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Course: Scientific Communications On Rural         
Development 
 
Article title 
“​How China is affecting India’s rural development by dumping silk yarn at 
prices below the cost of production​.” 
 
 
Submitted to, 
Xavier Gellynck 
Hans De steur 
Evy Mettepenningen   
                                                                                   Submitted by, 
                                                               ​Sadhana Hullenahalli Shankaregowda 
   
1 
 
 
 
Sl. No.  Content 
1.   Abstract 
2.   Introduction 
3.   Review of literature 
4.   Discussion and conclusion 
5.   Policy recommendation and future research 
6.   Reference 
Tables   
Table 1.   Growth rate in raw silk imports against performance of Indian Sericulture industry 
Table 2  Comparative performance of BV hybrids and Cross Breeds 
Table 3  Comparative mulberry Sericulture statistics between China and India 
Table 4  Criticisms of Antidumping duty and other precaution measures taken by CSB, GOI                       
against Chinese silk dumping. 
Table 5   Industrial and Policy recommendations against Cheap Chinese silk imports.  
Figure   
1.   Antidumping investigation conceptual frame work 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
 
 
How China is affecting India’s rural development by dumping silk yarn at prices below the                             
cost of production 
Abstract 
India is the largest consumer and the second largest producer of silk after China. Huge                             
demand supply gap coupled with poor quality and low productivity, India started to import raw silk                               
from China. Gradually, India turned out to be largest importer of silk. But, importing of silk at a                                   
price lower than the cost of production caused severe injury to sensitive domestic sector. It                             
prompted Government of India to impose antidumping duty on China in line with DGAD guidelines.                             
With this backdrop, present study is a modest attempt to understand the impact of dumping,                             
effectiveness of measures taken to safeguard domestic industry and to suggest measures to                         
strengthen the same. 
The endeavour reveals that though antidumping duty acts as remedial measure to prevent the                           
material injury caused to domestic industry, it can’t be a permanent solution to problems associated                             
with dumping. In this regard, strengthening the competitiveness of the domestic industries need to be                             
given first priority. In these lines, Government of India has taken up many measures to increase the                                 
productivity of domestic silk industries thus improving their efficiency. For example development of                         
Bivoltine hybrid cocoons which can produce good quality silk with a enhanced productivity. But the                             
technologies need to be popularised at ground level which needs strengthening of extension delivery                           
sytem. 
Key words 
Silk, Trade,  Antidumping,  Globalization,  India, China. 
Meaning and Abbreviations 
AD duty­ Antidumping duty 
BSTDP­Bivoltine Sericulture technology development programme 
3 
 
Bivoltine (BV): A species that has two broods of offspring per year. 
CRC­ Chawki rearing centres a private centre where farmers can get silk worm eggs. 
CSB­ Central silk board 
DGAD­ Director general of antidumping duty. Ministry of commerce, Govt. of India. 
GOI­ Government of India 
JICA­ Japan International Cooperative agency 
Multivoltine (MV): Species that has two or more broods of offspring per year. 
SMOI­ Silk mark organization of India, Sponsored by CSB. Serves as a brand for generic                             
promotion of pure silk.  
1. Introduction   
The world production of raw silk as on 2010 is 1, 40,051 MTs. (CSB, 2011).Whereas India and                                 
China contribute major share of about 95 percent to the world silk production (Curry, 1997 and                               
Ravindrakumar, 2008) with 1, 15,000 MTs and 20,410 MTs of silk production (CSB 2011)                           
respectively. India is the second largest producer of silk in the world next to China, with 15.5                                 
percent share in global raw silk production. It is also the largest consumer and importer of silk and                                   
silk goods (CSB, 2011 and COMTRADE, 2007) with unique distinction of producing all the four                             
varieties of silk viz., Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga (Giridhar et al.. 2010).Mulberry alone                           
contribute more than 83 percent to the total raw silk production of the country. The major mulberry                                 
silk yarn producing states in India are Karnataka (>60 %), Andhra Pradesh (22 %) and Tamil Nadu                                 
(5%) %)(COMTRADE, 2007 and Ravi kumar, 2008).   
Sericulture is the production of silk in India represents both culture and tradition, there are no                               
function in India is complete without silk in any form (Mir Nisar, 2011). It is a farm­based, labour                                   
intensive and commercially attractive economic activity. Cultivation of silkworm food plants,                     
silkworm rearing, silk reeling, and other post­cocoon processes (twisting, dyeing, weaving, printing                       
and finishing) requires lot of human labour.  
Sericulture is practiced as a cottage industry and extends to almost all major states covering over                               
59000 villages, providing sizeable employment to around 6.8 million people (Gangopadhyay, 2008).                       
4 
 
It particularly suits rural­based small and marginal farmers, entrepreneurs, artisans and other weaker                         
sections of the society as it requires low investment with potential for relatively higher returns in an                                 
eco friendly manner (Mir Nisar, 2011). It is acting as a remedy for seasonal unemployment and also                                 
by providing job for the rural youths it is reducing their migration to urban area (Gangopadhyay,                               
2008). 
According to Mir Nisar (2011) and CSB (2011) during 2010­11 the employment in Sericulture                           
sector was 72.5 lakh persons when compared to 68.17 lakh persons during 2009­10. However                           
55­60 percent (Gangopadhyay, 2008) of Sericulture activities are undertaken by rural women only. 
(Gangopadhyay, 2008) If fashion is a fine art, then silk is its biggest canvas and is silk is the canvas,                                       
then all its weavers, dyers, designers, embroiderers are the greatest artists. Indian silk has enthralled                             
fashion watchers and all categories of consumers across the world with its vast repertoire of motifs,                               
techniques and brilliant hues. India’s traditional and culture bound domestic market and an amazing                           
diversity of silk garments that reflect ‘geographic specificity’ has helped the country to achieve a                             
leading position in silk industry.  
Indian silk goods have high export potential because of its unique distinctiveness of producing all                             
types of silk and low cost of production. (Gangopadyaya,2008 and nisar, 2011 ) However India                             
export approximately 15 percent of its output in the form of fabrics made ups, readymade garments                               
and finished materials like curtains, carpets, bed spreads, cushion cover etc. The export earnings                           
from silk are growing steadily because of increasing demand for Indian silk goods particularly from                             
USA and European countries. 
Since 2002 this increase in import of Chinese silk leads to Dumping at cheaper rate by causing                                 
severe material injury to the domestic silk industry. During 2002­03, with the intervention domestic                           
silk industries and CSB, DGAD (GOI) imposed an antidumping duty for the Chinese raw silk yarn                               
(Discussed below). Due to the extended nonstop dumping of Chinese raw silk, antidumping duty is                             
revised and still continued. Thus the Prices of raw silk in India move in line with prices of Chinese                                     
imported silk. (Datta R.K et al., 2000) Nevertheless, imposition of anti­dumping duty has helped in                             
stabilising domestic prices of raw silk. However, since Chinese exporters continue to dump raw silk                             
below the domestic raw silk prices, any fall in prices of Chinese silk continues to push down prices                                   
in the local market. The farmers and reelers thus are left to the vagaries of price fluctuation of raw                                     
5 
 
