this is the seminar presented by me as a part of my M.Sc. (horticulture) graduation

2. University of Horticultural Sciences,
Bagalkot
K. R. C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi
By,
Rahul S. Phatak
UHS11PGM140
Dept. of PMA

3. «dAiÀĪÁtÂ, 12. ¸É¥ÀÖA§gï. 201

5. Cancer is generally considered to comprise more
than 100 diseases, each characterized by uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells.
(Watson, 2006)

7. Causes
 Internal factors
Inherited mutation, hormones, immune condition
and mutation that occur from metabolism.
 External factors
Tobacco, Chemicals, Radiation and Infectious
organisms
(Baudino, 2004)

9. Genes Cancer

11. Types of cancer
There are Four types according to body tissue from
which they arise
1. Carcinoma : epithelial cells lining lung, liver, breast,
prostate and pancreas
2. Sarcoma: muscles, nerves and bones
3. Lymphoma: cells in lymph glands
4. Leukemia: blood forming tissue
(Bagchi and Preuss, 2005)

12. Cancer globally…
• Every year, diagnosed in 10 million people and account
for 7.1 million deaths (12.5 % of global total)
• Second to cardiovascular diseases
• Global cancer rates could increase by 50% to 15 million
by 2020
• Due to smoking and adoption of unhealthy lifestyles
• Brest cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer
and blood cancer are found major.
(WHO, 2009)

13. How to cure..?
Surgery
Oldest known treatment
Only if cancer has not metastasized

14. Radiation
• Radiotherapy
• By focusing high-energy rays on cancer cells
• May cause side effects

15. Chemotherapy
Toxic drugs are needed
Focus is to trigger the apoptotic programme
Inhibition, blocking effect, anti progression
Natural, synthetic or both

17. Table 1: Some anti-cancerous plants used in cancer therapy
Plant species Experiments on various Mechanism of
cancer cells action
Catharanthus roseus Leukemias, lyphomas Mitotic block
and lung cancer
Berberineeris sp. Breast, prostrate and Apoptosis
lung cancer
Gloriosa superba Leukemia Anti-mitotic
Curcuma longa Colon and pancreatic Unknown
cancer
Zingiber officinalis Breast and lung cancer Un known
Andrographis Colon cancer Apoptosis
paniculata
(Nirmala et al., 2011)

18. Table 1Contd.
Palargonium Breast cancer Un known
graveolens
Boesenbergia Breast and colon cancer Apoptosis and
pandurata cell cycle arrest
Ruta graveolens Colon & prostate cancer Cell cycle arrest
Ocimum sanctum Lung cancer Inhibition of
invasion
Magnolia Prostate cancer Not known
officinalis
Achyranthes Pancreatic cancer Apoptosis
aspera
Solanum nigrum colon and breast cancer Apoptosis
Artemisia vulgaris Prostate & colon cancer Apoptosis
(Nirmala et al., 2011)

19.  Solanum nigrum
Black nightshade
Solanaceae
Berries
Antipyretic and Diuretic
 Artemisia vulgaris
Asteraceae
Whole herb
Intestinal worms, Asthma,
Sterility

20. *p < 0.05, and **p < 0.01
Figure 1: Effect of aqueous extracts of Artemisia vulgaris on
clonoginicity of cancer cells
(Nawab et al., 2011)

21. **p < 0.01
Figure 2: Effect of aqueous extracts of Solanum nigrum on
clonoginicity of cancer cells
(Nawab et al., 2011)

22. Plate 1: Effect of aqueous extracts on induction of apoptosis in
various cancer cells (DNA fragmentation assay).
(Nawab et al., 2011)

23. Boesenbergia pandurata (Kaempferia pandurata)
Zingiberaceae
Panduratin A
Traditionally used as general tonic

24. Figure 3: Influence of plant extracts on HT-29 colon cancer cells
Fraction A - with 1:1 methanol/water
Fraction B -with 100% methanol
(Kirana et al., 2007)

