This document discusses social perception and related concepts. It begins by defining self-concept and how we perceive ourselves. It then discusses social perception, which is how we form impressions of others based on social cues. Key aspects of social perception discussed include social beliefs like customs and traditions that influence perceptions, how moods and judgments affect social perception, and the expectations societies have of individual roles and behaviors. The document aims to outline the important factors that shape an individual's social perception within a given community or culture.
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
STUDY.COM_ SOCIAL CHANGE OVER TIME
I HOPE IT IS HELPFUL FOR YOU> BUT PLS IWANT CREDITS> OR ADD ME AND MESSAGE ME THANKS
THERE IS A NOTE FOR PRESENTERS VIEW
HAVE A GOOD DAY
KEEP CALM AND DRINK ON
NAME: Ellen Magalona
GNDR: FML
BRTHDY: FEB. 1998
@ellenmaaee
This document provides an overview of problem solving and creative thinking. It discusses key concepts like thinking, problem solving strategies, obstacles to problem solving like mental set, and the stages of creative thinking. It contrasts the approaches of novice and expert problem solvers. The document contains examples and figures to illustrate concepts like functional fixedness, the problem cycle, and means-ends analysis. It aims to explain problem solving and creativity as important cognitive processes.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to benefit others. It is motivated by concern for others' welfare and needs, rather than personal gain. There are several reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior, including social exchange where people help when rewards outweigh costs, social norms of reciprocity and responsibility, and evolutionary motives like kin selection. Situational factors also influence prosocial behavior, such as being more likely to help in rural areas than urban areas due to social ties, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in crowds due to diffusion of responsibility.
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
STUDY.COM_ SOCIAL CHANGE OVER TIME
I HOPE IT IS HELPFUL FOR YOU> BUT PLS IWANT CREDITS> OR ADD ME AND MESSAGE ME THANKS
THERE IS A NOTE FOR PRESENTERS VIEW
HAVE A GOOD DAY
KEEP CALM AND DRINK ON
NAME: Ellen Magalona
GNDR: FML
BRTHDY: FEB. 1998
@ellenmaaee
This document provides an overview of problem solving and creative thinking. It discusses key concepts like thinking, problem solving strategies, obstacles to problem solving like mental set, and the stages of creative thinking. It contrasts the approaches of novice and expert problem solvers. The document contains examples and figures to illustrate concepts like functional fixedness, the problem cycle, and means-ends analysis. It aims to explain problem solving and creativity as important cognitive processes.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. It discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and methods of measuring attitudes. It also covers topics like prejudice, group dynamics, conformity, leadership styles and characteristics. Measurement scales discussed include Likert scales, Thurstone scales, and Bogardus social distance scales. Experiments mentioned include Asch's conformity experiments.
Social cognition involves encoding, storing, retrieving, and processing social information in the brain about conspecifics. It involves both automatic and controlled processing. Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize social information and act as filters, but can also lead to errors and biases like stereotyping. Heuristics are simple rules or mental shortcuts used to make judgments that can be erroneous. Affect and cognition interact, as current moods and emotions can influence thoughts, memories, and judgments. Feelings shape thoughts and thoughts shape feelings in social cognition.
The document discusses several perspectives on personality and behavior:
- Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by social influences and a striving for superiority rather than just sex and aggression. He also believed people have significant responsibility for who they become.
- Adler asserted that both genders are capable of "masculine protest" as children but what they protest is shaped by societal expectations of gender roles.
- Horney developed the concept of "basic anxiety" which results from unsatisfied childhood needs for love and affection and a sense of hostility toward parents. She believed this drives the development of protective strategies and neurotic needs in personality.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition and social influence from a social psychology course, including:
1) Social thinking and perception involves how people form impressions of and make inferences about others based on verbal and nonverbal cues. Schemas, scripts, and stereotypes influence these automatic impressions.
2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for events and behaviors. People tend to make internal attributions over external ones due to biases like the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias.
3) Social influence and persuasion concepts include priming, framing effects, and biases like self-serving bias that influence how people interpret behaviors and events.