silk, which is mainly determined by the imported Chinese raw silk price. 
Based on literature reviews, this paper studies the impact of Cheap Chinese silk import and offers                               
an answer to 
• What are the reasons for dumping?  
• How effective is the antidumping duty in mitigating the dumping of silk?  
• What are the other measures to be taken care before antidumping duty?   
• What are the bottle necks of antidumping duty?  
Finally end with discussion and conclusion with some policy recommendation. 
2. Dumping of silk and its impact on domestic sector 
Dumping is "the sale of a good abroad at a price which is lower than the selling price of the same                                         
good at the same time and in the same circumstances at home" (Haberler, 1936 and Wilczynski. J.,                                 
2013). Dumping margin is the difference between Normal value of silk in any third country or the                                 
exporting country and the Export rate, which is helpful to measure the rate of impact of Dumping on                                   
domestic country. 
Apart from India’s inability to meet to exploit the export potential and dependency on imported raw                               
material, another grave issue is pertaining to cheap imports of raw materials ruining the domestic                             
sericulture Industry (Rajesh 2011). The review shows that China is repeatedly importing raw silk                           
and silk fabrics to India at cheaper rate which is even less than the cost of production of raw silk in                                         
India (Tikku, 1999; DGAD, 2003, 2006, 2008; CSB, 2004, 2007; Mir nisar et al., 2012, Anitha                               
R. 2011). The share of imported raw silk increased from 91.68 percent to 92.61 percent                             
(2002­03) (WTO 2003). The raw silk imports to India increased from 7896 tonnes in 2001 to                               
10,501 ton in 2002­03 which is 33 percent increase in one year, during subsequent year the                               
domestic silk production fell from 17 ,351 tonnes to 14,620 tons (CSB 2003 ). The dumping                               
margin during 2002­03 was around 48 percent, and during 2007­08 it is around 31 percent                             
(DGAD 2003, 2008), so it was clear that the dumping from China PR has not ceased in spite of                                     
anti­dumping duty being in existence and it was also noted that the imports from China PR in                                 
comparison to total demand as well as total domestic production over the injury investigation period                             
has almost doubled. (DGAD 2008)The imports from China PR have increased not only as a share                               
6 
 
of total imports (increased from 28 to 93 percent) but also in comparison to total demand and                                 
domestic production over the injury investigation period. So that again the Authority extended AD                           
duty for 5 more years (until 2014). 
1.  Impact of dumping 
Table 1: ​Growth rate in raw silk imports against performance of Indian Sericulture                         
industry 
 
Source: CSB database 2005­06, Values in parenthesis is percent growth rates. 
Table 1 compares the annual growth rate in raw silk imports for five years from 2000 against the                                   
performance of Indian sericulture industry and reeling sector. 
(Rajesh.G.K 2011)The prices of domestic rawsilk and cocoon are observed to be worst affected                           
during the years 2001­02 and 2002­03, the periods in which imports grew very high and prices of                                 
imported silk kept falling. Thomas et. al (2005a) showed that the cocoon price get influenced by the                                 
yarn prices with a lag of six to ten days. From the table 1, it is clear that during 2001­02 and                                         
2002­03 when domestic raw silk prices fell by 4.9 and 24.1 percent respectively, the cocoon price                               
7 
 
also fell by 4.8 and 10.8 percent. This has impacted on cocoon production, lowering it by 8.2                                 
percent and 8.4 percent during 2002­03 and 2003­04 respectively. The data shows that the effect                             
of imports influenced the mulberry plantation also.(Rajesh.G.K 2011) During 2002­03 in Karnataka                       
alone 23 percent of the existing mulberry plantations were uprooted and in the subsequent year                             
another 10 percent uprooting occurred. 6780 charka reeling units have closed down over the six                             
years where as the number of cottage basin reeling units have increased by 846 only. The number of                                   
multi­end reeling units has also fallen by 59. This means considerable labour displacement from the                             
charka sector during the six years which is not likely due to up gradation of the charka units into                                     
cottage basins.  
(Rajesh.G..,2011, CSB, 2005­06)The fall in prices, quantity of cocoon production and mulberry                       
area and labour displacement from the reeling sector cannot be completely attributed to the raw silk                               
import. Many other socio economic factors could be at play. (Rajesh G..,2011)However it is seen                             
that subsequent to a protectionist intervention of the government during 2003, the quantity of                           
imports fell by 2.3 percent, domestic raw silk prices increased from Rs. 805.00 to Rs. 984.00 per                                 
kilogram (22.2 percent growth) and cocoon prices increased by 17.8 percent(Rajesh.G.K.,                     
2011).During the subsequent year the quantity of cocoon production showed slight improvement                       
(2.2 percent growth) and the mulberry uprooting rate came down from 10.26 to 2.23 percent. This                               
indicates that the silk imports have had a deleterious effect on the domestic sericulture. 
2.  Reason for Dumping of Chinese silk 
The Indian sericulture industry is currently faced with the problems of stagnation in production, low                             
productivity, poor quality to produce, high cost of production, and competition from cheap raw silk                             
import from china. 
The sericulture industry is built upon two living organisms, ie, silk worm and its food plant mulberry.                                 
Thus quality and quantity of raw silk, outputs are primarily dependent on the genetic potential of                               
mulberry and silk worm breed. Almost 95 percent of silk produced (Rajesh G.K 2011 ) in India is                                   
from traditional low yielding multivoltine silk worm varieties or cross breeders which are relatively                           
poor yielders (CSB 2007) but they are known for their hardiness (table 2). The cocoon produced                               
by them are unsuitable for reeling is sophisticated reeling machines and the raw silk produced from                               
which is characterised by lower filament length and lesser tensile strength leading to breakage                           
making it unfit for high speed power loom weaving(Kumaraswamy et al. 2002). This power loom                             
8 
 
industry is heavily dependent on imported Chinese raw silk which is of superior quality (Vasumathi                             
2000; Thomas et al, 2005).the indigenous raw silk which is largely consumed by the handloom                             
sector and partly by powerloom sector as weft (Vasumathi 2000, Rajesh.G.K, 2009 and Thomas                           
et al, 2005b). 
Table 2:Comparative performance of BV hybrids and Cross Breeds 
Hybrid   Cross Breed  Bivoltine hybrid 
  (PM X NB4D2)  (CSR2 X CSR4) 
Colour   Yellow   White 
Silk quality​4
  4B  2A to 4A 
Renditta​5
  8  6 
Filament length (meter)​6
  750  1150 
Yield per 40,000 larvae.(Kg)  50  70 
Survival (%)   70  53 
Cocoon price per kg. (Rs.)   100­150   180­240 
Source: Dandin, S.B; H.K. Basavaraja and N. Suresh Kumar (2005) 
4 ­The international quality standards prescribe grading of raw silk from A to D, A being the higher                                   
quality. Above A grade a further classification in the ascending order 2A, 3A etc. is done. 
5 ­Renditta is the measure that indicates the quantity of cocoons required to produce one kilogram                               
of raw silk, for the crossbreed it is above 8. This means that an average of 8 kg cocoons are                                       
required to produce one kg of raw silk. On the other hand, the new bivoltine hybrids have the                                   
renditta less than six. Hence, the silk production can be improved by 30 per cent by merely                                 
switching over to bivoltine raw silk production. 
6 ­ Filament length is the length of the continuous filament that could be recovered from the cocoon. 
Although, Indian breeds or hybrids have the potential to produce same quality of silk, the system of                                 
sericulture practice is entirely different from China (table 3)(Goswami 2008, Kumaresan et al.,                         
2002). The strict maintenances of discipline and better linkage from farmers to weavers, large scale                             
operation of egg production, reeling and weaving using modern machineries, strict control measures                         
of diseases, uniform adoption new technology, supply of required quantity and quality of eggs in time                               
to adopt avoid the chances of contamination of young silk worm(Nisar 2011 and Rajesh G.K                             
9 
 
2011). 
 
