find out the most appropriate measures that
should be taken to control the infections. The key desired
impacts of the study are to first determine how the transmission
of germs at any point during patient-health worker interaction
can prevented. Secondly, the study will try to establish the most
fitting techniques to employ protective equipment while at
looking for innovative ways to protect patients. While
conducting the surveys, the study will keenly focus on the
intended impacts such that the resulting data is relevant,
reliable and impactful.
To get a sense of the data, the study will employ content
analysis approach to interpret the data from surveys. In
particular, the main idea is to form a solid concept that explains
the behavioral aspect of the infection problem. Further, this
technique will help to interpret the text of the observations
recorded during the assessment exercise to determine the levels
of infection within the sample. During the data analysis phase,
the researcher will focus on relationships and patterns that
might provide important insight into the problem. Ultimately,
the idea to establish the main elements that play a significant
part in the transmission of germs from the health workers to the
patients.
Research objectives
1. To find out how to prevent the transmission of germs during
interactions between healthcare workers and patients.
2. To evaluate the best approaches to using personal protective

equipment.
3. To identify approaches that minimize the role of the
healthcare environment
4. to find innovative strategies to protect patients by stopping
spread of germs
shell for reporting data
Faculty Demographics
Name of Institution
Type of Institution
Date of Assessment
Type of Assessment
On Site
Other
Tick as appropriate using the following Likert scale of 1-5
where: 1= No Extent; 2= Little Extent; 3= Moderate Extent; 4=
Great Extent; 5=Very Great Extent
Objective 1
1
2
3
4
5
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach

Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Objective 2
1
2
3
4
5

Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach

Objective 3
1
2
3
4
5
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach

Strategy/Approach
Objective 4
1
2
3
4
5
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach

Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Strategy/Approach
Graphical Analysis of the Objectives
References
1. Sessler DI, Imrey PB. Clinical Research Methodology
2. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2015;121(4):1043-1051.
2. Castrodale MA. Mobilizing Dis/Ability Research: A Critical
Discussion of Qualitative Go-Along Interviews in Practice.
Qualitative Inquiry. 2017;24(1):45-55.
3. Hammersley M. Deconstructing the qualitative-quantitative
divide 1. Mixing Methods: qualitative and quantitative research.
2017:39-55.
4. References
5. Alp, E., & Damani, N. (2015). Healthcare-associated

infections in intensive care units: epidemiology and infection
control in low-to-middle income countries. The Journal of
Infection in Developing Countries, 9(10), 1040-1045.
6. Berríos-Torres, S. I., Umscheid, C. A., Bratzler, D. W., Leas,
B., Stone, E. C., Kelz, R. R., ... & Dellinger, E. P. (2017).
Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the
prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA
surgery, 152(8), 784-791.
7. Khan, H. A., Baig, F. K., & Mehboob, R. (2017). Nosocomial
infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and
surveillance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine, 7(5), 478-482.
8. Percival, S. L., Suleman, L., Vuotto, C., & Donelli, G.
(2015). Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and
biofilms: risk, tolerance and control. Journal of medical
microbiology, 64(4), 323-334.
9. Suleyman, G., & Alangaden, G. J. (2016). Nosocomial Fungal
Infections: Epidemiology, Infection Control, and
Prevention. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 30(4),
1023-1052.
Strategy/Approach Chosen Objective 1 Objective 2
Objective 3 Objective 4 4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5
Strategy/Approach Chosen 2 Objective 1 Objective 2
Objective 3 Objective 4 2.4 4.4000000000000004
1.8 2.8 Strategy/Approach Chosen 3 Objective 1
Objective 2 Objective 3 Objective 4 2 2 3
5
Annotated Bibliography
3164 words

