Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
Similaire à 11 The Raj: India late 30s to world war 2
Similaire à 11 The Raj: India late 30s to world war 2 (20)
Plus de Robert Ehrlich
Plus de Robert Ehrlich (20)
Dernier
Dernier (20)
11 The Raj: India late 30s to world war 2
- 1. India in World War II
- 2. Simla
- 4. Lower bazaar, Simla, 1890s
- 5. Main Street, Bazaar, Simla, 1890s
- 6. Christ Church, Simla 1857 By Arne Hückelheim - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12799395
- 7. Administrators meeting at Simla, 1875
- 8. Tennis party at Simla
- 10. House in Simla
- 11. Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas), 1888
- 12. Gorton Castle, Secretariat, Simla, 1901 Jacqueline Banerjee, http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/9.html
- 13. Khudai Khidmatgar Movement • One of several organizations in the North West Frontier Province that succeeded the Khilafat movement to promote Muslim interests. • Founded 1929 by Ghaffar Khan • Adopted principles of non-violence. • Organized Pushtun unarmed army. • Joined civil disobedience movement
- 14. Peshawar April 5 Congress announces intent to picket liquor stores; Merchants given time to sell wares April 22 Congress committee prevented from entering city; Prominent leaders in the city are arrested overnight April 23 Hartal throughout the city
- 15. Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre, Peshawar – People’s case • Armored car driven into crowd • An Englishman on a motorcycle collides with the armored car and is run over by the car • Armored cars fire on crowd in two rounds – The crowd remained non-violent – Soldiers fired at people in the streets and on balconies – 200 to 300 killed – “Tragic firing on peaceful mob”
- 16. Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre, Peshawar – Government case • Mob forcefully rescued two of the arrested from police custody • Armored cars were attacked by stones • A man on a bicycle was knocked off by the crowd and run over by the armored car • An armored car was set on fire • Firing began after an English soldier was killed • About 30 rebels killed
- 17. Confrontation of crowd and armored cars
- 18. 1935 Government of India Act • Passed by British Parliament; Opposed by Congress and the Muslim League • All India Federation of British India and Princely States • Remove dyarchy of provincial legislatures – Direct elections; female suffrage • Reduce powers of the provincial legislatures • Bicameral India Parliament – Council of State; Assembly
- 19. Consequences • Separate electorate for Muslims • Reserved seats for ‘scheduled castes.’ • Powers moved back to Viceroy “the best way … to hold India to the Empire” Viceroy Linlithgow
- 20. Churchill on the Bill “… the welfare of the Indian masses is virtually ignored in all these reports — their agriculture, their education, their hospitals, their water, their forests, their labour standards, their social services.” “Our Government … is incomparably the best Government that India has ever seen or ever will see.” “How happy we should be if the United States were willing to place her fleets and armies at the disposal of the League of Nations to protect countries in Europe against an aggressor. [We are doing this for India]” “We are told that you cannot put the clock back. What nonsense. We put the clock back every year with highly beneficial results. “ “We [Conservative Party] hope once and for all to kill the idea that the British in India are aliens moving, with many apologies, out of the country as soon as they have been able to set up any kind of governing organism to take their place.”
- 21. Provincial Elections • Congress considers boycotting the process – Decides to contest elections and gains power in 8 provinces – Refuses to take office unless governors pledge not to use their special powers – Governors pledged not to interfere with day-to-day operations and legislatures were seated.