.​Table 3​: ​Comparative mulberry Sericulture statistics between China and India 
Source: Li long* and Hu Zhuo zhong, Indian silk, May, 2006. 
More over cultivation of Bivoltine hybrid make the Chinese sericulture more vibrant, economically                         
sound and sustainable (table 2). Another area of difference is that the entire production is state                               
controlled with no open marketing/action system for silk cocoon and yarns. Comparative statistics                         
10 
 
done by Long.L et al 2006, (table 3) indicate the strength of china in the areas of seed production                                     
and distribution system, higher unit area productivity and quality thus reducing the cost of                           
production. 
3. Antidumping duty 
Anti dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade                                     
distortive effect (Neils, G. 2000.). Thus, the purpose of anti dumping duty is to rectify the trade                                 
distortive effect of dumping and re­establish fair trade. The use of anti dumping measure as an                               
instrument of fair competition is permitted by the WTO (Czako J,et al 2003). It provides relief to                                 
the domestic industry against the injury caused by dumping (Agarval 2002).(WTO, 2006) The rules                           
and procedural aspects of anti dumping measures are specified by the WTO (and earlier GATT).                             
The Government is to designate the anti dumping authority in each country. Affected local producer                             
is expected to file for AD action against foreign imports in specific forms with the proper statistics                                 
proving dumping. The foreign exporters are given a chance to state their position in the anti dumping                                 
investigation and the dumping authority determines the dumping margin if the export price is less than                               
the normal value. (DGAD,2003) (see fig. 1). 
After careful investigation, DGAD designated authority, ministry of commerce, Govt. Of India,                       
noticed about 47.89 percent of dumping margin during 2002­03(DGAD 2003), it was significantly                         
high and caused severe material injury to domestic industry. Accordingly it is imposed a definitive                             
Antidumping duty of about 27.98 $ for a Kilogram of Chinese mulberry raw silk of 2A grade and                                   
below as per the internationally accepted grades approved by the international silk association.                         
Import below this price would attract duty equivalent to the amount that was below the base price.                                 
This has ensured enough protection to Indian silk yarn producers with floor price of Chinese silk                               
rising to Rs. 1311 a Kilogram (The Hindu 2006) against the prevailing domestic price ruling around                               
Rs. 1200 for a Kilogram. 
Despite the imposition of antidumping duty, Mulberry raw silk imports from china more than                           
doubled during 2006­07(CSB 2007, DGAD 2008). Imports totalled 590.5 tonnes valued at Rs.                         
588.20 crore against 277.4 tonnes valued at 347.60 crore during a year ago (DGAD 2008). During                               
2007­08 domestic mulberry raw silk averaged at Rs. 1149 a Kilogram against Rs. 1,253 in 2005                               
(Fibre2fashion 2007, CSB 2007). It said china had quoted very low prices to Indian customers,                             
11 
 
forcing industries to quote even lower or lose their sales volume. 
 
Until 2009 same level of AD duty was continued, later with the intervention of CSB and other silk                                   
industries, government has further extended the AD duty for five more years from 2009 by                             
increasing the slab to $37 per kilogram of Chinese raw silk of 2A and below grade (DGAD                                 
2008­09). 
1. Impact of AD duty  
Sericulture farmers and silk reelers are the two main sectors who have been affected badly due to                                 
dumping. But after the imposition of AD duty on cheap imports of Chinese silk, the prices of                                 
domestic sericulture commodities have improved and the stake holders of silk industry are now                           
taking keen interest to take up sericulture on large scale due to favourable condition. So over the                                 
year the production is also increasing. (CSB 2011­12) During 2011­12 production of raw silk in                             
India is about 23,060 Mt compared to 20,410 MT area under Mulberry plantation is also increased                               
from 1.70 lakh hectare to 1.81 lakh hectares (CSB 2011­12) and also farmers are getting                             
comparatively favourable prices for their cocoons based on its quality . So these are the indicators                               
of Improvements in domestic sericulture sector after AD duty imposition.   
Weavers and exporters of silk in domestic Industry are the two sectors boomeranged badly due to                               
the antidumping duty. Because of AD duty prices of raw silk, being a main raw material for any silk                                     
product, have increased to 32$ to 37$ in domestic market during 2009 from 12 $ to 13 $ in 2003                                       
(fibre2fashion, 2009). As a result, prices of finished goods have also risen, affecting the country’s                             
export.  
Table 4. Criticisms of Antidumping duty and other precaution measures taken by CSB,                         
GOI against Chinese silk dumping  
Criticisms of AD duty 
 
Other measures against cheaper Chinese silk imports             
by CSB 
12 
 
Increased Smuggling: Local     
industry will be smuggled       
mulberry raw silk by unsocial         
elements results in loss of revenue.           
(fibre2fashion, 2008) 
Increased evolution of high yielding breeds. Recent switching               
to high yielding mulberry varieties from conventional K2 and                 
CSR2 x CSR4 from the Multivoltine x Pure Mysore x NB4D2                     
are typical examples,through which productivity increased           
dramatically (CSB, 2010­11) 
Foul play by Chinese silk         
exporters by selling 2A and below           
grade silk as 3A grade to avoid             
AD duty.(The Hindu 2006,       
fibre2fashion 2008) 
CSB took up BSTDP in a bigger way with JICA. Research                     
was put to swing to develop various technologies, which were                   
duly test verified on a multi location base. (CSB 2010, 2011) 
AD will bring Unemployment to         
thousands and lakhs of weavers in           
the unorganized sector of India.         
(The Hindu, 2007 and       
fibre2fashion, 2007) 
Technology transfer from traditional reeling device and old               
charka to semi and fully automatic reeling machines and multi                   
end reeling machines helps to produce high quality silk.(CSB,                 
2010) 
High cost for final silk goods like             
Saris due to increased cost of           
imported raw silk. 
(fibre2fashion 2007) 
Shifting to Shoot system of mulberry cultivation and rearing                 
which is extensively following in Japan can reduce labour cost                   
by 60 percent.(CSB 2010,2011) 
AD duty is Unfair to domestic           
consumers and foreign exporters.       
(Neils.G.,  2000) 
Possible to partially or fully mechanize the plantation through                 
paired row system of cultivation.(Gangopadhyay, 2008 and             
CSB 2010,2011)  
Seeking alternative supply source       
by the exporter. 
 (Neils, G., 2000) 
Silk mark scheme introduced by SMOI as a quality assurance                   
label for pure silk. 
(CSB 2009­10 and Gangopadhyay,2008)  
13 
 