Annotated Bibliography On Infection Control
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Submitted to
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Infection Control
Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone
EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE,
Dellinger EP. Centers for disease control and prevention
guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JA
sur. 2017;152(8):784-91.
The cost of treating surgical site infections and the number of
surgical procedures is increasing. These are associated with
complex comorbidities. This paper provides not only a new but
also updated evidence-based recommendations for preventing
surgical site infections. It used the grading of recommendations,
Assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) technique
to assess the strength of recommendation and the quality of
evidence and to provide the relationship between the two. The
guideline is intended to provide an updated and a shred of new
evidence based recommendations for preventing surgical site
infections and incorporate it into quality improvement programs

with the view to improve patient safety. The paper explains the
proper ways to carry out various surgical operations such as
cesarean procedures, skin preparation, surgical incision, and
other surgical operations.
Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, De Angelis G, Falcone
M, Frank U, Kahlmeter G, Pan A, Petrosillo N, Rodríguez‐Baño
J, Singh N. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the
infection control measures to reduce transmission of
multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria in hospitalized
patients. Clin Mic Inf. 2014; 20:1-55.
These guidelines are provided to enable the management of the
infection control measures to minimize the transmission of
multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized
patients. The corresponding author E. Tacconelli, is the in the
division of infectious diseases in the department of internal
medicine at the Tubingen University Hospital in Germany. The
paper asserts that multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
cause healthcare infections which are known to be the leading
causes of morbidity and mortality in the whole world. The
guidelines have been produced after a thorough review of other
published studies on infection control. It provides evidence-
based guidelines which are defined in accordance with the
GRADE approach, describing the level of strength for and
evidence for each and every recommendation.
Miller CH, Palenik CJ. Infection Control and Management of
Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team5: Infection Control
and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team.
Els H S; 2014.
This is a book that can be used by both undergraduates and
graduates in infection control and management of harmful
materials for the dental team. The book covers various areas of
infection control such as development of infectious diseases,
emerging infectious diseases, the microbial world, rationale and
regulation of infection control, immunization, hand hygiene,
greener control, concerns, OSHA inspection, cross-
contamination between work and home, waste management,

preventing sharps injuries, aseptic techniques, personal
protective equipment, oral and respiratory diseases, and
laboratory and radiographic asepsis. The book explores the
management of all the hazardous equipment for the dental team
with the view to manage and control infections which might
result from bad use of the equipment. It begins with the
microbial world, explaining the characteristics of
microorganisms with the view to understand infections and
hence find out how to control them.
Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Leblebicioglu H, Memish
ZA, Al-Mousa HH, Balkhy H, Hu B, Alvarez-Moreno C,
Medeiros EA, Apisarnthanarak A. International Nosocomial
Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43
countries for 2007-2012. Dev-Assoc mod. Ame joul inf cont.
2014;42(9):942-56.
This is a report on infection control carried out by an
international Nosocomial Consortium (INICC). The reports span
between January 2007 to December 2012. The report represents
43 countries where 503 intensive care units were tested. The
report details nosocomial infection, central line bloodstream
associated infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary
tract infection, details of resistance of Pseudomonas and their
relationships with amikacin, imipenem, and the isolation of
pneumoniae to ceftazidime. The reports detail comparison of
these infections in the intensive care units and the INICC.
Furthermore, the report details the disparities of these
infections in developed and developing countries. The report
explains the challenges faced in overcoming these infections in
limited resources countries or low-income countries. The report
details the ways to curb the infections in developed countries
too.
Saiman L, Siegel JD, LiPuma JJ, Brown RF, Bryson EA,
Chambers MJ, Downer VS, Fliege J, Hazle LA, Jain M,
Marshall BC. Infection prevention and control guideline for
cystic fibrosis: 2013 update. Infe Cont & Hosp Epide. 2014
;35(S1):s1-67.