Social comparison theory proposes that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves in relation to others. There are two types of social comparison: upward comparison, where one compares themselves to those better off to seek improvement, and downward comparison, where one compares themselves to those worse off to feel better about their own abilities. The theory suggests that people use social comparison to accurately assess their skills, abilities, beliefs, and attitudes by comparing themselves to similar peers or reference groups.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
The document discusses several theories of environmental psychology and human-environment interactions. It describes Roger Barker's ecological theory which found that social settings influence behavior. It also summarizes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory which arranges human needs in a pyramid from lowest physiological needs to highest growth needs of self-actualization. Stimulation theories are also mentioned, which view the environment as a source of sensory information that humans adapt to or seek optimal levels of.
This document discusses defining and categorizing abnormal psychology. It addresses questions about distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior, how abnormal behaviors are classified and diagnosed, and how they can be understood and treated. Key points include defining abnormality based on statistical deviation, personal discomfort, maladaptiveness, or norm violation. Causes of abnormality may be biological like genetics, psychological like traumatic experiences, or sociocultural like problems in relationships. A biopsychosocial perspective recognizes interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. The diathesis-stress model proposes people are born with a predisposition that makes them vulnerable to disorders in stressful life situations.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
Explains the process by which we receive, interpret, analyze, remember and use information about the social world. Also attempts to explain the process of attribution and common errors we often commit in social perception.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
1. Social psychology emerged as a new discipline in the 19th century and studies how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others in social situations.
2. Key figures in the early development of social psychology include Wilhelm Wundt, who published some of the first works on social psychology, and Edward Ross and William McDougall, who published early social psychology textbooks.
3. Social psychology expanded in topics studied from the 1940s-1980s, with important research conducted on attitudes and persuasion, prejudice, obedience, bystander intervention, gender disparities, and social cognition.
The document defines aggression and discusses factors that can lead to aggressive behavior, including personal, situational, and social factors. It then outlines several strategies that can be used to reduce aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, cognitive interventions like apologies, exposure to non-aggressive social models, training in social skills, and using incompatible responses to generate emotions like laughter that are incompatible with anger.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
The document provides an overview of an introductory social psychology lecture. It covers key topics such as social cognition including attitudes and attributions; social influence including conformity and obedience; and social relationships including prejudice, aggression, and altruism. Video examples and classic studies are discussed to illustrate important concepts and findings in social psychology.
The document discusses personality development and defines it as a process of enhancing one's personality to gain confidence and self-esteem. It notes that not knowing yourself can lead to confusion, while self-knowledge provides wisdom for better decision-making and relationships. Personality is shaped by heredity, environment, and situations, and involves traits like openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Maintaining a positive self-concept with a healthy self-image and ideal self is important for well-being.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. It discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and methods of measuring attitudes. It also covers topics like prejudice, group dynamics, conformity, leadership styles and characteristics. Measurement scales discussed include Likert scales, Thurstone scales, and Bogardus social distance scales. Experiments mentioned include Asch's conformity experiments.
Social cognition involves encoding, storing, retrieving, and processing social information in the brain about conspecifics. It involves both automatic and controlled processing. Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize social information and act as filters, but can also lead to errors and biases like stereotyping. Heuristics are simple rules or mental shortcuts used to make judgments that can be erroneous. Affect and cognition interact, as current moods and emotions can influence thoughts, memories, and judgments. Feelings shape thoughts and thoughts shape feelings in social cognition.
The document discusses several perspectives on personality and behavior:
- Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by social influences and a striving for superiority rather than just sex and aggression. He also believed people have significant responsibility for who they become.
- Adler asserted that both genders are capable of "masculine protest" as children but what they protest is shaped by societal expectations of gender roles.
- Horney developed the concept of "basic anxiety" which results from unsatisfied childhood needs for love and affection and a sense of hostility toward parents. She believed this drives the development of protective strategies and neurotic needs in personality.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and the treatment of mental disorders. It defines abnormal psychology as the scientific study of mental disorders, their classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Mental disorders are categorized according to diagnostic manuals like the DSM-IV which classify disorders and describe symptoms. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, biomedical therapies like medication and ECT, and hospitalization.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition and social influence from a social psychology course, including:
1) Social thinking and perception involves how people form impressions of and make inferences about others based on verbal and nonverbal cues. Schemas, scripts, and stereotypes influence these automatic impressions.