 
A solution to quantitative and qualitative problems of Indian silk industry is popularization of high                             
yielding silkworm hybrids that can also yield better quality silk. The bivoltine silk worm races                             
prevalent in the temperate countries are characterized by high productivity (800­1250 kg cocoons /                           
hectare of mulberry) and high quality silk as compared to multivoltine races of tropical countries                             
(160­440 kg cocoon / ha. of mulberry) (Jayaswal etal, 2001; Rajesh G.K, 2011 ). ​The efforts to                                 
popularise Bivoltine hybrids in India met with limited success at the adoption level (Kumaresan 2002                             
and Rajesh G.K 2011). It is seen that at present bivoltine silk forms below 10% of total raw silk                                     
production, the remaining being produced from traditional inferior breeds and cross breeds (CSB                         
2011). This indicates that only below 10% of the farmers have adopted bivoltine hybrids in the                               
country and the remaining are with conventional cross breeds or other inferior breeds, the silk                             
produced out of which is of low quality suitable for handlooms only. 
2. Factors affecting adoption of Bivoltine silk worm by the Indian sericulture farmers                       
(Rajesh G.K, 2011)  
In agreement with the empirical literature on adoption, age and education are found to impact                             
negatively on bivoltine adoption decision. So also farm size exerts a positive influence. Mitigation of                             
perceived risk and uncertainty are found to be important on adoption of bivoltine hybrid. While                             
family labour availability discouraged bivoltine adoption, credit encouraged it. The importance of                       
profitability is emphasised by the results. The three variables capturing reduction in profitability of                           
bivoltine sericulture showed significant negative influence on its adoption, from the supply side while                           
subsidies appear to be an encouraging factor for bivoltine adoption the extension efforts of private                             
CRCs (supplying cross breed worms) is found to deter the choice of bivoltine hybrid by the farmer. 
4. Discussion and conclusion 
Rural sericulture farmers are the back bone of Indian silk industry, one or the other way they are the                                     
main reason for larger production of silk in India. In order to fulfil the huge demand of consumers,                                   
India started importing silk from china which leads to dumping. Finally it started affecting the rural                               
farmers, reelers and weavers severely. Imposition and renewal of antidumping duty over the years                           
for Chinese silk is acting as a temporary solution for the material injury caused to the domestic                                 
sericulture sector, but it is not a permanent solution. It is also having many draw backs like                                 
14 
 
smuggling of Chinese silk though Nepal and other non restrictive seaports and airports to avoid                             
Antidumping duty, reduction in the export potential of Indian silk exporter due to heavy cost of final                                 
silk goods and if there is any fall in import duty will continue to push down the prices in the local                                         
market. The farmers and reeling sectors are still left with the vagaries of price fluctuation of raw silk.                                   
Also the efforts made by the CSB to develop new technologies and new hybrid silk cocoons are                                 
met with the limited success due to low adoption level by the farmers. 
5. Policy recommendation 
In addition to the antidumping duty, if Indian sericulture industry solve these issues then they can                               
stop the Dumping of silk permanently 
Table 5: Industrial  and Policy recommendation against Cheap Chinese silk imports.  
  Domestic Sericulture Industry     
recommendation  
Policy recommendation 
1.   Increased adoption rate of Bivoltine hybrid silk             
cocoon in all the states, especially in Karnataka               
as its contribution is high. 
With the intervention of       
Government, contract farming     
between Sericulture farmers and       
weaving sector can be able to           
reduce imports and improve       
quality and quantity of produced         
silk. 
2.   Adoption of modern reeling machines like multi             
end reeling machine in place of old charka               
reeling machine can improve the quality of raw               
silk yarn.  
Restriction on quantity of raw silk           
imports only up to the extent to             
meet the demand supply gap with           
normal price. 
3.   Strict quality control measure by the           
government will increase the interest of the             
farmers and it can also bring weaving sector to                 
the farmers. 
Providing better training facility       
for the farmers regarding Bivoltine         
hybrid cocoon production, pest       
and disease management and       
cocoon quality aspects. 
15 
 
4.   With the adoption of developed technologies in             
Mulberry area can reduce the labour cost and               
also the efficiency of mulberry production. 
Technology transfer at farmer’s       
level through better extension       
service.   
5.   Encouraging research Scholars especially in 
Biotechnology fields to develop more region 
and season specific high yielding hybrid silk 
cocoons.  
Providing subsidy and financial       
support by the government to         
sericulture farmers especially who       
are cultivating BV silk breeds. 
 
6. Future research 
Research should be done by engineering sector in order to develop low cost new technologies at                               
farmer’s level to improve efficiency of farmers and to decrease the cost of production of cocoons. 
More Research should be done by the extension agents to identify the factors which are mainly                               
affecting the adoption rate of new technologies and new varieties of silk cocoons by the farmers and                                 
how to convince them. 
1.  Open question 
Where the comparative advantage does lies, is it with the silk weaving sector or with the sericulture                                 
farming sector.  
 
7. Reference  
Agarwal Aradhana (2002). ​Anti dumping law and practice –An Indian perspective​. Working 
paper no 85, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. 
Anitha.R. (2011). Indian silk industry in the global scenario. ​International journal of 
Multidisciplinary management studies​ , 101­110. 
Central silk board. (2006­07, 2008­09,2009­10, 2010­11). ​Annual report of CSB.​ Bangalore 
560 068: CSB member secretary. 
COMTRADE (2007): United Nations, Comtrade Data Base (New York: United Nations Statistical 
Office, 2007). 
16 
 
Curry Ronald (1997). Global silk industry: today and tomorrow. ​Indian silk​ , vol 35 ( 12). 
Czako J, Human J and J Mirinda (2003): A Handbook of Anti dumping Investigations, Cambridge 
University Press, UK 
DGAD (2003 ,2004 and 2008) . ​Anti Dumping reports​, Ministry of commerce, Government of 
India. ​www.commerce.nic.in 
DGAD, (July 11, 2003). ​Handbook on Anti­Dumping​, Ministry of Commerce, Government of 
India. 
DGAD (2003 and 2008): Notification on Anti dumping Investigations Concerning Imports of 
Mulberry Raw Silk (not thrown) originating in or Exported from China PR.­Final Findings, Ministry 
of commerce, Government of India. 
Dhar,A., Farooq, M and Mir Nisar.(Oct.29, 2011). ​Recent Trends in Development of  Bivoltine 
Sericulture in Jammu and Kashmir​. Technical Compendium of workshop held at SKICC, 
Srinagar . 
Dr, Ravindra kumar. (2008, June 13). History of silk and its prospects in Jharkhand. ​Kurukshetra​ , 
pp. 41­45. 
Fibre2fashion News Desk  (2007). ​Opposition of new protectionism​, 
http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile­news/textiles­policy​ news/china/newsdetails.aspx?news 
_d=29096. 
Gangopadhyay, D.(2008). Sericulture Industry in India­ a Review. ​A document in India Science 
and Technology. 
Giridhar, K., Mahanya, J.C., Kantharaju, B.M and Nagesh,S.(2010). Raw Silk production. ​Indian 
Silk​ 8(1): 27­29. 
Goswami, Kishor,(2009). Globalisation of silk trade: A comparative analysis between China and 
India​, Indian Journal of Regional Science​, 41(1), pp.122­129. 
Haberler, G.(1936) The Theory of International Trade. London: Hodge & Co. 
Jayaswal, K. P. (2001). Bivoltine silkworm breeding strategies in tropics . ​Global silk 
scenario­2001, Proceedings of International conference on sericulture​ (pp. 222­232). 
Calcutta: Oxford and IBH publishing. 
Kumaresen, P. (2002, September 28).  Quality silk production: Some Economic Issues. ​Economic 
and Political weekly​, pp. 4019­4022. 
Long, L and Zhuozhong, H. (2006). Comparative mulberry sericulture statistics­ China vis­à­vis 
India. ​Indian Silk​, 17­19. 
Datta, R.K. , Geetha Devi, R.G ., Iyengar, M.N.S.,  Mattigatti, R and Srinivasa, G. (2000). Price 
17 
 
spread in silk industry­ an economic analysis. ​Indian Journal of Sericulture​. 39(2), 163­164. 
Neils, G. (2000). what is antidumping is really about? ​Journal of economic survey​ , 467­491. 
Rajesh.G.K. (2011). Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in India­The case of Bivoltine hybrid 
technology in South Indian Sericulture ser. ​Politically weekly​ , 50­62. 
The Hindu Business Line (May 25, 2006), ​Provisional anti­dumping duty on silk fabrics from 
China,​ ​http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/25/stories/2006052503500800.htm 
Tikku, M.K. (1999, March 6­13). Tangled Threads Silk Growers and Imports. ​Economic and 
Political Weekly,​ pp. 578. 
Wilczynski .J.(1966). ​Journal of Political Economy​. The University of Chicago Press Stable 
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1861770 .Accessed: 04/04/2013 18:53 
Wilczynski .J.(1966). Dumping and Central Planning. ​Journal of Political Economy​, Vol. 74(3), 
pp. 250­264. 
World Trade Organisation (2006), ​International Trade Statistics​. pp. 15, 
http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm 
 