This is a guideline for control and prevention of infection for
Cystic Fibrosis. It is a 2013 update of the original 2003 version.
The guideline is updated following the changes that occurred
between 2003 and 2013 which include new knowledge and new
challenges with the increased population. The guidelines
explain the need to integrate all the relevant recommendations
from the 2003 evidence-based guidelines, and the emerging
pathogens that have emerged in our expanded population. The
guidelines explain the various control measures for infections
majorly the Cystic Fibrosis infection. The paper also provides
guidelines for the prevention of various infections resulting
from pathogens. The pathogens include influenza and the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It has also included the
implementation of science and its benefits, adherence
monitoring, and principles of feedback.
Tängdén T, Giske CG. Global dissemination of extensively
drug‐resistant carbapenemase‐producing E nterobacteriaceae:
clinical perspectives on detection, treatment and infection
control. Intern Med. 2015;277(5):501-12.
This journal describes the dissemination, clinical prevention,
treatment and infection control of carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) The paper explains the prevalence of
carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, its worldwide rise,
its resistance, and its possibility of reaching to a level of
community untreatable infection. The paper describes the
bacterial that carry these resistances, the determinants of
resistance and treatment options. It describes the difficulty
experienced in detecting carbapenemase-producing-
Enterobacteriaceae. It also explains the current clinical
evidence for treatment and the issues associated with them such
as insufficient information on treatment options. The paper also
explains regimes such as colistin, carbapenems,
aminoglycosides, and finally fosfomycin. The paper further
describes strict infection control measures and management
information for supporting patients infected with CPE.
Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, Eyre DW, Stoesser N,

Golubchik T, Harding RM, Wilson DJ, Griffiths D, Vaughan A,
Finney JM. Effects of control interventions on Clostridium
difficile infection in England: an observational study. Lant
Infect Dise. 2017;17(4):411-21.
This paper explains the challenge experienced in the control of
Clostridium difficile infections. It describes the role of the
national policy in the check of the infections. It also illustrates
the effects of increasing or reducing antibiotic on the
prevalence of the diseases. The paper further describes the
circumstances that reduced the infections such us the general
improvement in infection control hospitals. It explains in details
the importance of restricting antibiotics such as fluoroquinolone
on the prevalence of the diseases. The paper uses England as a
case study describing the challenges experienced in the control
of the infections. The document uses both regional and national
data to explain the challenges faced in solving the quest to
control the diseases.
Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastère S, Roche C,
Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A, Larre P, Vial
AL. Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika
virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lan.
2016 ;387(10027):1531-9.
The paper is a control case study, describing the outbreak of
Zika virus in France. The document describes the link between
the Zika virus and the Guillain-Barre’ syndrome which occurred
during the same time. the paper describes the role of Zika virus
in the development of Guillain-Barre’ syndrome. The document
provides evidence for the cause of Guillain-Barre’ syndrome
which is the Zika virus infection. Furthermore, the paper
describes the integrative biology of the various emerging
infectious diseases. The document explains the neutralizing
antibodies against the virus, transient illness associated with the
infection, the rapid evolution of diseases, glycolipid, respiratory
problems and assistance, glycoarray, history of past dengue
virus, and acute motor neuropathy. The document describes the
major cause of the Zuka virus in individuals most of which are

related to the infections mentioned above.
De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, De Waure C, Venturiello S, La
Torre G, Cauda R, Carmeli Y, Tacconelli E. Infection control
and prevention measures to reduce the spread of vancomycin-
resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Anti Chem. 2014 ;69(5):1185-92.
This paper describes Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
and the issues associated with it. The document further explains
the measures for effective control and prevention that may
reduce the spread of VRE. The paper described the estimated
pooled risk ratio. The document illustrates the many factors that
reduce the prevalence of VRE such as the implementation of
hand hygiene and contact precautions. Furthermore, the paper
describes the potency of hand hygiene and contact precaution on
reducing the spread of VRE. The document failed to describe
surveillance screening, cleaning of the environment and
interventions for antibiotic formulary. Furthermore, the paper
notes that it did not study the effectiveness of isolation of staff
and patients. The document explains the issues associated with
the available measures to treat the spread of VRP in hospitals.
Brusaferro S, Arnoldo L, Cattani G, Fabbro E, Cookson B,
Gallagher R, Hartemann P, Holt J, Kalenic S, Popp W, Privitera
G. Harmonizing and supporting infection control training in
Europe. Hosp Inf. 2015 ;89(4):351-6.
This paper explains the support and harmonization of infection
control. It explains healthcare-associated infections (HCAI), the
safety of patients, and bringing together related programs and
policies. The paper explains the needs for training in infection
control. It also describes healthcare workers training for
infection control. The document demonstrates HCAI prevention
and commitment. It illustrates several barriers to the
harmonization of training in infection control and the promotion
of the training. The paper explains the qualification requirement
for nurses, the resources available, and the sustainability of the
programs in the healthcare systems. It illustrates the core
competencies for control of infection and general hygiene in the

