Freud

52 slides 1
Sigmund Freud
Piecing together personality
Psycho-Sexual stage theory
Psychoanalysis

52 slides 2
History
 Born May 6, 1856 in Moravia – Czechoslovakia
– His mother was 21 years old
– Sigmund was her first child
His father had a great sense of humor
He became his mother’s little prince
He was very spoiled and a mommies boy
Sigmund Freud was Jewish
 However he believed religion was an illusion
At an early age Freud walked in on his parents in
bed in a full sexual embrace and was ordered out
of the room by his irate father.
He also wished for his little brother to die and
when his brother died he thought it was his fault.

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History
 The family moved when he was 4
– to Vienna – Austria
– Freud was a brilliant child
He excelled in school
He received his M.D. at age 25
His major professor believed in reductionism
 Reducing all behaviors to bio-chemical energy
 Freud studied with Charcot after his schooling
– Charcot studied the effects of Mesmerism on Hysteria
– Although Freud used mesmerism (hypnosis) in therapy
he found its effects to be temporary and gave it up.
– Later Freud was director of a children’s ward

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History
 Freud always thought he would be famous
– In Med School he experimented with a chemical
compound which he thought would make him famous.
It heightened the senses
Removed depression
Gave extra energy
– His co researcher took credit for the work
Freud was upset for a short time but …
The other guy got the blame for releasing cocaine
on the world.
– Freud finally became famous when he published his
book on dreams.

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History
 His mentor and friend was Dr. Joseph Breuer
– Patient Anna O.
from 1880 to 1882
21 years old
Hysteria (conversion disorder)
Had episodes of spontaneous hypnosis
 She called it Chimney Sweeping or
 The talking Cure
» Emotional events recalled giving meaning to symptoms
» Example: saw a dog drink from a cup followed by a person
» Would not drink until she recalled the event in hypnosis
» Catharsis - From the Greek word meaning cleansing
» Remember the actual emotional episode to expunge it

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History
 Freud believed that unknown (unconscious)
emotions were at the heart of Anna’s hysteria
 Anna was in love with Breuer
– Breuer gave up the study of hysteria because of Anna
– He agreed with Freud about the unknown emotions
 Freud expanded the cause of hysteria
– Anna’s love was caused by sexual energies
– Anna’s secret sexual desires lay at the heart of her
hysteria. All unconscious emotions stemmed from sex.
 Anna became the first social worker in Germany
– After spending many years in a psych ward.

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History
 Freud had 6 children. His last and only child to
follow in his footsteps was a girl named Anna
– Freud wanted no other children after Anna
– He felt that oral sex, homosexuality, masturbation and
any other form of sexual gratification other than
husband and wife intercourse were immature and
unacceptable.
– So, he became celibate and went without any sexual
gratification for years after Anna’s birth.

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History
 Freud had a great ability to make friends
 He also had an excellent ability to make his
friends into enemies!
– He needed others to totally agree with him
– He needed to be in charge
– He refused to accept any criticism of his theory
 He hated Americans
 He moved to England before WWII
 He smoked cigars which gave him mouth cancer
 After many surgeries on the cancer it killed him

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Theoretical pieces of personality
The Conscious mind
The Preconscious mind
The Unconscious mind
The Id, the Ego and the Superego
Eros, Libido & Thanatos

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 The conscious mind
– That of which you are aware. It includes:
Memories you are thinking of
Present perceptions
Fantasies
Feelings
 The preconscious mind
– All the things that are easy to bring into consciousness
Your name
your mother’s name
your phone #

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 The unconscious mind
Everything not readily available to your awareness
Drives, instincts, traumatic memories
The source of our motivations
 Available mainly in disguise
 Unconsciously we realize specific needs
– we must survive and reproduce
– To do this it must eat, drink, have sex and avoid pain
– These needs are represented by fundamental drives
Eros, Libido and Thanatos

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There are three Instinctive Drives which perpetuate the life
of the individual and the life of the species.
ErosEros
LibidoLibido
ThanatosThanatos
Three Instinctive Drives

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ErosEros
Libido
Thanatos
Drives people toward acts that
are sexual and life-giving.
Eros makes people want to
experience sensual pleasure
and helps them come up with
creative ways to achieve their
goals.

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Eros
LibidoLibido
Thanatos
Libido is the energy
behind the Eros drive.
Libido comes from the
Latin word meaning “I
desire”

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Eros
Libido
ThanatosThanatos
Thanatos drives people
toward aggressive and
destructive behaviors.
Freud came to believe
that the goal of all
motivation is to be at
peace and the most at
peace we are is in death.
So, he proposed that we
have a death instinct.