18 
 

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sadhana final article on Dumping- Google Docs

  • 1.         Course: Scientific Communications On Rural          Development    Article title  “​How China is affecting India’s rural development by dumping silk yarn at  prices below the cost of production​.”      Submitted to,  Xavier Gellynck  Hans De steur  Evy Mettepenningen                                                                                       Submitted by,                                                                 ​Sadhana Hullenahalli Shankaregowda      1   
  • 2.     Sl. No.  Content  1.   Abstract  2.   Introduction  3.   Review of literature  4.   Discussion and conclusion  5.   Policy recommendation and future research  6.   Reference  Tables    Table 1.   Growth rate in raw silk imports against performance of Indian Sericulture industry  Table 2  Comparative performance of BV hybrids and Cross Breeds  Table 3  Comparative mulberry Sericulture statistics between China and India  Table 4  Criticisms of Antidumping duty and other precaution measures taken by CSB, GOI                        against Chinese silk dumping.  Table 5   Industrial and Policy recommendations against Cheap Chinese silk imports.   Figure    1.   Antidumping investigation conceptual frame work          2   
  • 3.     How China is affecting India’s rural development by dumping silk yarn at prices below the                              cost of production  Abstract  India is the largest consumer and the second largest producer of silk after China. Huge                              demand supply gap coupled with poor quality and low productivity, India started to import raw silk                                from China. Gradually, India turned out to be largest importer of silk. But, importing of silk at a                                    price lower than the cost of production caused severe injury to sensitive domestic sector. It                              prompted Government of India to impose antidumping duty on China in line with DGAD guidelines.                              With this backdrop, present study is a modest attempt to understand the impact of dumping,                              effectiveness of measures taken to safeguard domestic industry and to suggest measures to                          strengthen the same.  The endeavour reveals that though antidumping duty acts as remedial measure to prevent the                            material injury caused to domestic industry, it can’t be a permanent solution to problems associated                              with dumping. In this regard, strengthening the competitiveness of the domestic industries need to be                              given first priority. In these lines, Government of India has taken up many measures to increase the                                  productivity of domestic silk industries thus improving their efficiency. For example development of                          Bivoltine hybrid cocoons which can produce good quality silk with a enhanced productivity. But the                              technologies need to be popularised at ground level which needs strengthening of extension delivery                            sytem.  Key words  Silk, Trade,  Antidumping,  Globalization,  India, China.  Meaning and Abbreviations  AD duty­ Antidumping duty  BSTDP­Bivoltine Sericulture technology development programme  3   
  • 4. Bivoltine (BV): A species that has two broods of offspring per year.  CRC­ Chawki rearing centres a private centre where farmers can get silk worm eggs.  CSB­ Central silk board  DGAD­ Director general of antidumping duty. Ministry of commerce, Govt. of India.  GOI­ Government of India  JICA­ Japan International Cooperative agency  Multivoltine (MV): Species that has two or more broods of offspring per year.  SMOI­ Silk mark organization of India, Sponsored by CSB. Serves as a brand for generic                              promotion of pure silk.   1. Introduction    The world production of raw silk as on 2010 is 1, 40,051 MTs. (CSB, 2011).Whereas India and                                  China contribute major share of about 95 percent to the world silk production (Curry, 1997 and                                Ravindrakumar, 2008) with 1, 15,000 MTs and 20,410 MTs of silk production (CSB 2011)                            respectively. India is the second largest producer of silk in the world next to China, with 15.5                                  percent share in global raw silk production. It is also the largest consumer and importer of silk and                                    silk goods (CSB, 2011 and COMTRADE, 2007) with unique distinction of producing all the four                              varieties of silk viz., Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga (Giridhar et al.. 2010).Mulberry alone                            contribute more than 83 percent to the total raw silk production of the country. The major mulberry                                  silk yarn producing states in India are Karnataka (>60 %), Andhra Pradesh (22 %) and Tamil Nadu                                  (5%) %)(COMTRADE, 2007 and Ravi kumar, 2008).    Sericulture is the production of silk in India represents both culture and tradition, there are no                                function in India is complete without silk in any form (Mir Nisar, 2011). It is a farm­based, labour                                    intensive and commercially attractive economic activity. Cultivation of silkworm food plants,                      silkworm rearing, silk reeling, and other post­cocoon processes (twisting, dyeing, weaving, printing                        and finishing) requires lot of human labour.   Sericulture is practiced as a cottage industry and extends to almost all major states covering over                                59000 villages, providing sizeable employment to around 6.8 million people (Gangopadhyay, 2008).                        4   
  • 5. It particularly suits rural­based small and marginal farmers, entrepreneurs, artisans and other weaker                          sections of the society as it requires low investment with potential for relatively higher returns in an                                  eco friendly manner (Mir Nisar, 2011). It is acting as a remedy for seasonal unemployment and also                                  by providing job for the rural youths it is reducing their migration to urban area (Gangopadhyay,                                2008).  According to Mir Nisar (2011) and CSB (2011) during 2010­11 the employment in Sericulture                            sector was 72.5 lakh persons when compared to 68.17 lakh persons during 2009­10. However                            55­60 percent (Gangopadhyay, 2008) of Sericulture activities are undertaken by rural women only.  (Gangopadhyay, 2008) If fashion is a fine art, then silk is its biggest canvas and is silk is the canvas,                                        then all its weavers, dyers, designers, embroiderers are the greatest artists. Indian silk has enthralled                              fashion watchers and all categories of consumers across the world with its vast repertoire of motifs,                                techniques and brilliant hues. India’s traditional and culture bound domestic market and an amazing                            diversity of silk garments that reflect ‘geographic specificity’ has helped the country to achieve a                              leading position in silk industry.   Indian silk goods have high export potential because of its unique distinctiveness of producing all                              types of silk and low cost of production. (Gangopadyaya,2008 and nisar, 2011 ) However India                              export approximately 15 percent of its output in the form of fabrics made ups, readymade garments                                and finished materials like curtains, carpets, bed spreads, cushion cover etc. The export earnings                            from silk are growing steadily because of increasing demand for Indian silk goods particularly from                              USA and European countries.  Since 2002 this increase in import of Chinese silk leads to Dumping at cheaper rate by causing                                  severe material injury to the domestic silk industry. During 2002­03, with the intervention domestic                            silk industries and CSB, DGAD (GOI) imposed an antidumping duty for the Chinese raw silk yarn                                (Discussed below). Due to the extended nonstop dumping of Chinese raw silk, antidumping duty is                              revised and still continued. Thus the Prices of raw silk in India move in line with prices of Chinese                                      imported silk. (Datta R.K et al., 2000) Nevertheless, imposition of anti­dumping duty has helped in                              stabilising domestic prices of raw silk. However, since Chinese exporters continue to dump raw silk                              below the domestic raw silk prices, any fall in prices of Chinese silk continues to push down prices                                    in the local market. The farmers and reelers thus are left to the vagaries of price fluctuation of raw                                      5   