hospitals and a methodology that is agreed upon by nations for
collective control of disease in the larger region of Europe.
Wood AM, Moss C, Keenan A, Reed MR, Leaper DJ. Infection
control hazards associated with the use of forced-air warming in
operating theatres. Hosp Inf. 2014 ;88(3):132-40.
This journal describes the infections control hazards associated
with the use of forced-air warming in operating theatres. It is a
review representing both clinical and experimental research to
prevent the occurrence of hypothermia which might result from
the infections. The study describes the use of ultra-clean
ventilation. It explains all the synergies ultra-clean ventilation
has on various types of patient warming. Furthermore, the paper
describes an increase in risks related to surgical site infections.
The document describes the effects of forced air warming on
ultra-clean air ventilation and the increased risk of surgical site
infection. It illustrates the need for surgeons to use alternative
patient warming systems especially in places where the
operative field must not be contaminated.
Parani M, Lokhande G, Singh A, Gaharwar AK. Engineered
nanomaterials for infection control and healing acute and
chronic wounds. ACS. 2016 ;8(16):10049-69.
This paper describes the use of engineered nanomaterials in the
treatment of wounds without infections. The document
illustrates the use of nanomaterials for disease control and the
treatment of chronic injuries. The paper describes in details
nanoengineered biomaterials. It explains the increase in the use
of nanoengineered biomaterials in the check of disease and in
accelerating the healing of wounds. It describes the various
developments that are shaping the use of nanoengineering in the
field of medicine and control of infection. It further outlines the
potential applications of nanomaterials in the healing of
wounds. It describes the various nanomaterials developed
recently for the control of diseases. The paper describes the
current state of engineered nanomaterials for wound healing and
the future perspective of using nanomaterials in effection
control.

Rand KH, Tremblay EE, Hoidal M, Fisher LB, Grau KR, Karst
SM. Multiplex gastrointestinal pathogen panels: implications
for infection control. Diagn microb. 2015;82(2):154-7.
This paper describes the implications for the control of
infection resulting from gastrointestinal pathogens. The
document describes the diseases resulting from diarrheal and
their possible regulators for inpatient services. The paper
describes the possibility of an inpatient having an infection
resulting from diarrhea. The document describes the various
causes of such disease to reach the patients. Furthermore, the
paper describes possible ways of avoiding the spread of such an
infection. It outlines possible ways to prevent the disease from
spreading. The document describes all for the case of the acute
care where a wide variety of factors can cause both infectious
and noninfectious diarrhea. The paper recommends various
techniques to be used with the aim of controlling and preventing
the spread of the infections which include patient isolation and
to reduce nosocomial transmission.
Khosravi A, Yáñez A, Price JG, Chow A, Merad M, Goodridge
HS, Mazmanian SK. Gut microbiota promote hematopoiesis to
control bacterial infection. Cell microbe. 2014;15(3):374-81.
The paper describes the control of bacterial infection. The
document centers on the check on Gut Microbiota and its impact
on disease-causing bacteria. It illustrates the influences of the
commensal microbiota on the various immune cell. The paper
describes the consequences of being germ-free. It explains the
impacts of microbes on yolk sac and the development of the
individual myeloid cell. The document illustrates the
importance of microbiota in the resisting of bacterial infection.
Furthermore, the paper describes the negative impacts of oral
antibiotics on myelopoiesis and their general role in suppressing
an individual's immune system. The paper, therefore, explains
the consequences of living without a germ such as the
microbiota which is found to be useful in providing resistance
to various infections.
Jeong SY, Kim OS, Lee JY. The status of healthcare-associated

