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Training In Ambala
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3. The milestones in C's development as a language are
listed below:
• UNIX developed c. 1969 -- DEC PDP-7 Assembly
Language
• BCPL -- a user friendly OS providing powerful
development tools developed from BCPL. Assembler
tedious long and error prone.
• A new language ``B'' a second attempt. c. 1970.
• A totally new language ``C'' a successor to ``B''. c.
1971
• By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in ``C''.
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5. We briefly list some of C's characteristics that define the
language.
• Small size
• Extensive use of function calls
• Loose typing -- unlike PASCAL
• Structured language
• Low level (Bitwise) programming readily available
• Pointer implementation - extensive use of pointers for
memory, array, structures and functions.
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6. C has now become a widely used professional
language for various reasons.
• It has high-level constructs.
• It can handle low-level activities.
• It produces efficient programs.
• It can be compiled on a variety of computers.
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9. C variable is a named location in a memory
where a program can manipulate the data. This
location is used to hold the value of the
variable. The value of the C variable may get
changed in the program.
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10. ANSI C allows you to declare constants. When
you declare a constant it is a bit like a variable
declaration except the value cannot be
changed.
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11. C has a concept of 'data types' which are used
to define a variable before its use. The
definition of a variable will assign storage for
the variable and define the type of data that
will be held in the location.
The value of a variable can be changed any
time.
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12. • C has the following basic built-in data types.
• int
• float
• double
• char
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13. An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to
perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
C language is rich in built-in operators and
provides the following types of operators −
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators
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15. A control statement is a statement that
determines whether other statements will be
executed. An if statement decides whether to
execute another statement, or decides which of
two statements to execute. A loop decides how
many times to execute another statement. C
provides two styles of flow control:
• Branching
• Looping
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16. Branching is so called because the program
chooses to follow one branch or another.
Branching is deciding what actions to take.
• If Statement
• If Else Statement
• Switch Statement
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17. Loops provide a way to repeat commands and
control how many times they are repeated. C
provides a number of looping way. looping is
deciding how many times to take a certain
action.
• For Loop
• While Loop
• Do While Loop
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18. A function is a group of statements that
together perform a task. Every C program has
at least one function, which is main(), and all
the most trivial programs can define additional
functions.
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19. Arrays a kind of data structure that can store a
fixed-size sequential collection of elements of
the same type. An array is used to store a
collection of data, but it is often more useful to
think of an array as a collection of variables of
the same type.
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20. Strings are actually one-dimensional array of
characters terminated by a null character '0'.
Thus a null-terminated string contains the
characters that comprise the string followed by
a null.
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21. A pointer is a variable whose value is the
address of another variable, i.e., direct address
of the memory location.
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22. • Arrays allow to define type of variables that
can hold several data items of the same kind.
Similarly structure is another user defined
data type available in C that allows to
combine data items of different kinds.
• Structures are used to represent a record.
Suppose you want to keep track of your
books in a library.
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23. A union is a special data type available in C that
allows to store different data types in the same
memory location. You can define a union with
many members, but only one member can
contain a value at any given time. Unions
provide an efficient way of using the same
memory location for multiple-purpose.
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