2) Attribution theory examines how people make causal explanations for events and behaviors. People tend to make internal attributions over external ones due to biases like the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias.
3) Social influence and persuasion concepts include priming, framing effects, and biases like self-serving bias that influence how people interpret behaviors and events.
Social comparison theory proposes that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves in relation to others. There are two types of social comparison: upward comparison, where one compares themselves to those better off to seek improvement, and downward comparison, where one compares themselves to those worse off to feel better about their own abilities. The theory suggests that people use social comparison to accurately assess their skills, abilities, beliefs, and attitudes by comparing themselves to similar peers or reference groups.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
The document discusses several theories of environmental psychology and human-environment interactions. It describes Roger Barker's ecological theory which found that social settings influence behavior. It also summarizes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory which arranges human needs in a pyramid from lowest physiological needs to highest growth needs of self-actualization. Stimulation theories are also mentioned, which view the environment as a source of sensory information that humans adapt to or seek optimal levels of.
This document discusses defining and categorizing abnormal psychology. It addresses questions about distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior, how abnormal behaviors are classified and diagnosed, and how they can be understood and treated. Key points include defining abnormality based on statistical deviation, personal discomfort, maladaptiveness, or norm violation. Causes of abnormality may be biological like genetics, psychological like traumatic experiences, or sociocultural like problems in relationships. A biopsychosocial perspective recognizes interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. The diathesis-stress model proposes people are born with a predisposition that makes them vulnerable to disorders in stressful life situations.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
Explains the process by which we receive, interpret, analyze, remember and use information about the social world. Also attempts to explain the process of attribution and common errors we often commit in social perception.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
1. Social psychology emerged as a new discipline in the 19th century and studies how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others in social situations.
2. Key figures in the early development of social psychology include Wilhelm Wundt, who published some of the first works on social psychology, and Edward Ross and William McDougall, who published early social psychology textbooks.
3. Social psychology expanded in topics studied from the 1940s-1980s, with important research conducted on attitudes and persuasion, prejudice, obedience, bystander intervention, gender disparities, and social cognition.
The document defines aggression and discusses factors that can lead to aggressive behavior, including personal, situational, and social factors. It then outlines several strategies that can be used to reduce aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, cognitive interventions like apologies, exposure to non-aggressive social models, training in social skills, and using incompatible responses to generate emotions like laughter that are incompatible with anger.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
The document provides an overview of an introductory social psychology lecture. It covers key topics such as social cognition including attitudes and attributions; social influence including conformity and obedience; and social relationships including prejudice, aggression, and altruism. Video examples and classic studies are discussed to illustrate important concepts and findings in social psychology.
The document discusses personality development and defines it as a process of enhancing one's personality to gain confidence and self-esteem. It notes that not knowing yourself can lead to confusion, while self-knowledge provides wisdom for better decision-making and relationships. Personality is shaped by heredity, environment, and situations, and involves traits like openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Maintaining a positive self-concept with a healthy self-image and ideal self is important for well-being.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think about, influence, and interact with others. It involves topics such as social cognition, attitudes, cognitive dissonance, persuasion, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, relationships, and attachment styles. Key concepts include that attitudes influence but don't always predict behavior, cognitive dissonance is the discomfort from inconsistent cognitions and behaviors, and stereotypes involve overgeneralized beliefs about social groups that can influence information processing and memory.
This document provides an overview of behavioral science and concepts related to self-knowledge. It discusses:
1) Behavioral science as the study of human habits, actions, and intentions using knowledge from sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
2) Key concepts in behavioral science like self-concept, self-esteem, identity, and role performance that influence human behavior.
3) Models for understanding self-knowledge like Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and the Johari Window model of self-awareness.
The document discusses several concepts related to how people develop their sense of self and self-knowledge. It explores how social influences like the roles we play, social comparisons, and others' judgments shape our self-concept. It also examines how experiences of success and failure impact self-esteem. Additionally, the document notes that people have limited insight into why they behave as they do and tend to mispredict their own emotions and behaviors. Overall, the document analyzes how the interplay between our internal sense of self and external social worlds determines our self-perceptions.
Personality development vocational courseDrMehaSanghvi
- The document discusses the concept of personality, defining it as characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.
- It explores several aspects of personality, including the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), different theories about how personality develops over time, and types of personalities.
