management

1. Mr Yogendra Mehta
Lecturer, TU IOM BNC
Leadership & Management
Unit: I

2. M A N A G E M E N T
• Leadership
• Conceptof
mgmt.
• Management.
• Levels.
• Skills.
• Importance.
• Principles.
• Functions.

3. Leadership
• Leadership is the ability to influence thoughts and
actions.
• Leadership is defined as the process of influencing
the activities of an organized group toward goal
achievement.(Rauch & Behling.) ...
• Leadership is interpersonal influence, exercised in a
situation, and directed, through the communication
process, toward the attainment of a specified goal
or goals.

4.  Management is the art of getting things done
by a group of people with the effective
utilisation of available resources.
An individual cannotbe treated asa managing
body running any organisation.A minimum two
persons are essential to form a management.
These persons perform the functions in order
to achieve the objectives of an organization.

5. Definition
• Managementisthe processandagencywhich directs andguides
the operations of anorganisationin realisingestablishedaims.
(OTead)
• Includes the activities of setting the strategy of an
organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees
(or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the
application of available resources, such as financial,natural,
technological, and human resources. (ByHennery Fayol)
• The process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
("the management of the economy“)

6. Definition
• Traditionally, the term "management" refers to the
activities involved in the four general functions: planning,
organizing, leading and coordinating of resources.
•
Management is the science and art of getting people
together to accomplish desired goals and objectives by
coordinating and integrating all available resources
efficiently and effectively.

7. Meaning of Leader & Manager
• A leader is a person who influences his
subordinates to achieve a specified goal.
• A manager is a person who manages the
organisation and is responsible for planning,
direction, coordination and control.

8. Differences

9. Differences

10. L E V E L S O F
M A N A G E M E N T

11. L E V E L S O F
M A N A G E M E N T
• Top levelManagement-
-Managers accountable for the overall success of the
organization.
-More intellectual/Conceptual skills are required
eg.MS,Dean,
• Middle levelManagement-
-Includes managers below the rank of president but
above the supervisory level.
-More human skills are required eg. .Principal of
college,Nursing superintendent

12. L E V E L S O F
M A N A G E M E N T
• First Management or operating Management
level-More technical skills arerequired
eg. ward sisters ,Tutors,lecturers

13. Management level- Skill continuum

14. 3 Management Skills Approach
• Robert Katz identified three skills(1995); technical, human,
and conceptual as the basic personal skills essential for
management.
• Technical skills related to the field, human skills related to
communicating with people and conceptual skills related to
setting vision.
• Intellectualskill/Conceptualskills:
- aretoabilitytoformulateideas.
- Managers understand abstract relationships, develop ideas,
and solve problems creatively.
- understand the relationships among various subunits, and
visualize how the organization fits into its broader
environment.

15. Managerial Skills
• Human skill:
- involve the ability to work well with other people both
individually and in group.
- are the ability to interact effectively with people and concerns
interpersonal relations.
- Managers interact and cooperate with employees.
• TechnicalSkill:
- are the ability to use process or technique knowledge. They deal
with things.
- include knowledge of and proficiency in certain specialized field,
such as engineering, computers, accounting, or manufacturing.
- These skills are more important at lower level management
since these managers are dealing directly with employees
doing the organizational work.

16. 3 Management Skills Approach

17. N A T U E O F
M A N A G E M E N T
• Management as a science &an art
• Management as aprofession.

18. Contd…..
• It is considered as a science because it has an organized
body of knowledge which contains certain universal truth.
a. Systematic body of knowledge: it has various theories
concepts models principles & technique to solve the
issues.
b. Universally applicable: concepts and theories are true
throughout the world. It is applicable in every organization.
c. Cause & effect relationship: when a certain management
action is taken then it affect the organization in certain
manner.

19. Contd…..
d. Observation & Experiment
e. predectability:
• It is called an art because managing requires certain skills
which are personal possessions of managers. Like;
a. Practical knowledge: it helps manager to take correct
decision immediately when problem arises.
b. Creativity: manager has to apply new ways & technique
to manage various people.
c. personal qualities: he/she must have good physic
linguistic capabilities& highly influenced

20. Contd…..
d. Betterment through practice: regular practice , a manager
is able to improve the grade of action.
e. Result –oriented: always focused on attainment of
organizational goal in the most effective & efficient manner.