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Buddhist influence
 Freud referred to the Nirvana Principle
– The act of becoming non-existent
– Seeking nothingness
– Becoming one with the void
– This principle relates to our death wish
 When the desire for life and death collide
– We abuse alcohol or drugs
– We attempt to escape in books or movies
– It can also create suicidal wishes or tendencies
– Or we can become aggressive, cruel & destructive

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Personality structures
Das Es, Ich and Uber-Ich
IdId
SuperegoSuperego
EgoEgo

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ID: “Es” (IT)
The primitive, unconscious portion of
personality, houses most basic drives and
stores repressed memories.
The Primary Process occurs when the nervous
system translates needs into motivational forces
(instincts, drives & wishes).
The ID is the cause of all Hedonistic activities
and is present at birth.
It follows the Pleasure Principle (the demand
to take care of needs immediately).
The infant is nearly pure ID.
IdId
Super EgoSuper Ego
EgoEgo

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IdId
Super EgoSuper Ego
EgoEgo
Super Ego: “Uber-Ich” (Over I)
The mind’s storehouse of values, moral
attitudes learned from parents and society.
The same as the common notion of
conscience. (jiminy cricket)
The superego contains the “Ego Ideal” and is
the police force of the mind. The Ego Ideal is
an idealized representation of the parent’s and
societies rules.
The Super Ego exists in all portions of the
conscious and is not completed until about
age seven.
The Super Ego uses Pride, Shame and Guilt
to persuade the ego to follow the rules.

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IdId
Super EgoSuper Ego
EgoEgo
Ego: “Ich” (I)
The “Conscious” and rational part of
personality, charged with keeping peace
between superego and id. This is the
Moderator of the mind, and it directs the
behavior that we decide the world should
see. It works through reality and reason.
The Secondary Process occurs when the
Ego attempts to find ways to satisfy the
wishes of the ID. The ego has access in
all areas of conscious but is mostly in the
conscious area.
The Reality Principle says “take care of
the needs as soon as an appropriate
object is found”

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A visual of Freud’s model

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Anxiety
 According to Freud anxiety comes from the
turbulent interplay between the Id and the
Superego. When the Ego feels unpleasant
emotional discomfort and is overwhelmed by
conflicting demands we feel anxiety.
 Anxiety can come in three forms:
Realistic anxiety
Moral anxiety
Neurotic anxiety

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Anxiety
 Realistic anxiety
– Realistic fear
– The fear of an actual item
 Moral anxiety
– Social fear
– Fear of punishment
– Represented by shame and guilt
 Neurotic anxiety (Freud’s favorite)
– Nervous fear
– The fear of being overwhelmed
– Feelings that you are about to “lose it”

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Ego Defenses
– To counter anxiety we use ego defenses
Ego defense mechanisms –
 Largely “unconscious” mental strategies employed to
reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. This idea
may have come to Sigmund from his daughter.
DenialDenial
RationalizationRationalization
ProjectionProjection
RepressionRepression
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
DisplacementDisplacement
RegressionRegression
SublimationSublimation

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DenialDenial
Denial:
Denial is the act of refusing to accept the realities of a
situation. This can often prove unhealthy when denial is
not soon replaced by acceptance, because the longer the
gravity of a situation is ignored, the more serious it can
become; for example, if one is in denial a disease's
diagnosis, the disease may become worse as it goes
untreated. Disease is perhaps the best example for this
defense mechanism, as the diagnosis of a disease is the
most commonly denied reality, especially in cases where
the disease is fatal. In fact, denial is acknowledged as the
first stage in the process of death and dying (the five stages
being denial, anger, bargaining with God, depression, and
acceptance, in that order).

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DenialDenial
Projection:
Projection is similar to denial in that one is unwilling to
accept the realities of one's own self. In projection, the
faults and shortcomings, and urges, of an individual are
seen not as present in one's self, but rather in others.
For example, an employee at a convenience store
considers overcharging customers for items, and keeping
the difference for himself, but thinks better of it and
decides against it. Suddenly, the employee begins to
notice (incorrectly) that all of the other workers are
doing just that: grossly overcharging customers and
pocketing the money. Another good example would be
that of a man feeling extremely hateful towards a
relative over a petty conflict, but then reluctantly
deciding to forget the incident ever happened. The man
then begins to feel that his family no longer loves him,
or wishes to do him harm.

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DenialDenial
Rationalization:
You come up with various explanations to justify the
situation (while denying your feelings).
In rationalization, one often fabricates a great deal of
information as opposed to facing the reality of a
situation. This particular defense mechanism works
extremely well as it totally rids the individual of any
sense of guilt, remorse, or responsibility; therefore, it
must be avoided as it tempts the individual to hide from
reality. For example, a woman is fired for missing an
excessive amount of days at work without explanation,
and for poor performance while she was on the job. The
real cause of the problem is the woman's alcoholism, but
she rationalizes that it was due to the fact that her boss
hated her, the other employees felt threatened by her
ability, and that the company discriminates heavily on
the basis of race or sex.