- Key points covered are the importance of traits and consistency in defining personality, as well as biological and environmental influences on an individual's distinctive character.
This document discusses human relations and its importance in nursing. Human relations refers to the relationships between people, including nurse-patient relationships, nurse-health team relationships, and nurse-community relationships. It involves communication, self-awareness, trust, and conflict resolution. Understanding human relations is important for providing quality patient care through collaborative relationships among nurses and other healthcare professionals.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Some key points covered in the document include:
1. Social psychology examines how we think about ourselves and others, how we act in social situations, and how our attitudes and actions shape the social world.
2. Both personal factors like introspection, self-awareness, and behaviors as well as social factors like social comparison, influence our self-concept and how we present ourselves to others through impression management and self-monitoring.
3. Maintaining a positive self-concept involves self-serving biases, beliefs, comparisons and behaviors that make us feel good
Personality traits are enduring patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that make up a person's
unique psychological makeup. They are relatively
stable over time and across situations, and they
influence how people interact with the world around
them.
The document discusses human behavior and victimology. It begins by defining behavior and outlining the nature and concepts of human behavior. It then discusses what psychology is and provides classifications of behavior such as overt and covert acts. It also discusses what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior. The document outlines various factors and determinants that affect human behavior, including biological, psychological, physiological and sociological factors. It discusses motivation of human behavior in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Finally, it discusses several personality dimensions and approaches that affect human behavior.
The document discusses the concepts of attitude and behavior. It defines attitude as how a person thinks or feels about someone or something, shaped by experiences and environment. Behavior is defined as a person's observable actions and reactions towards others or the environment. While attitude reflects one's thoughts and feelings, behavior reflects what actions are done. Attitude influences behavior through social norms and pressures. Changing attitude requires looking for positives and changing perspectives, while changing behavior involves setting goals and getting support from others to maintain changes. Overall, a person's behaviors demonstrate their attitudes formed from life experiences.
The document discusses self-development and self-concept. Self-development is discovering one's potentials and capabilities through experience and environment. Self-concept refers to one's self-awareness and perceptions of personality, values, and behavior. A person's self-concept is learned from social interactions, organized in their mind, and dynamic as it changes with experiences over time. Having a clear self-concept provides benefits like happiness, better decision making, and understanding of others.
speech 104 - extra credit powerpoint assignmentTinkerbellDA
There are two types of decision making: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary decisions involve cognitive thinking about alternatives and consequences, while involuntary decisions are automatic responses without conscious thought. When making voluntary decisions, people consider situation factors, goals, people involved, and outcomes. However, voluntary decisions can be influenced by credible sources, authority figures, peers, and interpersonal needs like affection, inclusion, and control. There are also four decision making styles - Bull, Eagle, Bloodhound, and Bee - and four work styles - Driver, Expressive, Amiable, and Analytical - that impact how people make decisions.
speech 104 - extra credit powerpoint assignmentTinkerbellDA
There are two types of decision making: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary decisions involve cognitive thinking and considering various factors and alternatives. They can be influenced by credible sources, authority figures, peers, and interpersonal needs. Involuntary decisions are automatic responses based on habits and repetition formed through learning. There are also different decision making styles (Bull, Eagle, Bloodhound, Bee) and work styles (Driver, Expressive, Amiable, Analytical) that influence how people make decisions.
speech 104 - extra credit powerpoint assignmentTinkerbellDA
There are two types of decision making: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary decisions involve cognitive thinking and considering various factors and alternatives. They can be influenced by credible sources, authority figures, peers, and interpersonal needs. Involuntary decisions are automatic responses based on habits and repetition formed through learning. There are also different decision making styles (Bull, Eagle, Bloodhound, Bee) and work styles (Driver, Expressive, Amiable, Analytical) that influence how people make decisions.
speech 104 - extra credit powerpoint assignmentTinkerbellDA
There are two types of decision making: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary decisions involve cognitive thinking and considering various factors and alternatives. They can be influenced by credible sources, authority figures, peers, and interpersonal needs. Involuntary decisions are automatic responses based on habits and repetition formed through learning. There are also different decision making styles (Bull, Eagle, Bloodhound, Bee) and work styles (Driver, Expressive, Amiable, Analytical) that influence how people make decisions.