25. Figure 3: different cell cycle check points by plant constituents

26. Figure 4: Effect of Panduratin A on cell cycle
(Kirana et al., 2007)

27. Figure 5: Total apoptosis in HT-29 cancer cells after 48 h
treatment with different concentrations of Panduratin A.
(Kirana et al., 2007)

28. Figure 6: Effect of diets on body weight of rats
(Kirana et al., 2007)

29.  Ruta graveolens (Garden rue)
Rutaceae
used as an abortifacient, insect repellant, treatment for
arthritis and ulcers

30. Figure 7: Effect of varying concentrations of R. graveolens extract on
clonogenicity of HCT116 , RKO and DU-145 cancer cells
(Fadlalla, 2011)

31. p53 Tubulin Merge
Control
50µg/ml
100µg/ml
Plate 2: Effect of R. graveolens extract treatment on induction of p53
protein in cancer cells
(Fadlalla, 2011)

32. Plate 3: Effect of R. graveolens extract treatment on membrane
bleb formation. (Phase-contrast micrography of treated cells)
(Fadlalla, 2011)

33. Figure 8: Caspase-3 activation assay
(Caspase activity kinetics was recorded as absorbance at 405 nm.)
(Fadlalla, 2011)

34. • Achyranthes aspera
Amaranthaceae

35. (Subbarayan et al., 2012)

36. Plate 4: Luciferase expressing tumours
A. day 4 (baseline) of treatment demonstrate the tumour establishment
B. day 33 captures the effect of treatment.
(Subbarayan et al., 2012)

37. Figure 9: Effect of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract treatment
on weight of tumour
(Subbarayan et al., 2012)

38. Figure 10: Expression profile of selected genes in tumour
tissues from control and treated mice.
(Subbarayan et al., 2012)

39. Plate 5: IHC results of cleaved caspase-3 and pAkt in human
pancreatic tumour grown subcutaneously in athymic mice.
(Subbarayan et al., 2012)

40. • Curcuma longa
Zingiberaceae
Curcumin

41. Figure 11: Dose response of docetaxel and curcumin against
A549 lung cancer cells.
(Yin et al., 2011)

42. Table 2: Effect of Docetaxel and Curcumin against tumour growth
of A549 xenografts
* P < 0.05 vs, the group of docetaxel
(Yin et al., 2011)

43. Plate 6: Excised tumours of subcutaneous A549 lung cancer
xenograft bearing nude mice after 15 days of single dose
therapy
(Yin et al., 2011)

44. • Ocimum sanctum
Holy basil
Lamiaceae
anti-inflammatory
anti-ulcer
anti-carcinogenic

45. ** P < 0.01
Figure 12: Effect of EEOS on the formation of tumour
nodules in LLC-inoculated mice.
(Kim et al., 2010)

46. Plate 7: Effect of EEOS on the formation of tumour nodules
in LLC-inoculated mice.
(Kim et al., 2010)

47. Plate 8: Effect of EEOS on activation of MMP-2 and -9
(Zymographic assay)
(Kim et al., 2010)

48. • Withania somnifera
Solanaceae
Withanin, Withaferin
General tonic, sexual
disorders

49. Table 3: Effect of withaferin A on mice bearing Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma
WA, 10-60 indicate drug doses in mg/kg
a determined at one week of treatment
b, c significant compared to control (b P < 0.05,c P < 0.01)
(Devi et al., 1995)

50. • Magnolia officinalis
Magnoliaceae
Magnolol
used to treat acute pain,
cough and
gastrointestinal disorders

51. Figure 13: Effect of Magnolol on PC-3 Human Prostate
Carcinoma cell proliferation (MTT assay)
(Hwang and Park, 2010)

52. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
Figure 14: Effect of Magnolol on PC-3 Human Prostate
Carcinoma cell invasion
(Hwang and Park, 2010)

53. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
Figure 15: Effect of Magnolol on MMP expression
(Hwang and Park, 2010)

54. Conclusion
Anticancer compounds from many plants have
been found significantly active against various cancer
cells in animal models.
Further research on precise molecular
mechanisms and targets for cell growth inhibition may
lead to better treatment of cancer

55. T