- 22. 1937 Election • Population 304 million • 30.1 million eligible voters • 15.5 million voted
- 23. 1937 Elections
- 24. World War II • Who should India support? • Raising an Army • Participation in mutliple campaigns
- 25. Campaigns • Western Front, Dunkirk • Middle East – Experienced troops sent from Malaya and Singapore • East Africa • North Africa • Italy • Burma and East Asia
- 26. Problems of a Multi-Ethnic Army • Different food requirements for different units • Problems making up for losses through transfers • Lack of officers who spoke Urdu • Relations between British officers and Indian officers (some good, some bad) – Less racial prejudice among middle-class officers and Scots
- 27. Gandhi and World Events • Condemns Mussolini invasion of Abyssinia Suggests satyagraha • Condemns Japanese invasion of China Suggests satyagraha • Opposes Zionism, people should remain where born – Condemns actions of Hitler “If there ever could be a justifiable war in the name of and for humanity, a war against Germany, to prevent the wanton persecution of a whole race, would be completely justified. But I do not believe in any war” Recommends __________
- 28. Cripps Mission • March 22 to April 11, 1942 • Create Indian Union with Dominion status • Provinces not accepting would be offered equal status • Britain to retain control of war effort • Rejected by Congress
- 29. Quit India • British reject freedom as requisite for Indian participation • Gandhi advocates that UK exit and leave India to pursue its own policies
- 30. Quit India • First Phase: After with Gandhi’s arrest, strikes, demonstrations and processions were held. • Second Phase: Raids in government buildings, municipal houses, post offices and railway stations. • Third Phase: Use of tear gas by British; bombing of police stations • .
- 31. British Concern “… we must have our plans ready and one matter that we consider of prime importance is that public opinion in England and even more in America should be prepared well in advance for any strong action we may eventually decide to take. We suggest that Press in England and important American correspondents should be taken into our confidence with object of exposing Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.” Telegram Government of India to Secretary of State for India
- 33. Subhas Chandra Bose • Seeks German support and gets little • Indian National Army mad up largley of Japanese captives • 1943 Allies with Japanese and Indian National Army
- 34. Japanese propaganda intended to separate India from the Allies
- 35. Japanese propaganda When will you get an opportunity to take revenge, if not now? Do not forget the British practice of blowing apart Indians after tying them to mouth of a cannon's barrel.
- 36. Recruiting, British India Army Commonwealth at War
- 37. Indian Air Force
- 38. East Africa Sudabar Richpal Ram Victoria Cross for actions at Keren Indian army gets 2 of 3 VCs
- 39. Indian Artillery at Keren
- 40. Indian role in attempt to defend Tobruk
- 42. At the Gustav Line
- 43. German message in Italy May God Bless You With A Happy New Year Think about it – during the new year – uniforms, shining shoes, and turbans, etc. Going back home in good spirits. But all of this has become a dream, and now you dance on a rope, and a little slip can bring you down right over the sharp bayonets. Then you will become a statistic of the dead. But is it possible to go home in good cheer by taking this leaflet to the Germans without any fear? If you want to know more about this offer than listen to the radio at 5:30 p.m. To 6:00 p.m. On medium wave 449.1 or on short wave 476.
- 44. Video India in WW II (BBC: The Forgotten Volunteers) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_ovm3RlK 2g
Notes de l'éditeur
- Life in Simla was clearly not simply a matter of pen-pushing and paper-shuffling. "Of all the hill stations, Simla was by far the most glamorous," writes Charles Allen, going on to quote an old India-hand's memory of the Simla season: "We used to reckon on three to four dinner parties per week, and the same with luncheon parties. It was a whirl of entertainment, interspersed with some quite gorgeous ceremonial and pomp, particularly in the Viceroy's house" (Plain Tales 144-45). Liveried rickshaw coolies shuttled their masters and mistresses around to these occasions in smart rickshaws bearing family crests. Amateur dramatics flourished ("eight to nine plays a season," Shimla Guide 3), as did polo, tennis, cricket and gymkhanas. Allen's fascinating Raj: Scrapbook of British India shows a publicity card for a moonlight gymkhana at Annandale, the recreation ground, with the last stanza of Longfellow's "The Day is Done" blazoned across the top: "And the night shall be filled with music, / And the cares that infest the day/ Shall fold their tents like the Arabs, / And quietly steal away." Printed under a beguiling sketch of the ground are the not altogether reassuring words, "Hon. Surgeon, Captain Rankin — An ambulance is available"(90). But the standard-bearers of Empire could take a few spills.
