Executive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorders
1. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Gladys Henry, Ed.S CCC-SLP, MNPS Autism Team
Marilyn Reaves, OTR/L, Assistive Technology Department
Janelle Heathman, OTR/L; Assistive Technology Department
2. WHAT IS EXECUTIVE
FUNCTIONING?
• Executive Function is the "conductor" of all cognitive skills.
• Think of it as the "conductor's" role in the orchestra.
3. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING
COORDINATES:
• Inhibition - The ability to stop one's own behavior at the appropriate time.
• Shift - The ability to move freely from one situation to another.
• Emotional Control - The ability to modulate emotional responses.
• Initiation - The ability to begin a task or activity and to generate ideas.
• Working Memory - The ability to hold information in mind.
• Planning/Organization - The ability to manage current task demands.
• Organization of Materials - The ability to impose order on work, play, and storage spaces.
• Self-Monitoring - The ability to monitor one's own performance and to measure it against a standard of
what is needed.
4. ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
1. Working Memory
2. Planning/Organization
3. Organization of Materials
4. Self-Monitoring
Can most effectively augment a person’s Executive
Function in the last 4 areas . . . .
5. GROWTH WITH
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING
• The brain will continue to mature and develop connections
well into adulthood.
• A person's executive function abilities are shaped by brain
changes and life experiences.
• Early attention to these skills is crucial!!
• Direct instruction, frequent reassurance and feedback are
recommended.
6. SOME THINGS TO CONSIDER...
• We assume all these kids – especially those who are “bright” – have EF skills and we
act and react to our spectrum children or students as if they did.
• Nowhere does the EF skill deficit cause more turmoil than the area of homework,
producing monstrous levels of anxiety and dread in students, parents and teachers
alike.
• School teams are often faced with the question, “If tasks are so overwhelming to a
student’s EF system, should we just avoid having students deal with them?” The
answer is an unequivocal empathetic “NO!”
• Organizational skills are life skills, not just school skills, and even though they are
“mandatory prerequisites” for succeeding at school, like social skills they are rarely
directly taught.
•
7. SO WHERE
DO WE START?
• First, by understanding how complex organizational
systems become by the time students reach middle school.
• Secondly, by understanding organization as a skill set,
which involves static and dynamic systems.
8. “STATIC”
ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS
Systems and skills are structured: same thing, same time, same
place, same way.
Introduced in Kindergarten, first and second grade.
We break down tasks and ask students to explicitly complete very
defined units of information, at a certain time and place.
Examples include: write your name at the top of the page, read the
instructions, complete the work, when done turn the paper over and
sit quietly until time is up.
9. “DYNAMIC”
ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS
Systems and skills involve constant adjustments to priorities,
workloads, timeframes, tasks, and places.
Less teacher-directed and more student-directed.
By 4th grade, teachers are introducing dynamic assignments to
students.
10. HERE’S THE GOOD NEWS!HERE’S THE GOOD NEWS!
•Most of us understand that to tackle a dynamic task we have to break it down into its
static elements.
•The dynamic part of the task requires thinking; the static part of the task requires
doing.
•Dynamic assignment such as writing an essay requires a significant portion of the task
to be spent thinking about the topic before the static tasks of actually writing the paper
at a table.
•One of the great challenges for our students with ASD is learning to break down
dynamic tasks into more concrete, static chunks of work.
11. 10 STEPS TO FOSTER10 STEPS TO FOSTER
ORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONAL
SKILLSSKILLS
12. 1. CLEARLY DEFINE WHAT NEEDS TO
BE DONE
• Too often, we view organization goals too simply: “the student must write the
assignment in his planner.” This is clearly not enough detail for most tasks and
may not even be the best starting goal for a particular student.
• Adults must be organized with their own thinking if they are to effectively teach
students with EF deficits this skill.
• Go beyond giving out assignments; help the student understand how to also
approach the task from an organizational standpoint.
13. • Most students with weak organizational skills also struggle with motivation to accomplish homework tasks.
• Parents and teachers often don’t realize this lack of motivation can stem from feeling overwhelmed by the task
demands.
• Students with the greatest motivational challenges are often our most intelligent students!
• We assume “smart” means “organized” and say things like “come on, I know you can do this, I know you are smart.”
• Many students need to start at a concrete level of motivation, with very small work steps combined with reward early
in the task completion process.
• Self-motivation increases when students feel confident in understanding and accomplishing the task before them.
• If a student is not motivated, it doesn’t matter how well you help to teach the student how to approach the
assignment, they will not implement the ideas.
2. MOVE IT WITH MOTIVATION.
14. 3. PREPARE THE ENVIRONMENT.
• Establish a dedicated
workspace for homework
that includes the essential
tools: pen, pencil, paper,
etc.
• Color coding tasks, making
sure the student has an
organized binder, possibly
access to a time-timer
(www.timetimer.com)
creates structure that
promotes success during
homework time.
15. 4. CHUNK AND TIME IT.
• Make sure the student understands how to “chunk” an assignment (break it
down into smaller pieces) and how the individual parts create the larger whole.
∀ Once “chunked,” students also need to predict how long each chunk will take to
complete (tends to be an area of weakness).
∀ Students are more willing to tackle homework when they can reliably predict
how long they will have to work on the task.
∀ When the student does not –or cannot- consider time prediction as part of his
organizational set, he is likely to waste a lot of time rather than use time to his
advantage.