21. Management as a Profession
a. Specialized knowledge: particular specialization in
particular field and most possess a high level of
knowledge skill to practice as profession.
b. Formal education & training:
c. Social responsibility: always linked with society &
manager should take care of needs of the society.
d. Professional association:
e. Code of conducts: must be ethical to society & must
follows the rules & regulation with moral.

22. Importance's ofManagement
• Effective utilization of resources
• Meet the challenges ofChange
• Development of Change
• Development of resources
• Problem solving and innovations
• Coordination
• Personality development

23. HenryFayol
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OR
ADMINISTRATION
1841-1925
Fayolism: FayolTheory of Management
4

24. Fayol's Principles of Managementor
Administration
1.Division ofwork
Specialization for all kinds of work to develop expertise.
Tasks should be divided up. Eg. Department of Nursing,
Department of Pharmacyetc.
2.Authority, responsibility andaccountability.
3.Discipline:
Proper observance of the rules, regulations,norms,
decorum, manners, codeof ethics andrespects.

25. Fayol's Principles of Managementor
Administration……
4.Unity of command
Oneemployeeone boss&receive instructions
from sameonly.
5.Unity of direction
Oneplan and oneheadfor a groupof activities
havingone objective.
6.Subordination of individual interests togeneral
interest
Narrow selfish interest should overcome or turn to
commonand broad interest of the organization for
its welfare. Eg. Collective bargaining (More salary,
More production)

26. Fayol'sPrinciples of Managementor
Administration……
7.Remuneration
Fairpolicyfor paymentto the personneljustifyingworkload,job
hazard,efficiencyandquality ofperformance.
8.Centralization
Someamount of greater andlarger authority restingwith top level
managers.
9.Scalar Chain ofcommand
Thereisa link of directional instructionsfrom the top leveltothe
lowestrank of organizationalmembersin the hierarchy.
10.Order
Propersystematicarrangementof everything(Staffsandmaterials ,
right person on right place)
11.Equity
Fairandimpartial treatment to all workersirrespectiveof theirjobs.

27. Fayol'sPrinciples of Managementor
Administration……
12. Stability of TenureofPersonnel
Jobsecurityto reduceturn over.EgBonus, Insurance
13. Initiative
Encouragesubordinate’s initiative. Managers should
create an environment whichencourages their
subordinates totake initiative and responsibility.
14. Esprit decorps
Unionisstrength,TeamSpirit,senseof belonging
should be encouraged among employees
.

28. Functions ofManagement
• Planning: 7 characteristics
- Forecasting: able to estimate & predict the future outcome.
- Establishing objectives: acts as guidelines to run the organization
effectively.
- Programming: prioritise the program & conduct accordingly.
- Scheduling :time frame should be fixed.
- Budgeting : allocating men money materials & resources within the
prescribed period.
- Establishment procedure: standard method for performing any
procedure should be established.
- Developing policies: rules & policy should be developed
based on ideas of personnel in the local area.

29. Contd…..
- Planning begins with setting up of the goal & identification of the
objectives.
- To be accomplished by the organization and its different
subunits.
- Top level management plans long term goals & decide for future
course of action.
- Middle & first level of management plans short term objectives
and putting them into concrete action.

30. Contd…..
- Planning helps to:
a. Estimate & obtain the resources needed to meet the activities.
b. Group members to carry out the activities
c. Monitor & evaluate the progress towards achievement of
objectives.
Organizing:
- Identifying & arrangement for the work to be done most
effectively by the people.
- Defining & delegating responsibility & authority
- Organizing helps to:
a. Identify the work activities & arrangement on the basis of nature
of work & less expenditure with more work satisfaction.

31. Contd…..
b. Assigning group of activities to specific position/people.
c. Delegating them responsibility & authority to carry out the task.
d. Avoid duplication of efforts.
Staffing:
- It includes a systematic approach to human resource planning
recruiting selection& placing of personnel.
- Involve determining assignment system for the staff like;
a. patient centered approach:
- assigned to give complete care with no more than 3 patient.
- Helps to understand patient as individual.
- Gives better observation.
- Job satisfaction is greatly increased.
- Gives more security to patient.