This document discusses self-awareness, perception, communication, and cognition. It defines key terms like perception, self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem. It explains that perception shapes how we interpret communication and how our communication influences our perceptions. It also discusses how self-concept and self-esteem develop based on our communication with others, group associations, assumed roles, and self-labels. Factors like culture, experiences, and roles can influence our perceptions of ourselves and others.
Personality is defined as the unique characteristics that make up an individual, including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. An individual's personality is determined by heredity, environment, and situations. Self-awareness involves understanding one's own personality traits, motivations, and how these impact interactions with others. Gaining self-awareness can be achieved through self-analysis, self-disclosure, and experiencing diverse situations. Core personality traits include extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and openness. Developing a positive personality involves traits like accepting responsibility, choosing words carefully, and practicing empathy. Generating good ideas is important, and ideas should be treated with care, respect, and protected
Similaire à Social perception-Social Psychology (20)
This document discusses attitudes and how they can be measured. It defines attitude as a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward an object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are influenced by experience and upbringing. While enduring, attitudes can also change over time. Several methods for measuring attitudes are described, including Likert scales, semantic differential scales, Bogardus social distance scales, and Thurstone scales. These scales aim to quantify attitudes in a standardized way and provide insights into people's feelings, beliefs, and level of acceptance toward various topics.
Interference theory of Memory-Cognitive PsychologyQuratulaintahir1
This document discusses interference theory as an explanation for forgetting in long-term memory. It describes two types of interference - retroactive interference, where new learning interferes with older memories, and proactive interference, where older memories interfere with new learning. Examples are given, such as having difficulty remembering a new phone number due to interference from the old number. The role of the frontal cortex in proactive interference is also discussed. Studies on alcoholic patients and release from proactive interference are summarized. Experiments on short-term memory duration and the serial position curve are briefly described.
This circuit was designed to detect intruders in homes and businesses by producing an alarm sound. It uses an infrared sensor to detect obstacles and triggers an alarm. When an intruder passes in front of the IR sensor, it generates a signal that is sent to a speaker to alert the user. The circuit works by using an op-amp comparator and 555 timer chip to produce an audible alarm whenever the IR sensor detects an intruder. This simple, low-cost circuit provides intruder detection and helps improve security.
This document discusses several methods for measuring attitudes, including Thurstone scales, Likert scales, and Guttman scales. It provides details on how each scale is constructed and used, including collecting statements, having judges sort statements, selecting statements for the final scale, and analyzing results. The key aspects covered include:
- Thurstone scales use equal intervals and judges sort statements independently
- Likert scales use a symmetric agree-disagree scale for statement items
- Guttman scales have a cumulative pattern where respondents who agree with later items also agree with previous items
- Advantages and limitations of each approach are presented
This document provides biographical information about key figures in the development of evolutionary theory, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Herbert Spencer, and Charles Darwin. It discusses Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and use and disuse. It describes Spencer's contributions to social Darwinism and his application of evolution by natural selection to sociology and economics. It also summarizes Darwin's life, work developing the theory of evolution by natural selection, and the impact of his ideas on science, society, and religion.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. It focuses only on observable behaviors and their relationship to environmental stimuli. The two major types of conditioning are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to increase or decrease their frequency. B.F. Skinner significantly expanded on operant conditioning principles through his research. Behaviorism provided a scientific framework for psychology but was later criticized for ignoring internal mental states.
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand without knowledge or reason. The document discusses the definition and nature of prejudice, its components including affective, behavioral, and cognitive aspects, and common types such as racism, sexism, ageism, etc. It provides examples and discusses theories of prejudice formation. Research on reducing prejudice through education, mass media, and equal status contact is examined. Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination is explained.
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2. Outline
👉 Self concept
👉 Social perception
👉 Judging our social worlds
👉 Social Beliefs
👉 Our exceptions from our social worlds
👉 What our social world expect from us?
3. Self Concept
● The self-concept is a general term used to refer to how
someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives
themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept
of oneself.
● Self-concept is generally thought of as our individual
perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique
characteristics—a mental picture of who you are as a
person.
4. ● For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I
am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept.