  • 6. silk, which is mainly determined by the imported Chinese raw silk price.  Based on literature reviews, this paper studies the impact of Cheap Chinese silk import and offers                                an answer to  • What are the reasons for dumping?   • How effective is the antidumping duty in mitigating the dumping of silk?   • What are the other measures to be taken care before antidumping duty?    • What are the bottle necks of antidumping duty?   Finally end with discussion and conclusion with some policy recommendation.  2. Dumping of silk and its impact on domestic sector  Dumping is "the sale of a good abroad at a price which is lower than the selling price of the same                                          good at the same time and in the same circumstances at home" (Haberler, 1936 and Wilczynski. J.,                                  2013). Dumping margin is the difference between Normal value of silk in any third country or the                                  exporting country and the Export rate, which is helpful to measure the rate of impact of Dumping on                                    domestic country.  Apart from India’s inability to meet to exploit the export potential and dependency on imported raw                                material, another grave issue is pertaining to cheap imports of raw materials ruining the domestic                              sericulture Industry (Rajesh 2011). The review shows that China is repeatedly importing raw silk                            and silk fabrics to India at cheaper rate which is even less than the cost of production of raw silk in                                          India (Tikku, 1999; DGAD, 2003, 2006, 2008; CSB, 2004, 2007; Mir nisar et al., 2012, Anitha                                R. 2011). The share of imported raw silk increased from 91.68 percent to 92.61 percent                              (2002­03) (WTO 2003). The raw silk imports to India increased from 7896 tonnes in 2001 to                                10,501 ton in 2002­03 which is 33 percent increase in one year, during subsequent year the                                domestic silk production fell from 17 ,351 tonnes to 14,620 tons (CSB 2003 ). The dumping                                margin during 2002­03 was around 48 percent, and during 2007­08 it is around 31 percent                              (DGAD 2003, 2008), so it was clear that the dumping from China PR has not ceased in spite of                                      anti­dumping duty being in existence and it was also noted that the imports from China PR in                                  comparison to total demand as well as total domestic production over the injury investigation period                              has almost doubled. (DGAD 2008)The imports from China PR have increased not only as a share                                6   
  • 7. of total imports (increased from 28 to 93 percent) but also in comparison to total demand and                                  domestic production over the injury investigation period. So that again the Authority extended AD                            duty for 5 more years (until 2014).  1.  Impact of dumping  Table 1: ​Growth rate in raw silk imports against performance of Indian Sericulture                          industry    Source: CSB database 2005­06, Values in parenthesis is percent growth rates.  Table 1 compares the annual growth rate in raw silk imports for five years from 2000 against the                                    performance of Indian sericulture industry and reeling sector.  (Rajesh.G.K 2011)The prices of domestic rawsilk and cocoon are observed to be worst affected                            during the years 2001­02 and 2002­03, the periods in which imports grew very high and prices of                                  imported silk kept falling. Thomas et. al (2005a) showed that the cocoon price get influenced by the                                  yarn prices with a lag of six to ten days. From the table 1, it is clear that during 2001­02 and                                          2002­03 when domestic raw silk prices fell by 4.9 and 24.1 percent respectively, the cocoon price                                7   
  • 8. also fell by 4.8 and 10.8 percent. This has impacted on cocoon production, lowering it by 8.2                                  percent and 8.4 percent during 2002­03 and 2003­04 respectively. The data shows that the effect                              of imports influenced the mulberry plantation also.(Rajesh.G.K 2011) During 2002­03 in Karnataka                        alone 23 percent of the existing mulberry plantations were uprooted and in the subsequent year                              another 10 percent uprooting occurred. 6780 charka reeling units have closed down over the six                              years where as the number of cottage basin reeling units have increased by 846 only. The number of                                    multi­end reeling units has also fallen by 59. This means considerable labour displacement from the                              charka sector during the six years which is not likely due to up gradation of the charka units into                                      cottage basins.   (Rajesh.G..,2011, CSB, 2005­06)The fall in prices, quantity of cocoon production and mulberry                        area and labour displacement from the reeling sector cannot be completely attributed to the raw silk                                import. Many other socio economic factors could be at play. (Rajesh G..,2011)However it is seen                              that subsequent to a protectionist intervention of the government during 2003, the quantity of                            imports fell by 2.3 percent, domestic raw silk prices increased from Rs. 805.00 to Rs. 984.00 per                                  kilogram (22.2 percent growth) and cocoon prices increased by 17.8 percent(Rajesh.G.K.,                      2011).During the subsequent year the quantity of cocoon production showed slight improvement                        (2.2 percent growth) and the mulberry uprooting rate came down from 10.26 to 2.23 percent. This                                indicates that the silk imports have had a deleterious effect on the domestic sericulture.  2.  Reason for Dumping of Chinese silk  The Indian sericulture industry is currently faced with the problems of stagnation in production, low                              productivity, poor quality to produce, high cost of production, and competition from cheap raw silk                              import from china.  The sericulture industry is built upon two living organisms, ie, silk worm and its food plant mulberry.                                  Thus quality and quantity of raw silk, outputs are primarily dependent on the genetic potential of                                mulberry and silk worm breed. Almost 95 percent of silk produced (Rajesh G.K 2011 ) in India is                                    from traditional low yielding multivoltine silk worm varieties or cross breeders which are relatively                            poor yielders (CSB 2007) but they are known for their hardiness (table 2). The cocoon produced                                by them are unsuitable for reeling is sophisticated reeling machines and the raw silk produced from                                which is characterised by lower filament length and lesser tensile strength leading to breakage                            making it unfit for high speed power loom weaving(Kumaraswamy et al. 2002). This power loom                              8   
  • 9. industry is heavily dependent on imported Chinese raw silk which is of superior quality (Vasumathi                              2000; Thomas et al, 2005).the indigenous raw silk which is largely consumed by the handloom                              sector and partly by powerloom sector as weft (Vasumathi 2000, Rajesh.G.K, 2009 and Thomas                            et al, 2005b).  Table 2:Comparative performance of BV hybrids and Cross Breeds  Hybrid   Cross Breed  Bivoltine hybrid    (PM X NB4D2)  (CSR2 X CSR4)  Colour   Yellow   White  Silk quality​4   4B  2A to 4A  Renditta​5   8  6  Filament length (meter)​6   750  1150  Yield per 40,000 larvae.(Kg)  50  70  Survival (%)   70  53  Cocoon price per kg. (Rs.)   100­150   180­240  Source: Dandin, S.B; H.K. Basavaraja and N. Suresh Kumar (2005)  4 ­The international quality standards prescribe grading of raw silk from A to D, A being the higher                                    quality. Above A grade a further classification in the ascending order 2A, 3A etc. is done.  5 ­Renditta is the measure that indicates the quantity of cocoons required to produce one kilogram                                of raw silk, for the crossbreed it is above 8. This means that an average of 8 kg cocoons are                                        required to produce one kg of raw silk. On the other hand, the new bivoltine hybrids have the                                    renditta less than six. Hence, the silk production can be improved by 30 per cent by merely                                  switching over to bivoltine raw silk production.  6 ­ Filament length is the length of the continuous filament that could be recovered from the cocoon.  Although, Indian breeds or hybrids have the potential to produce same quality of silk, the system of                                  sericulture practice is entirely different from China (table 3)(Goswami 2008, Kumaresan et al.,                          2002). The strict maintenances of discipline and better linkage from farmers to weavers, large scale                              operation of egg production, reeling and weaving using modern machineries, strict control measures                          of diseases, uniform adoption new technology, supply of required quantity and quality of eggs in time                                to adopt avoid the chances of contamination of young silk worm(Nisar 2011 and Rajesh G.K                              9   