32. Contd…..
b. Functional methods:
- Assigned to do specific functions in the ward.
- Work is done with small number of staff.
- Opportunity to develop skills in assigned area.
- Fewer interruption & less confusion.
c. Team method:
- Group of people working together.
- Team is guided by professional nurse & work together to
provide individualized patient care.
- Regular conference should be held by the team leader to
discuss & plan the nursing care with members of the team.
- Better nursing care will be provided to individual patient.
- Unit can function smoothly & efficiently.

33. Contd…..
Directing & Leading:
- for effective directing & leading communication leadership
motivation & supervision is essential.
- Prepare the people involved for effective action.
Controlling(Evaluating):
- Estimate & to regulate the progress of the work.
- It informs misunderstanding that arises & helps to correct it.
- It set the standard of performance.
- Measure current performance against set standard.

34. Functionsof Management……..
POSDCORB
P=Planning
O=Organizing
S=Staffing
D=Directing
Co=Coordinating
R=Reporting
B=Budgeting
Luther Halsey Gulick(1892–1993)
was an experton public
administration
Notes: Fewbooks write “ POSDCORB”aselements ofAdministration.

35. Functionsof Management……..
POCCC
P=Planning
O=Organizing
C=Commanding
C=Coordination
C=Controlling
HenaryFayol(1841-1925)

36. Functionsof Management……..
POSLC
P=Planning
O=Organizing
S=Staffing
L=Leading
C=Controlling
Herald Koontz & HeinzWeihrich

37. Factors for Effective Management
According to Jean Barret there are 18 factors that ward
incharge has to consider like;
1. Knowledge of all duties to be performed in the ward
- Incharge should be familiar with all the activities that are carried
out in her ward.
- Activities can be planned ahead & delegated according to need
qualification & ability of the staff.
- Activities may be planned on a weekly or monthly basis like;
cleanliness of ward.
2. Planning the Day’s programme
- Helps to save the time.
- Each day’s duties/activities must be planned in advance.
- Plan to give same task to the same nurse to finish the routine work
quickly.

38. Factors for Effective Management
3. Starting the day on time
- Spend time on planning the day’s work & delegate accordingly.
4. Preventing interruption
5. Establishment of ward routine
- Helps to run ward smoothly.
- Development of systematic procedure prevent the blaming to
incharge if she /he is not available.
- Ward policy book should be established to give details of the ward
routine.
-
- Signature of Incharge nurse
For Operation Room Today
S.No Bed No.1 Bed No.2
1 Skin Preparation
2 Jewellery removed
3 Narcotic drugs given

39. Factors for Effective Management
6. Use democratic methods to establish ward policy
- Have suggestion from all the staffs.
7. Orientation of new staff
- Introduction to the hospital & ward
- General policies & rules of organization as well as ward.
- The individuals with whom he/she will be working or to whom
lie/she is responsible & their relationship.
- Location of equipments, relationship of hospital with campus.
- Introduction to doctors working in the ward , professional
departments.
- Leave information
- Meal time

40. Factors for Effective Management
8. Maintenance of good environment
- Ventilation ,light ,cleanliness, noise, air control & visitors
9. Provision of supplies & equipment
- Incharge must know when & where to order for supplies &
equipments.
- Equipments must be on working condition.
- Proper replacing for broken equipments.
- Set a standard quantity for each item in the ward.
- Return unnecessary equipments to the store.
10. Carry out doctor’s & nurse’s instruction
11. Accurate record

41. Factors for Effective Management
11. Accurate record: must consist of-
- patient’s full name & address
- Present complaints
- Past medical history
- Family history
- Examination findings
- Provisional diagnosis
- Investigation & results
- Treatment given
- Progress notes
- Condition discharge
- Final diagnosis

42. Factors for Effective Management
12. Full reports
Oral : used when information is for short time.
- Convey one person to another
- Report between head nurse & her sisstant about condition of
patient, treatment , problems of staffing.
- Report between incharge & staffs about change in patient’s
condition & result of treatment.
Written:used when information is to be used for more person.
- report may be day, evening & night
13. Maintenance of high morale among the staff members
14. Establishment of good relationship within the ward
15. Delegation of responsibilities

43. Factors for Effective Management
16. Planned assignment
17. Well arranged time for personnel development
18. Good teaching & supervision

44. T H A N K
Y O U
THANK YOU