● Our self-concept is important because it influences how we
think, feel, and act in everyday organizational life. The
self-concept is, of course, only one of many factors that
affect managerial thinking, feeling, and behavior, but it is
undoubtedly one of the most powerful influences on many
important behaviors.
6. Self knowledge
● Self-knowledge is a component of the self or, more
accurately, the self-concept.
● It is the knowledge of oneself and one's properties and
the desire to seek such knowledge that guide the
development of the self-concept.
● Self-knowledge informs us of our mental representations
of ourselves, which contain attributes that we uniquely
pair with ourselves, and theories on whether these
attributes are stable or dynamic.
7. Social Self
● Social self refers to how we perceive ourselves in
relation to others. It involves relationship building,
empathizing, and communicating. A healthy, or not so
healthy, social self will also impact your overall
mental wellbeing and ability to meet life goals.
8. Self Esteem
● Self-esteem (also known as self-worth) refers to the
extent to which we like, accept or approve of
ourselves, or how much we value ourselves.
● Self-esteem always involves a degree of evaluation
and we may have either a positive or a negative view
of ourselves.
9. High self-esteem(we have a positive view of ourselves)
This tends to lead to
● Confidence in our own abilities
● Self-acceptance
● Not worrying about what others think
● Optimism
Low self-esteem(we have a negative view of ourselves)
This tends to lead to
● Lack of confidence
● Want to be/look like someone else
● Always worrying what others might think
● Pessimism
11. Social perception
● Social perception (or person perception) is the study of how
people form impressions of and make inferences about other
people as sovereign personalities.
● Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social
cues to make judgments about social roles, rules,
relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g.,
trustworthiness) of others.
● For example, if you are at wedding, and see everyone is
smiling. Feeling happy in the celebration of wedding is your
perception.
12. Our understanding of society
● One of the key ways people can understand society and social
change is to apply this sociological imagination. This involves
something called making the familiar strange, or questioning
and critiquing the world around us.Basically sociological
imagination is the key to our social perception.
● Sociological imagination:The application of imaginative
thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions.
Someone using the sociological imagination "thinks himself
away" from the familiar routines of daily life.
13. Behavior and attitude of society
● Attitude is a way of feeling or acting toward a person,
thing or situation.
● Attitudes and behaviors play an important role when it
comes to social perception.
● Attitudes are not strongly predictive of behavior by
themselves, they have been found to be important when
used with other personal and situational variables.
Attitudes not only affect actions, they also influence
perceptions and the interpretation of actual events”.
14. Culture and norms
● Our social perception is greatly influenced by the
norms and culture of our society.
● Norms are the agreed‐upon expectations and rules by
which a culture guides the behavior of its members in
any given situation.Of course, norms vary widely
across cultural groups.Americans, for instance,
maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing
with others.Asians, on the other hand, may avert their
eyes as a sign of politeness and respect.
15. Judging our social worlds
➡️ Initutive Judgments
➡️ Over-confidence
➡️ Mood and judgments
16. Judging our social worlds
● We judge our society on the basis of our social
perception.our judgement highly depends upon
how we percieve about our culture norms
behaviors etc. It is greatly dependent on our social
perception.
● Similarly our social perception depends upon the
society around us.
17. Initutive Judgments
We seem to think and make decisions using a dual track
system.
● Controlled Processing: “Explicit” thinking that is
deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
Remembering facts
● Automatic Processing: “Implicit” thinking that is
effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly
corresponds to “intuition”.
Schemas, Emotional reactions, Expertise People without an
ability to create new explicit memories can “learn” implicit
skills.
18. Over-confidence
● The tendency to be more confident than correct to
overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is widely
known as overconfidence phenomenon.
● People with such traits show more confidence while they
may be wrong most of the time. And another effect that
is conformation bias, i.e. the tendency of finding logics
and information that confirms pre concepts can be found.
19. Over-confidence
● The tendency to be more confident than correct to
overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is widely
known as overconfidence phenomenon.
● People with such traits show more confidence while
they may be wrong most of the time. And another
effect that is conformation bias, i.e. the tendency of
finding logics and information that confirms pre
concepts can be found.
20. Remedies for Overconfidence
The following three techniques are thought by the professionals of
this field to reduce the intensity of overconfidence.