infection control among healthcare facilities in Korea. Dig
Conv. 2014;12(5):353-66.
The paper describes the infection control and its status among
the Korean healthcare facilities. The paper describes the various
factors that contributed to the increase or the decrease in the
cases of infection and these were found to include, the mean
number of beds in the hospitals in relation to the populations,
the presence of infection committee in the healthcare facilities,
the number of infection control practitioners in the healthcare
facility, the gender of the infection control practitioner, the
level of education of the practitioners, their levels of
experience, availability of necessary facilities, the number of
health care providers with respect to the size of the hospital,
the general organization of the health care facility, and
availability of facilities such as computer programs, and
negative pressure room.
Sopirala MM, Yahle-Dunbar L, Smyer J, Wellington L,
Dickman J, Zikri N, Martin J, Kulich P, Taylor D, Mekhjian H,
Nash M. Infection control link nurse program: an
interdisciplinary approach in targeting health care-acquired
infection. A j infe C. 2014 ;42(4):353-9.
This document describes infection control through the link
nurse program. The paper describes link nurse program in
details. It explains the role of nurse education and training in
alleviating the spread of infections. It details the tasks of
providing nurses with clearly defined goals in reducing the
spread of infectious diseases. The document describes the
importance of using various tools such as hand soap in
minimizing the spread of infections. Furthermore, the paper
emphasizes the importance of hand hygiene compliance in
decreasing the spread of diseases. The document compares the
changes that occur after a period of time while taking the time
in which the interventions were set to be the baseline. The
paper notes the impact of having defined goals in and continued
education for nurses in reducing the spread of infections.
Halboub ES, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Jamaei AA, Tarakji B, Al-

Soneidar WA. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of infection
control among dental students at Sana’a University, Yemen.
intern oral H: JIOH. 2015;7(5):15.
This paper describes knowledge, practices, and attitudes on
infection control for senior dental students procedures. The
document describes the probability of a dental student to be
vaccinated for hepatitis B and post-hepatitis B immunization
serology test. The paper describes the importance of wearing
gloves during a dental operation. It illustrates the percentage of
dental students who wear gloves during a procedure.
Furthermore, the document describes the importance of wearing
face protection during a procedure and records down the number
of dental students who wear eyewear face masks during a
procedure. The document further describes the attitudes of
students towards their work especially for the treatment of a
patient with infectious disorders. The paper explained the need
to improve knowledge attitude and practices as far as infection
control is concerned for dental students.
Karkar A, Bouhaha BM, Dammang ML. Infection control in
hemodialysis units: A quick access to essential elements. S J K
DT. 2014;25(3):496.
This journal describes the control of infection in a hemodialysis
unit. The document describes the impact of the disease in
hospitalization rates and mortality. The paper describes the
possible consequences of infection both HD patients and the
dialysis staff. It illustrates the potential cause of infection in an
HD unit. It explains the role of different international
organizations in controlling the spread of infectious diseases in
an HD unit. The document provides guidelines on improving
hemodialysis units to alleviate infections. The paper outlines
the guidelines that center on reducing the spread of disease to
promote global outcome in the HD units. The paper facilitates
access, increases awareness and encourage implementation
among HD providers through viewing, extracting and comparing
all the necessary guidelines and recommendations.
Osman MF, Askari R. Infection control in the intensive care

unit. Surg Clin. 2014 ;94(6):1175-94.
This paper explains the importance of understanding and
recognizing the adverse impacts of having infections in the
intensive care unit (ICU). The article describes the
overwhelming nature of the clinical, economic, and social
expenses that patients incur in the hospitals. The study regards
multiple ways to remove infections in intensive care units which
include taking infection control measures, implement, and
enforce them. The paper notes down various guidelines that
have been developed by other researchers for the control of
infection in intensive care units. The guidelines cover infection
control and prevention committees, antimicrobial stewardship
programs, assessments on a daily basis, identifying risk factors
and minimizing them, and educating the staff. The paper finally
notes down the advancement and the evolution of infection
control in the ICU and its unlimited future possibilities.
Mitchell BG, Hall L, MacBeth D, Gardner A, Halton K.
Hospital infection control units: staffing, costs, and priorities.
AJIC. 2015;43(6):612-6.
This article describes the prevention and control of infection by
professionals. It illustrates various relevant matters such as
staffing levels, outcomes of patients, and the generally
associated costs for limiting and controlling the disease. The
paper describes hospital demographics, services of the infection
control unit, infection prevention, control outputs, patient
outcomes, and infection control priorities. The study provides
further information concerning the number of bed in hospitals,
staffing costs and the need to increase access to support for both
public and private hospitals. The paper describes the disparities
in private and public hospitals in controlling and managing
infection. The article mentions further the advantage of
enhanced information technology in the process of alleviating
disease and hence in the process of ensuring quality health.