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DenialDenial
Repression:
The involuntary (unconscious) exclusion
of a painful or conflicting thought,
impulse, or memory from awareness.
Phobias (irrational fears) are created
from repression of traumatic emotions.

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DenialDenial
Reaction Formation
Going to the opposite extreme; overcompensation for
unacceptable impulses.
Examples: (1) a man violently dislikes an employee;
without being aware of doing so, he "bends over
backwards" to not criticize the employee and gives him
special privileges and advances. (2) a person with strong
antisocial impulses leads a crusade against vice. (3) a
married woman who is disturbed by feeling attracted to
one of her husband's friends treats him rudely. You turn
the feeling into its opposite.
"I think he's really great!“
When you really hate him

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DenialDenial
Regression
You revert to an old, usually immature
behavior to ventilate your feeling.
"Let's shoot spitballs at people!“
“You can’t play with my toys.”

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DenialDenial
Displacement
Socially unacceptable redirection of your
feelings to another target..
You kick your dog for something your
boss did to you.
You yell at your wife because a driver cut
you off in traffic.
Displacement is very destructive to
relationships!

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DenialDenial
Sublimation
Redirect your feelings into a
socially productive or acceptable
activity.
Write a poem or play about your feelings.
Make a new dress.
Go Play football or go hunting.
Participate in or watch a boxing match.
Have sex.

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More ego defenses
 Asceticism
– Renunciation of needs
– Monks take a vow of silence and give up sex
– Anorexia may be the result of denial of sexual needs
A restriction (loss of interest) in some disturbing
aspect of ones life
 Isolation
– Also called intellectualization – the loss of emotion
– When a big deal it is treated as if it was not a big deal
 Undoing
– Tokens or rituals used as “magical” fixes

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The stages of development
 Freud believed that all these pieces of personality
developed (came together) in stages.
– These stages were directly attributable to areas of the
body that give us pleasure – known today as the
erogenous zones of the body.
 There are five stages to a person’s development
according to Freud.
– These stages occur from birth to adolescence.
– Everything you do as an adult is dependant on what
happens to you during one of these five stages.
 Fixation occurs when a person does not successfully
navigate a particular stage of development and becomes
stuck (fixated) within its associated behavior patterns.

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Stages of Development
Birth 1 3 6 12 19 Death
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
VOID?
Visual of Psychosexual Theory

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Freud's Psychosexual Stages from Birth to Adolescents
Psychosexual Stage Approximate Age
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Birth – 1.5 year
1.5 - 4 years
4 – 6 or 7 years
7 - 12 years
12 - adulthood
Description
The mouth is the focus of stimulation and
interaction; feeding and weaning are
central.
The anus is the focus of stimulation and
interaction; elimination and toilet training
are central.
The genitals are the focus of stimulation;
gender role and moral development are
central. Enter Oedipus and Electra stages.
Energies shift to physical and intellectual
activities. Alternate gratification is central.
The genitals are again the focus of
stimulation with the onset of puberty.
Developing mature sexual relationships is
central.

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Oral StageOral Stage Anal StageAnal Stage
Phallic StagePhallic Stage
Latency StageLatency Stage Genital StageGenital Stage

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oral StageOral Stage
Anal StageAnal Stage
Latency StageLatency Stage
Genital StageGenital Stage
Oral Stage: First year. Sucking and
eating. The mouth is the pleasure
zone. Requires the development of
independence.
Fixation results in:
Oral-passive = Dependence on
others and eating, drinking and
smoking.
Oral-aggressive = biters, gum
chewers, verbally aggressive,
argumentative, sarcastic.
Psychosexual stages

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Anal Stage: 1 Year old to 3 Years
old. Focus of pleasure is the anus.
Bladder and bowel movement. Must
develop self control.
Anal aggressive = sloppy,
disorganized, generous. Or cruel and
destructive.
Anal retentive = Clean, perfectionist,
dictatorial, stubborn and stingy
Psychosexual stages

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Psychosexual stages
Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years old. Discover the
genitals as a focus of pleasure. This is the most
central stage in Freud’s theory. Must overcome
the Oedipus and Electra conflicts.
Oedipus – son loves mother, identify with their
fathers and hate them at the same time. Develops
castration anxiety. Electra – daughter loves
father, identifies with mother and hates her.
Develops penis envy.
Boy rejected by mother = poor sense of self worth
– same as girl rejected by father
Boy smothered by mother = very high opinion of
himself, vain and self centered - same as a girl
smothered by the father.