● Feedback, many of us get feedbacks almost on a daily basis.
Listening to them may be helpful.
● To reduce “planning fallacy” overconfidence, people can be
asked to unpack a task, to break it down into its subcomponents.
● When people think about why an idea might be true, it begins to
seem true. Thus, a third way to reduce overconfidence is to get
people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be
wrong; that is, force them to consider disconfirming information.
21. Mood and judgments
● Social judgment involves efficient, though fallible, information
processing. It also involves our feelings: Our moods infuse our
judgments.
● We are not cool computing machines; we are emotional creatures.
● Unhappy people especially those bereaved or depressed tend to
be more self-focused and brooding.
● A depressed mood motivates intense thinking a search for
information that makes one’s environment more understandable
and controllable.
● Happy people, by contrast, are more trusting, more loving, more
responsive.
23. Social Beliefs
● Social beliefs are the beliefs by which groups in a
community identify themselves.
● Social beliefs are sets of ideals and worldviews: They
are coherent from inside, they appear to be true once
they are accepted, and they seem to be wrong once
they are dismissed.
24. Customs
● A custom is defined as a cultural idea that describes a
regular, patterned behavior that is considered
characteristic of life in a social system.
● Shaking hands, bowing, and kissing—all customs—are
methods of greeting people. The method most
commonly used in a given society helps distinguish
one culture from another.
25. Tradition
● A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed
down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or
special significance with origins in the past (peer presser
from dead people).
● Tradition is a custom or belief that is passed down
through the generations or that is done time after time or
year after year.
● An example of a tradition is eating turkey on
Thanksgiving or putting up a tree on Christmas.
26. Belief perseverance
● Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, as when the
basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation
of why the belief might be true survives.
● Children do eventually stop believing in Santa Claus,
but….sometimes they hold out.
● Explains why even an accusation of a crime can ruin a
reputation.
27. Our Expectations from our social worlds
➡️ Our roles in society
➡️ Our behavior and attitude in society
➡️ Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
28. Our Expectations from our social worlds
● Social expectations are ideas that we have of how
someone in our social surroundings will behave in the
future or in a specific situation. When we generate an
impression of someone, these expectations are
associated with the image we generate. This helps us
imagine how we have to behave or act around them and
to predict their behavior.
29. ● Behavioral expectations greatly influence our own
behavior. We don’t treat everyone alike, just as we don’t
treat the same person the same way in every situation.
We can see this in many everyday situations.
30. Our behavior and attitude in society
● Behavior and attitude of the society towards us and
our's towards them play an important role in our
social perception.if we ourselves play a good part
in society,we will definitely perceive that the
society would also be good towards us and vice
versa.
31. Our role in society
● Our role in society predicts our expectations from our
social world. it highly depends upon how we
perceive ourselves in the society while doing our
specific jobs assigned to us by the standards of
society.
● For example, if a person is a teacher and thinks of
himself as a good teacher who is doing his job
diligently and punctually, surely he will expect to get
appreciation from the overall society.
32. Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
● Our behavior and attitude effect our social perception.this
is because we refer to the society depending on our own
actions.
● For example, if a person acts more like a boss ,the people
around him will say "he always gets things his way", as a
result, people will less likely interact with him/her. Hence
the overall effect of the person's attitudes will be, the he
will get deserted in most of the places. people will not
support him that much.
33. What our social world expect from us?
➡️ Role of society
➡️ Behavior and attitude in society
➡️ Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
34. What our social world expect from us?
● Social expectation is an internalized social norm for
society, about what people should do. ... It is a general
societal climate where people's imagined reference
groups or communities affect their behaviours.
● Each social situation entails its own particular set of
expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Social
roles are the part people play as members of a social
group.
35. ● For example, girls and women are generally expected
to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite,
accommodating, Men are generally expected to be
strong, aggressive, and bold. Every society, ethnic
group, and culture has gender role expectations, but
they can be very different from group to group.
36. Role in society
● We and our actions are judged and perceived according to the
set standards of our society and the characteristics role that
we are playing as a member of society.
● For example, when someone says the word (Maulvi) the
image comes to our mind is usually of an old or middle aged
man having a bead, wearing a white dress and a turbon or a
cap on head. And we perceive expect from him to be honest,
religius, honourable, kind and knowledgeable. Hence the
perception comes automatically beacuse of his role in society.