- Fderal stucture require support of princely states who would then give up the powers they had from Crown. They would get 30-40% of the seats/
- Special powers – protect minorities, civil sevants and business interests. Could take over and run a province. Had veto power over bills.
- them. "Indeed, even if Britain, France and America were to declare hostilities against Germany," said Gandhi, "they can bring no inner joy or inner strength. The calculated vio- lence of Hitler may even result in a general massacre of the Jew by way of his first answer to the declaration of such hostilities".
- According to the preamble of the Draft Declaration, the object was ‘the creation of a new Indian Union which shall constitute a Dominion associated with the United Kingdom and other Dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown but equal to them in every respect, in no way subordinate in any aspects of its domestic and external affairs’. The Declaration also stated that any province not willing to accept the constitution would be given ‘the same full status as the Indian Union’, designed to appeased the Muslim League’s call for Pakistan. The Indian National Congress, however, was not satisfied with the fact that its demand for immediate complete independence had been rejected. Furthermore, Congress did not accept the provision that ‘His Majesty’s Government must inevitably bear the responsibility for and retain the control and direction of the Defence of India as part of their world war effort’. The Congress Working Committee rejected the Declaration on 7 April 1942. On 9 April, Cripps made one last effort to persuade the Indian leaders to accept the Declaration, but once again Congress declined. United States President Roosevelt tried to persuade Cripps to renew his efforts, but Cripps had already left India.
- Counter protest A popular pamphlet based on published material should be prepared Development of the theme of Congress using the War opportunistically to attempt to obtain political concessions, and their opposition to the War and willingness to obtain their long term object through Japan if it could not be obtained from England.
- Join, support through bonds, maintain and train fro the future
- During the assault on enemy positions in front of Keren, Eritrea, on the night of 7-8 February 1941, Subadar Richpal Ram, who was second-in-command of a leading company, insisted on accompanying the forward platoon and led its attack on the fi rst objective with great dash and gallantry. His company commander being then wounded, he assumed command of the company and led the attack of the remaining two platoons to the fi nal objective. In the face of heavy fi re, some thirty men with this offi cer at their head rushed the objective with the bayonet and captured it. The party was completely isolated, but under the inspiring leadership of Subadar Richpal Ram, it beat back six Amedeo Guillet (1909–2010) During World War II, for a variety of cultural and socio-political reasons, Italian soldiers generally turned in performances inferior to those of the other Western armies pitted against them. That was not the case, though, with Guillet, whom the Allies nicknamed “Captain Satan,” and who had the distinction of leading the last charge of cavalry against a British unit. Guillet was born in Piacenza to a prominent military and noble family. He graduated from the Academy of Infantry and Cavalry of Modena in 1930, and though he was picked for the Olympic Equestrian Team in 1935, he instead chose to transfer to Libya to join the army being assembled there to conquer Ethiopia. During the Battle of Keren he displayed great skill at command, but it was afterward he became famous for covering the retreat of the main Italian force and leading a cavalry charge against a British armored unit, destroying three tanks and fi ve trucks. After that battle he retreated into the hills to wage a guerilla campaign that lasted until the end of 1941, when he escaped to Yemen disguised as an Arab merchant. He managed to travel to Italy early in 1943 on a Red Cross ship. Upon arrival there he went to the War Ministry to ask for a long-range plane and the weapons and money with which to continue resistance in Ethiopia. That request was denied, of course, due to the general collapse fascist Italy’s military was then undergoing. Undaunted, he ended the war fi ghting on the Allied side as a commando in northern Italy. After the war he was sent to Yemen as Italy’s ambassador. He died in 2010. ★ enemy counterattacks between midnight and 0430 hours. By then ammunition had run out, and this offi cer extricated his command and fought his way back to his battalion with a handful of survivors through the surrounding enemy.