References
1. Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone
EC, Kelz RR, Reinke CE, Morgan S, Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE,
Dellinger EP. Centers for disease control and prevention
guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JA
sur. 2017;152(8):784-91.
2. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, De Angelis G, Falcone
M, Frank U, Kahlmeter G, Pan A, Petrosillo N, Rodríguez‐Baño
J, Singh N. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the
infection control measures to reduce transmission of
multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria in hospitalized
patients. Clin Mic Inf. 2014 ;20:1-55.
3. Miller CH, Palenik CJ. Infection Control and Management of
Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team5: Infection Control
and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team.
Els H S; 2014.
4. Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Leblebicioglu H, Memish
ZA, Al-Mousa HH, Balkhy H, Hu B, Alvarez-Moreno C,
Medeiros EA, Apisarnthanarak A. International Nosocomial
Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43
countries for 2007-2012. Dev-Assoc mod. Ame joul inf cont.
2014;42(9):942-56.
5. Saiman L, Siegel JD, LiPuma JJ, Brown RF, Bryson EA,
Chambers MJ, Downer VS, Fliege J, Hazle LA, Jain M,

Marshall BC. Infection prevention and control guideline for
cystic fibrosis: 2013 update. Infe Cont & Hosp Epide. 2014
;35(S1):s1-67.
6. Tängdén T, Giske CG. Global dissemination of extensively
drug‐resistant carbapenemase‐producing E nterobacteriaceae:
clinical perspectives on detection, treatment and infection
control. Intern Med. 2015;277(5):501-12.
7. Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, Eyre DW, Stoesser N,
Golubchik T, Harding RM, Wilson DJ, Griffiths D, Vaughan A,
Finney JM. Effects of control interventions on Clostridium
difficile infection in England: an observational study. Lant
Infect Dise. 2017;17(4):411-21.
8. Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastère S, Roche C,
Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A, Larre P, Vial
AL. Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika
virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lan.
2016 ;387(10027):1531-9.
9. De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, De Waure C, Venturiello S, La
Torre G, Cauda R, Carmeli Y, Tacconelli E. Infection control
and prevention measures to reduce the spread of vancomycin-
resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Anti Chem. 2014 ;69(5):1185-92.
10. Brusaferro S, Arnoldo L, Cattani G, Fabbro E, Cookson B,
Gallagher R, Hartemann P, Holt J, Kalenic S, Popp W, Privitera
G. Harmonizing and supporting infection control training in
Europe. Hosp Inf. 2015 ;89(4):351-6.
11. Wood AM, Moss C, Keenan A, Reed MR, Leaper DJ.
Infection control hazards associated with the use of forced-air
warming in operating theatres. Hosp Inf. 2014 ;88(3):132-40.
12. Parani M, Lokhande G, Singh A, Gaharwar AK. Engineered
nanomaterials for infection control and healing acute and
chronic wounds. ACS . 2016 ;8(16):10049-69.
13. Rand KH, Tremblay EE, Hoidal M, Fisher LB, Grau KR,
Karst SM. Multiplex gastrointestinal pathogen panels:
implications for infection control. Diagn microb.
2015;82(2):154-7.

14. Khosravi A, Yáñez A, Price JG, Chow A, Merad M,
Goodridge HS, Mazmanian SK. Gut microbiota promote
hematopoiesis to control bacterial infection. Cell microbe.
2014;15(3):374-81.
15. Jeong SY, Kim OS, Lee JY. The status of healthcare-
associated infection control among healthcare facilities in
Korea. Dig Conv. 2014;12(5):353-66.
16. Sopirala MM, Yahle-Dunbar L, Smyer J, Wellington L,
Dickman J, Zikri N, Martin J, Kulich P, Taylor D, Mekhjian H,
Nash M. Infection control link nurse program: an
interdisciplinary approach in targeting health care-acquired
infection. A j infe C. 2014 ;42(4):353-9.
17. Halboub ES, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Jamaei AA, Tarakji B, Al-
Soneidar WA. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of infection
control among dental students at Sana’a University, Yemen.
intern oral H: JIOH. 2015;7(5):15.
18. Karkar A, Bouhaha BM, Dammang ML. Infection control in
hemodialysis units: A quick access to essential elements. S J K
DT. 2014;25(3):496.
19. Osman MF, Askari R. Infection control in the intensive care
unit. Surg Clin. 2014 ;94(6):1175-94.
20. Mitchell BG, Hall L, MacBeth D, Gardner A, Halton K.
Hospital infection control units: staffing, costs, and priorities.
AJIC. 2015;43(6):612-6.
HLTH 698
(
RESOURCES
) (
OUTPUTS
) (
OUTCOMES-IMPACT
) (
PROBLEM
)Logic Model