  • 10. 2011).    .​Table 3​: ​Comparative mulberry Sericulture statistics between China and India  Source: Li long* and Hu Zhuo zhong, Indian silk, May, 2006.  More over cultivation of Bivoltine hybrid make the Chinese sericulture more vibrant, economically                          sound and sustainable (table 2). Another area of difference is that the entire production is state                                controlled with no open marketing/action system for silk cocoon and yarns. Comparative statistics                          10   
  • 11. done by Long.L et al 2006, (table 3) indicate the strength of china in the areas of seed production                                      and distribution system, higher unit area productivity and quality thus reducing the cost of                            production.  3. Antidumping duty  Anti dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade                                      distortive effect (Neils, G. 2000.). Thus, the purpose of anti dumping duty is to rectify the trade                                  distortive effect of dumping and re­establish fair trade. The use of anti dumping measure as an                                instrument of fair competition is permitted by the WTO (Czako J,et al 2003). It provides relief to                                  the domestic industry against the injury caused by dumping (Agarval 2002).(WTO, 2006) The rules                            and procedural aspects of anti dumping measures are specified by the WTO (and earlier GATT).                              The Government is to designate the anti dumping authority in each country. Affected local producer                              is expected to file for AD action against foreign imports in specific forms with the proper statistics                                  proving dumping. The foreign exporters are given a chance to state their position in the anti dumping                                  investigation and the dumping authority determines the dumping margin if the export price is less than                                the normal value. (DGAD,2003) (see fig. 1).  After careful investigation, DGAD designated authority, ministry of commerce, Govt. Of India,                        noticed about 47.89 percent of dumping margin during 2002­03(DGAD 2003), it was significantly                          high and caused severe material injury to domestic industry. Accordingly it is imposed a definitive                              Antidumping duty of about 27.98 $ for a Kilogram of Chinese mulberry raw silk of 2A grade and                                    below as per the internationally accepted grades approved by the international silk association.                          Import below this price would attract duty equivalent to the amount that was below the base price.                                  This has ensured enough protection to Indian silk yarn producers with floor price of Chinese silk                                rising to Rs. 1311 a Kilogram (The Hindu 2006) against the prevailing domestic price ruling around                                Rs. 1200 for a Kilogram.  Despite the imposition of antidumping duty, Mulberry raw silk imports from china more than                            doubled during 2006­07(CSB 2007, DGAD 2008). Imports totalled 590.5 tonnes valued at Rs.                          588.20 crore against 277.4 tonnes valued at 347.60 crore during a year ago (DGAD 2008). During                                2007­08 domestic mulberry raw silk averaged at Rs. 1149 a Kilogram against Rs. 1,253 in 2005                                (Fibre2fashion 2007, CSB 2007). It said china had quoted very low prices to Indian customers,                              11   
  • 12. forcing industries to quote even lower or lose their sales volume.    Until 2009 same level of AD duty was continued, later with the intervention of CSB and other silk                                    industries, government has further extended the AD duty for five more years from 2009 by                              increasing the slab to $37 per kilogram of Chinese raw silk of 2A and below grade (DGAD                                  2008­09).  1. Impact of AD duty   Sericulture farmers and silk reelers are the two main sectors who have been affected badly due to                                  dumping. But after the imposition of AD duty on cheap imports of Chinese silk, the prices of                                  domestic sericulture commodities have improved and the stake holders of silk industry are now                            taking keen interest to take up sericulture on large scale due to favourable condition. So over the                                  year the production is also increasing. (CSB 2011­12) During 2011­12 production of raw silk in                              India is about 23,060 Mt compared to 20,410 MT area under Mulberry plantation is also increased                                from 1.70 lakh hectare to 1.81 lakh hectares (CSB 2011­12) and also farmers are getting                              comparatively favourable prices for their cocoons based on its quality . So these are the indicators                                of Improvements in domestic sericulture sector after AD duty imposition.    Weavers and exporters of silk in domestic Industry are the two sectors boomeranged badly due to                                the antidumping duty. Because of AD duty prices of raw silk, being a main raw material for any silk                                      product, have increased to 32$ to 37$ in domestic market during 2009 from 12 $ to 13 $ in 2003                                        (fibre2fashion, 2009). As a result, prices of finished goods have also risen, affecting the country’s                              export.   Table 4. Criticisms of Antidumping duty and other precaution measures taken by CSB,                          GOI against Chinese silk dumping   Criticisms of AD duty    Other measures against cheaper Chinese silk imports              by CSB  12   
  • 13. Increased Smuggling: Local      industry will be smuggled        mulberry raw silk by unsocial          elements results in loss of revenue.            (fibre2fashion, 2008)  Increased evolution of high yielding breeds. Recent switching                to high yielding mulberry varieties from conventional K2 and                  CSR2 x CSR4 from the Multivoltine x Pure Mysore x NB4D2                      are typical examples,through which productivity increased            dramatically (CSB, 2010­11)  Foul play by Chinese silk          exporters by selling 2A and below            grade silk as 3A grade to avoid              AD duty.(The Hindu 2006,        fibre2fashion 2008)  CSB took up BSTDP in a bigger way with JICA. Research                      was put to swing to develop various technologies, which were                    duly test verified on a multi location base. (CSB 2010, 2011)  AD will bring Unemployment to          thousands and lakhs of weavers in            the unorganized sector of India.          (The Hindu, 2007 and        fibre2fashion, 2007)  Technology transfer from traditional reeling device and old                charka to semi and fully automatic reeling machines and multi                    end reeling machines helps to produce high quality silk.(CSB,                  2010)  High cost for final silk goods like              Saris due to increased cost of            imported raw silk.  (fibre2fashion 2007)  Shifting to Shoot system of mulberry cultivation and rearing                  which is extensively following in Japan can reduce labour cost                    by 60 percent.(CSB 2010,2011)  AD duty is Unfair to domestic            consumers and foreign exporters.        (Neils.G.,  2000)  Possible to partially or fully mechanize the plantation through                  paired row system of cultivation.(Gangopadhyay, 2008 and              CSB 2010,2011)   Seeking alternative supply source        by the exporter.   (Neils, G., 2000)  Silk mark scheme introduced by SMOI as a quality assurance                    label for pure silk.  (CSB 2009­10 and Gangopadhyay,2008)   13   