37. Behavior and attitude in society
● Society is the makeup of our generation today.
everyone's behavior and physical appearance is
predictable.
● In society there are many exception you need to dress a
certain way act a certain way, look in a certain and even
like certain things.
● Society expect everybody to be perfect on to be same
and look the same.
● Sometimes people actually may alter their attitudes and
behaviours in order to fullfil society demands.
38. Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
● Our attitude and behaviour can negatively and
positively effect on society .as a member of society
it's our responsibility to maintain norms and
behaviour of society.
● social norms are the rules and behaviours that are
considered acceptable in a society. Society expect us
to be the good person to perform our duties perfectly
and to be cooperative in each situation.
39. ● Some behaviours which are unexpectable in our
society are aggressive and abusive behaviour it affect
negatively in our society. The individual who have
unexpectable behaviour have a bad social
perception...
40. Article
Why do some parents say “no” to polio drops?
Perception among local Afghan residents Towards polio
vaccine.
41. Abstract
Introduction:
The delivery of oral vaccine to children has almost eradicated polio
around the world. However, it is still proving to be a challenge in some
countries. In Afghanistan some caregivers are still reluctant to accept
drops for their children.
To better understand the root cause, the researchers from UNICEF and
Harvard School of public health designed a survey of Afghanistan
caregivers to understand the knowledge and attitudes and experiences
that underline caregiver’s decision and show how surveys can inform the
elimination of disease.
42. Research method:
● Researchers designed a survey of caregivers of children
under 5 years of age in the local districts where, there
seemed to be a continuous reluctance and an increase in
polio cases.
● The survey was limited to 15 participants from every
district. The houses were chosen randomly.
43. Interviewing methodology:
● Face to face interviews were conducted with the samples
of caregivers from each district.
● Local language “Pashto” was carried out for the interview
by an interviewer of same gender as the candidate.
● The questionnaire had 55 questions that covered the
intention of caregiver towards accepting or rejecting the
polio vaccine for their child.
● The survey analyzed 4 possible threats based on the
perception of the candidates.
44. Perception of candidates about polio vaccine:
● Based on their views, candidates were classified into different
groups based on there perceptional views.
Number 1:
● Caregivers who were not very much concerned about polio,
thought of it as not something “serious”
● They just precepted it as some simple disease, not knowing that
it can cause permanent paralysis.
● Hence lack of knowledge lead to the perception that its not
something to be so concerned about.
45. Number 2:
● Rumors about the polio vaccine also hampers vaccination effort.
● The three major rumors in the communities were;
● That the drops themselves are very likely to cause polio. People precepted
the vaccine to be a cause of virus, while totally denying the fact that it can
spread through water, garbage, food etc.
● Some also believed that the vaccine contains HIV/AIDS virus thus leading
to mistrust as a cause of rejection.
● There were also rumors such as the vaccine was not halal, that it was made
using urine and blood.
● Hence all these rumors led to the perception among the people that polio
vaccine should be avoided.
46. Number 3:
● Lack of trust on the organizations behind the vaccination
campaign as well as the vaccinators and most importantly
the perception that vaccinators don’t actually a great deal
about their children.
Number 4:
● Also, the lack of support from the prominent community
members of the society was also a cause to lack of
commitment towards the vaccine.
47. Conclusion:
● The survey highlighted first and foremost, that perception of
people regarding trust is a critical factor in polio vaccine
acceptance.
● Trust maybe built when local organizations take a lead in polio
campaigns.
● The vaccinators should receive training that can make the people
change their perception towards the vaccination efforts and can
create a better image overall.
● Lack of knowledge and not fully understanding the facts and
disease make them perceive false ideas and create less acceptance.
48. References:
● McLeod, Saul. “Self Concept.” Simply Psychology, 2008.
● https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
● Social psychology 13 edition,Robert A Baron , Nyla R.Branscombe
● Myers, G, D., & Teenage M, J.,((2015) social psychology Vol 12.
mcGraw-Hill Education
● Aronson, Elliot; Wilson, Timothy D.; Akert, Robin M. (2010). Social
Psychology Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education, Inc. pp. 83–115. ISBN 0-13-814478-8.
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_perception