(
Participation
) (
Long-Term
) (
Interim
) (
Short-Term
) (
Activities
)
(
The financial resources available include that available for
establishing an infection control department, payment of the
employees and purchasing of supplies.
The materials
are
antiseptics,
alcohol based
hand rubs,
sterile gloves and caps for the employees and preventive masks.
For catheter patients antimicrobial and antiseptic impregnated
catheters.
The personnel required include a trained infection control
physician, infection control nurse, and clinical care staff
) (
Infections are common in the hospitals especially when the right
sterilization is not used. Nosocomial infections are most
common because they occur within 48 hours upon admission
into a hospital. They can also occur in three days of discharge
or 30 days of an operation. They affect one in every 10 patients
admitted in a hospital.
)
(
Improved awareness on infection control
Improved safety measures to control infections

Reduced cases of infections per ward
Increased use of hand washing and antiseptics
) (
Adoption of policies on infection control in the hospital
Designing of an infection control model
Preparation of infection control training manual for the health
facility
Improved record keeping in matters of infection.
) (
Reduction or elimination of infection cases in the health
facility.
Reduced infection-related mortality
Improved handling of infections in the hospital as well as
documentation
) (
This program intends to reach out to the patients to enhance
their knowledge on proper hygiene. It will incorporate the
hospital staff on matters such as
hand washing and sanitization.
The patient families will be included to educate them on how to
avoid infecting the patients
) (
To increase awareness on infection control, activities such as
workshops to train the staff on infection control measures.
Recruiting
an
infection control practitioner to carry out surveys. Carrying
assessments on levels of infections and compare those to
determine the best measures that should be taken.
)
HLTH 698
Project Paper: Rough Draft Instructions
For the fourth stage development, you will combine all elements
previously developed into a single coherent document. You will

incorporate any recommendations from your Peer-Editors and
Instructor into the paper and make additional changes as
needed. The document will comply with AMA format as
described in the AMA Manual of Style. As with previous stages,
you may draw your resources from the annotated bibliography
or from additional research but must cite appropriately. You
must also provide discussion, conclusions, and
recommendations in this section to give the reader a clear sense
of the use of knowledge gained from the practicum project and
potential future projects related to the contribution. Title this
Microsoft Word document as follows:
LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_HLTH698_SECTION_TERM_YEA
RRoughDraft.
Your Rough Draft section must be submitted directly to your
instructor through the Project Paper: Results assignment link by
Sunday of Week/Module 13.
You must also submit your paper to a Peer-Editor by Sunday of
Week/Module 13. Attach a copy of the Project Paper: Peer-
Editor Rubric for Student Use found under the Project Paper
Overview at the end of your document. You must submit the
assignment via the Project Paper: Rough Draft Forum link to the
assigned Peer-Editor from your group by Sunday of
Module/Week 13. Using the Forum in the Group Discussion
Board will allow your instructor to monitor and validate your
progress as needed. Each Peer-Editor will make corrections to
the paper assigned to him/her using the Track Changes icon
under the Review tab as well. Additional comments and
recommendations should be included using the Comment icon.
The marked paper must be returned to the original author during
Week 14. The edited paper will also be submitted directly to the
instructor through the assignment link in Week 14 without
further revisions.
Submit the initial paper through the Introduction Assignment

and to your Peer-Editor via the Group Discussion link in the
Course Menu by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week
13.
You will edit and grade your peer’s paper then submit the
marked version of the peer’s assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on
Sunday of Module/Week 14.

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