  • 14.   A solution to quantitative and qualitative problems of Indian silk industry is popularization of high                              yielding silkworm hybrids that can also yield better quality silk. The bivoltine silk worm races                              prevalent in the temperate countries are characterized by high productivity (800­1250 kg cocoons /                            hectare of mulberry) and high quality silk as compared to multivoltine races of tropical countries                              (160­440 kg cocoon / ha. of mulberry) (Jayaswal etal, 2001; Rajesh G.K, 2011 ). ​The efforts to                                  popularise Bivoltine hybrids in India met with limited success at the adoption level (Kumaresan 2002                              and Rajesh G.K 2011). It is seen that at present bivoltine silk forms below 10% of total raw silk                                      production, the remaining being produced from traditional inferior breeds and cross breeds (CSB                          2011). This indicates that only below 10% of the farmers have adopted bivoltine hybrids in the                                country and the remaining are with conventional cross breeds or other inferior breeds, the silk                              produced out of which is of low quality suitable for handlooms only.  2. Factors affecting adoption of Bivoltine silk worm by the Indian sericulture farmers                        (Rajesh G.K, 2011)   In agreement with the empirical literature on adoption, age and education are found to impact                              negatively on bivoltine adoption decision. So also farm size exerts a positive influence. Mitigation of                              perceived risk and uncertainty are found to be important on adoption of bivoltine hybrid. While                              family labour availability discouraged bivoltine adoption, credit encouraged it. The importance of                        profitability is emphasised by the results. The three variables capturing reduction in profitability of                            bivoltine sericulture showed significant negative influence on its adoption, from the supply side while                            subsidies appear to be an encouraging factor for bivoltine adoption the extension efforts of private                              CRCs (supplying cross breed worms) is found to deter the choice of bivoltine hybrid by the farmer.  4. Discussion and conclusion  Rural sericulture farmers are the back bone of Indian silk industry, one or the other way they are the                                      main reason for larger production of silk in India. In order to fulfil the huge demand of consumers,                                    India started importing silk from china which leads to dumping. Finally it started affecting the rural                                farmers, reelers and weavers severely. Imposition and renewal of antidumping duty over the years                            for Chinese silk is acting as a temporary solution for the material injury caused to the domestic                                  sericulture sector, but it is not a permanent solution. It is also having many draw backs like                                  14   
  • 15. smuggling of Chinese silk though Nepal and other non restrictive seaports and airports to avoid                              Antidumping duty, reduction in the export potential of Indian silk exporter due to heavy cost of final                                  silk goods and if there is any fall in import duty will continue to push down the prices in the local                                          market. The farmers and reeling sectors are still left with the vagaries of price fluctuation of raw silk.                                    Also the efforts made by the CSB to develop new technologies and new hybrid silk cocoons are                                  met with the limited success due to low adoption level by the farmers.  5. Policy recommendation  In addition to the antidumping duty, if Indian sericulture industry solve these issues then they can                                stop the Dumping of silk permanently  Table 5: Industrial  and Policy recommendation against Cheap Chinese silk imports.     Domestic Sericulture Industry      recommendation   Policy recommendation  1.   Increased adoption rate of Bivoltine hybrid silk              cocoon in all the states, especially in Karnataka                as its contribution is high.  With the intervention of        Government, contract farming      between Sericulture farmers and        weaving sector can be able to            reduce imports and improve        quality and quantity of produced          silk.  2.   Adoption of modern reeling machines like multi              end reeling machine in place of old charka                reeling machine can improve the quality of raw                silk yarn.   Restriction on quantity of raw silk            imports only up to the extent to              meet the demand supply gap with            normal price.  3.   Strict quality control measure by the            government will increase the interest of the              farmers and it can also bring weaving sector to                  the farmers.  Providing better training facility        for the farmers regarding Bivoltine          hybrid cocoon production, pest        and disease management and        cocoon quality aspects.  15   
  • 16. 4.   With the adoption of developed technologies in              Mulberry area can reduce the labour cost and                also the efficiency of mulberry production.  Technology transfer at farmer’s        level through better extension        service.    5.   Encouraging research Scholars especially in  Biotechnology fields to develop more region  and season specific high yielding hybrid silk  cocoons.   Providing subsidy and financial        support by the government to          sericulture farmers especially who        are cultivating BV silk breeds.    6. Future research  Research should be done by engineering sector in order to develop low cost new technologies at                                farmer’s level to improve efficiency of farmers and to decrease the cost of production of cocoons.  More Research should be done by the extension agents to identify the factors which are mainly                                affecting the adoption rate of new technologies and new varieties of silk cocoons by the farmers and                                  how to convince them.  1.  Open question  Where the comparative advantage does lies, is it with the silk weaving sector or with the sericulture                                  farming sector.     7. Reference   Agarwal Aradhana (2002). ​Anti dumping law and practice –An Indian perspective​. Working  paper no 85, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi.  Anitha.R. (2011). Indian silk industry in the global scenario. ​International journal of  Multidisciplinary management studies​ , 101­110.  Central silk board. (2006­07, 2008­09,2009­10, 2010­11). ​Annual report of CSB.​ Bangalore  560 068: CSB member secretary.  COMTRADE (2007): United Nations, Comtrade Data Base (New York: United Nations Statistical  Office, 2007).  16   
  • 17. Curry Ronald (1997). Global silk industry: today and tomorrow. ​Indian silk​ , vol 35 ( 12).  Czako J, Human J and J Mirinda (2003): A Handbook of Anti dumping Investigations, Cambridge  University Press, UK  DGAD (2003 ,2004 and 2008) . ​Anti Dumping reports​, Ministry of commerce, Government of  India. ​www.commerce.nic.in  DGAD, (July 11, 2003). ​Handbook on Anti­Dumping​, Ministry of Commerce, Government of  India.  DGAD (2003 and 2008): Notification on Anti dumping Investigations Concerning Imports of  Mulberry Raw Silk (not thrown) originating in or Exported from China PR.­Final Findings, Ministry  of commerce, Government of India.  Dhar,A., Farooq, M and Mir Nisar.(Oct.29, 2011). ​Recent Trends in Development of  Bivoltine  Sericulture in Jammu and Kashmir​. Technical Compendium of workshop held at SKICC,  Srinagar .  Dr, Ravindra kumar. (2008, June 13). History of silk and its prospects in Jharkhand. ​Kurukshetra​ ,  pp. 41­45.  Fibre2fashion News Desk  (2007). ​Opposition of new protectionism​,  http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile­news/textiles­policy​ news/china/newsdetails.aspx?news  _d=29096.  Gangopadhyay, D.(2008). Sericulture Industry in India­ a Review. ​A document in India Science  and Technology.  Giridhar, K., Mahanya, J.C., Kantharaju, B.M and Nagesh,S.(2010). Raw Silk production. ​Indian  Silk​ 8(1): 27­29.  Goswami, Kishor,(2009). Globalisation of silk trade: A comparative analysis between China and  India​, Indian Journal of Regional Science​, 41(1), pp.122­129.  Haberler, G.(1936) The Theory of International Trade. London: Hodge & Co.  Jayaswal, K. P. (2001). Bivoltine silkworm breeding strategies in tropics . ​Global silk  scenario­2001, Proceedings of International conference on sericulture​ (pp. 222­232).  Calcutta: Oxford and IBH publishing.  Kumaresen, P. (2002, September 28).  Quality silk production: Some Economic Issues. ​Economic  and Political weekly​, pp. 4019­4022.  Long, L and Zhuozhong, H. (2006). Comparative mulberry sericulture statistics­ China vis­à­vis  India. ​Indian Silk​, 17­19.  Datta, R.K. , Geetha Devi, R.G ., Iyengar, M.N.S.,  Mattigatti, R and Srinivasa, G. (2000). Price  17   
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