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Latency Period: 6 years to puberty. Try to
repress the sexual and aggressive
tendencies. About 25% of children find
private ways to please themselves during
this time. You should learn to be pleased
with education. Must deal with feelings of
modesty and shame. Must learn
displacement of sexual energy into healthy
activities.
Psychosexual stages

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Genital Stage: Puberty through adulthood.
Maturing sexual relations. Must create a
healthy sexual relationship or displace the
energy into a creative socially acceptable
and rewarding behavior. Energy in this
stage will be directed toward the benefit of
other people.
Boys should lose their castration anxiety
and girls should lose penis envy. Girls will
also become comfortable with their sexual
organs and identify with them.
Psychosexual stages

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Excesses
 Notice that frustration or excess in any area
leads to problems.
 Also notice how well Freud fits his own theory.
– Self centered egomaniac was smothered by his
mother, afraid of having another child he turned to
talking about the act in which he refused to engage …
 Notice how impossible it is to prove the theory
– Whatever happens, there is an explanation.
– Explanations are described in ways that are
untestable.
– Hindsight is used to validate the theoretical
descriptions.

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Psychoanalysis
 Freud’s therapy is still influential
– It is the father of all talk therapies
– There are still psychoanalysts working today
 Major points of Psychoanalysis
– Relaxed atmosphere
– Free association
– Resistance
– Dream analysis
– Parapraxes
– Transference
– Catharsis
– Insight

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Psychoanalysis
 Relaxed atmosphere
– The client must be free to express anything with
unconditional positive regard. A deserted island of
trust.
 Free association
– The client can talk about anything. The unconscious
conflicts will surface during the discussion (in
disguised form). The therapist must interpret the
discussion to rip away the disguise.
 Resistance
– When a client resists some direction in the discussion,
then this is a clue pointing to the conflict within.

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Psychoanalysis
 Dream analysis
– Talking about dreams is a method of discovery.
– Dreams almost always have some sexual meaning.
– Dreams are pathways into the unconscious.
– Latent content is the meaning of the dream.
– Manifest content is the actual dream sequence.
 Parapraxes
– Also called a Freudian slip, these are slips in speech
that show the real meaning. “Doctor, I have a mother
problem. I mean another problem”.
Another type of parapraxes is available through
projection tests such as the Rorschach or Thematic
Appreciation tests.

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Psychoanalysis
 Transference
– When a patient begins to feel as though the therapist
is his mother or father and can “directly” deal with
issues the client has toward those people, through the
therapist.
 Catharsis
– A release of pent up emotion which allows the client to
express the motivating energy that has been bottled
up. Like the disgust that Anna O. felt about the dog
and person drinking from the same glass.
 Insight
– Becoming aware of the source of the emotion that was
released in catharsis.

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Discussion
 Freud meant for us to believe in castration
anxiety and penis envy. Although we can see
this in families that are already dysfunctional, it is
not something found universally.
 Remember that Freud lived in a time where
expressing sexuality was taboo. So, in his time it
may have been more of an issue than in our
time, after the sexual revolution, where European
women routinely go topless, where marriage in
some countries is no longer mandatory for a
woman to have children and living unmarried
sexually in other countries is expected.

52 slides 49
Discussion
 One of Freud’s mistakes was to base his theory
on his own experiences. He assumed all people
experience and react the way he did.
 In Freud’s time doctors could not look at a
woman’s naked body. How could they know
what to do?
 Woman knew nothing of sex. Literally NOTHING!
Many would pass out from fright when they found
out was going to happen on their wedding night!
 Although Freud may seem too sexual to us, it
was his theory which started people talking about
the subject!

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Discussion
 Behaviorists, existentialists and humanists
downplay the role of the unconscious.
 Today most agree the unconscious exists and
that trauma can influence behavior. Freud’s
peers did not consider the unconscious at all.
 In Freud’s day most experts believed that people
where basically rational. Freud showed us that
people are not!
 Freud also showed the impact of society and
family dynamics and influenced the birth of social
psychology.

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Discussion
 Most experts today agree that we use little
manipulations to fool ourselves into believing our
own reality. Freud’s Ego Defenses are accepted.
 Freud’s “talking cure” is the basis of many
modern therapy techniques.
 Freud still has a pervasive influence in today’s
psychological thought.
 Freud is historically and contemporarily relevant.

52 slides 52
Discussion
 Comprehensiveness
– Very comprehensive
 Precision, consistency and testability
– Items like ID are hard to define.
– It is consistent within itself.
– It is hard to falsify many of the concepts!
 Parsimony
– Extremely complex – not a very simple explanation.
– The unconscious makes it rife with assumption
 Heuristic value
– Much research has been created to test this theory.
 Empirical validity
– Research that has been conducted has found some validity.
 Applied value
– For many years it was used extensively.
– Today it is declining and other theories are applied more often.

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