This document summarizes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers' person-centered theory. Maslow proposed that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs like physiological and safety needs before seeking higher-level growth needs such as self-actualization. The Personal Orientation Inventory and other measures were developed to assess self-actualization. Rogers described the actualization tendency in people and the therapeutic conditions of empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard that facilitate personal growth.

1. Abraham Harold
Maslow

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Conative Needs
• Basic Needs
• Prepotency

3. Hierarchy of Needs
Deficiency needs
1. Physiological Needs
-the only needs that can be
completely
satisfied or even overly satisfied and
their recurring nature

4. 2. Safety Needs
-Physical security, stability, dependency,
protection and freedom from threatening forces
and the needs for law, order and structure.
*Basic Anxiety- when their attempts of
satisfying their needs are not satisfied.
3. Love and Belongingness
- desire for friendship, the wish for a mate
and children, the need to belong to a family, a
club, a neighborhood, a nation, sex and
human contact.

5. 4. Esteem Needs
- Self-respect, confidence, competence, and
the knowledge that others hold them in high
esteem.
2 levels of esteem needs:
a. Reputation- perception of the prestige,
recognition, or the fame a person has achieved
in the eyes of others.
b. Self- Esteem- person’s own feelings of
worth and confidence.

6. Growth Needs
5. Self- Actualization Needs
- Self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s
potential and a desire to become creative in the full
sense of the world.

7. 6. Aesthetic Needs
-the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing
experiences.
7. Cognitive Needs
-the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to
understand and to be curious.
8. Neurotic Needs
-The satisfaction of conative, aesthetic and
cognitive needs
-Leads only to stagnation and pathology
*Hoarding Drive- a neurotic need that leads
to pathology whether or not It is satisfied

8. Measuring Self-Actualization
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)
-developed by Everett L. Shostrom in
1974
-To measure the values and behaviors
of self-actualizing people
-consists of 150 forced-choice items

9. 2 Major Scales of POI:
•Time competence/ Time Incompetence Scale
- Measure the degree to which people are
present oriented
•Support Scale
- Designed to measure whether an
individual’s mode of reaction is
characteristically ‘self’ oriented or ‘other’
oriented.

10. Subscales of POI:
•Self-Actualizing Values (SAV)
•Existentiality (Ex)
•Feeling Reactivity (Fr)
•Spontaneity (S)
•Self-Regard (Sr)
•Self-Acceptance (Sa)
•Nature of Man (Nc)
•Synergy (Sy)
•Acceptance of Aggression (A)
•Capacity (C)

11. Short Index Self-Actualization
- borrowed 15 items from the POI that are most
correlated with the total self-actualization score.
- a 6 point Likert scale.
Brief Index of Self-Actualization
- 40 items placed on a Likert scale and yields
scores from 40 – 240.
4 factors:
1.Core self-actualization
2.Autonomy
3.Openness to experience
4.Comfort with solitude

12. Carl Rogers

13. Person-Centered Theory
- Known as “nondirective”, “client-centered”, “person
centered”, “student-centered”, “group-centered” and
“person-centered”
- Refers to Rogerian personality theory
- Approach to understanding personality and human
relationships
- Used in psychotherapy and counseling,
education, organizations and other group
settings.

14. Basic Assumptions
1. Formative Tendency
- There is a tendency for all matter, both
organic and inorganic to evolve from simpler to
more complex forms.
2. Actualizing Tendency
- Tendency within all humans (and other
animals and plants) to move towards
completion or fulfillment of potentials.
• *the need for maintenance
• *enhancement

15. 3 therapeutic conditions:
1. Congruent/ authentic
2. Empathy
3. Unconditional Positive Regard

16. The Person of Tomorrow
1. A growing openness to experience
- They move away from defensiveness and have no
need for subsection.
2. An increasing existential lifestyle
- Living each moment fully, not distorting the moment
to fit personality or self-concept but allowing
personality and self-concept to emanate from the
experience.

17. 3. Increasing organismic trust
- They trust their own judgment and their ability to
choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.
4. Freedom of Choice
- They believe that they play a role in determining
their role in determining their own behavior and feel
responsible for their own behavior.
5. Creativity
- They will be more creative in the way they adapt
to their own circumstances without feeling a need to
conform.

18. 6. Reliability and Constructiveness
- Open to all their needs will be able to
maintain a balance between them.
7. A rich full life
- The life is of a fully functioning individual is rich,
full and exciting and suggests that they experience
joy and pain, love and heartbreak fear and
courage more intensely.

19. References:
•Carl Rogers. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5,
2015, from http://www.bapca.org.uk/about/carl-
rogers.html
• Fiest, J. & Fiest, G. (2009). Holistic-Dynamic
Theory, Theories of Personality Seventeenth
Edition. (pp. 274-296)
•Fiest, J. & Fiest, G. (2009). Person-Centered
Theory, Theories of Personality Seventeenth
Edition. (pp. 308-328)

20. That in all things,
God may be glorified!