16. 5. USE VISUAL STRUCTURE
• Visual long-term mapping charts, such as a Gantt Chart, (www.ganttchart.com)
can help students plan and monitor multiple activities.
• Frequently used in business; however, they are easy to create and use at home
or in the classroom.
• Visual structures can represent entire projects and then also be used for
individual chunks, creating the visual organizational framework.
• Once assignments are understood as needing to be worked on across time, we
can encourage students to chunk tasks to be worked on during specific weeks, then
make related lists of things to do on specific days.
17. 6. PRIORITIZE AND PLAN DAILY
• Help students succeed with their daily schedule by
teaching them to take frequent small breaks at the
end of their baseline attention span.
∀ Make these breaks quick and refreshing, just to
refocus attention; sensory based activities, a small
snack, quick trip to the bathroom, or pencil
sharpener.
18. 7. HUNT AND GATHER
• Students need to plan time into their
schedule to locate different resources
to complete a task.
• For example, research at the library
might be a “chunk” they plan for on
their homework list.
19. 8. CONSIDER PERSPECTIVE
• Homework is more effectively completed when students star
by considering the teacher’s perspective before diving into the
assignment.
• Social behavior mapping (Winner, 2007) can help students
understand how expectations, actions, and reactions affect not
only how we are viewed by others, but how their responses
ultimately impact the way we view ourselves.
20.
21. 9. COMMUNICATE AND THEN
COMMUNICATE SOME MORE!
∀ Αϖοιδ ασσυµινγ στυδεντσ − εσπεχιαλλψ βριγητ στυδεντσ“ ”
− σηουλδ ιντυιτιϖελψ κνοω ηοω το ασκ φορ ηελπ, χλαριφιχατ
ον ορ εϖεν ηοω το χολλαβορατε ωιτη οτηερσ ον ασσιγνµεντσ.
∀ These skills must be specifically taught.
∀ This helps to establish peer support networks desperately
needed for success in college.
22. 10. COMPLETION AND REWARD
Remember... having a clearly defined
“end” to a task is important.
Be sure the child knows what
“finished” means, both at home and at
school.
23. REMEMBER...
Planning takes time!
Teachers and parents need to work together in identifying
and teaching any or all of the 10 steps.
Doing this not only gives children the tools not just to handle
homework, but to be successful in all areas of life.
Teaching organizational skills takes time across a long
period of time.
40. HOW TO CONTACT USHOW TO CONTACT US
Gladys Henry, Ed.S CCC-SLP
MNPS Autism Team
gladys.henry@mnps.org
Marilyn Reaves, OTR/L
Assistive Technology Department
marilyn.reaves@mnps.org
Janelle Heathman, OTR/L
Assistive Technology Department
janelle.heathman@mnps.org
Notes de l'éditeur
The majority of our students with ASD of all ages desperately need help with homework, specifically, and EF skills in general.
We will be giving you some tools and strategies to help in the areas that Gladys has described
In our department, when we think of low tech - it is typically something that would be available for any student to use.
Mid tech - might be something that needs adapted or modified or specially ordered. It would typically have a lower price range with fewer bells and whistles and does not require much training - more of a plug and play item.
High tech - would be more of your high end electronics with a higher dollar value and might require more training to use.
Managing Space and Materials
Lets start at the foundation. Make sure that your child has the tools they need to complete their homework. You don’t have to have an office or even a desk - you can keep all the tools they need in a “caddy” and store it on a shelf.
It is always nice to include your child in making choices to help create a homework caddy.
Managing Space and Materials
I did this one using a business card format so that I would have multiple copies to use for each assignment.
You can use Microsoft Word to create business cards from a template or from scratch. If you have Microsoft Publisher installed, that is the most user friendly method.
Show examples of handwritten checklist
Time Timers - also can get them as iOS and android apps.
This one is laminated so that Annie can use a dry erase marker and check off the tasks as they are completed.
Time Timers are also available as iOS and Android Apps.
Thinkport offers a collection of pre-formatted graphic organizers that you can integrate into activities including homework assignments.
A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other
items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea.
Bubbl. us free online software helps you to create your own mind map which will help students or organize their thoughts
The Smartpen is a high tech solution that students can use when they have the motoric capabilities to write but may not be able to process information quickly enough to take accurate notes.
This device will record lectures as you take notes, write key words, draw pictures,etc.
Livescribe makes several different pens that all have similar operations
Smartphones and iPod devices may also be used as electronic organizers for calendars, agendas and organizing websites
Gantt charts are a type of bar chart that illustrates the start and finish dates.
It also allows the student to break a larger task such as a book report or research paper down into smaller parts with deadlines and providing a visual
Oftentimes you can find software both free and paid that you may access for timelines and organization
Common Sense Media Gives a list of their favorite online homework tools. It breaks it down by age.
Discovery Education is another great resource that lists homework help by subject.
The last one is from the U.S. Department of Education
There are some websites that are also available in app form such as dictionary.com which provides definitions and synonym options for words
Evernote also has the capability of recording auditory while typing notes
Diigo is great to organize and bookmark websites when writing research papers
Some of you may have access to touch tablets so we wanted to include some helpful apps for organizations
myHomework app is a mobile, digital planner that helps high school and college students keep up with assignments, tests and classes
inclass i s student planner app for iOS and can be used on the iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch.
It provides the ability to view tasks by class, due date and priority.
The app works offline but you need wifi to share notes or back up your data
Here is a list of the resources that was used to prepare the presentation.
We also have resource guide handout available today that includes the websites, software, apps and suggestions that we talked about