Presented at 2016 International Conference on Pulses for Health Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Lands.
The Conference is from April 18-20, 2016 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and being organized by ICARDA, INRA (Morocco) and IFAD in partnership with FAO, OCP Foundation and CRP Grain Legumes.
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Global pulses consumption, production and trade scenario: Trends and Outlook
1. Global Pulse Scenario: Consumption, Production and Trade
P K Joshi and P Parthasarthy Rao
South Asia Regional Office
International Food Policy Research Institute
E-mail: p.joshi@cigar.org; Web: www.ifpri-org
International Conference on
“Pulses for Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Drylands”
Marrakech, Morocco, April 18-20, 2016
2. Outline
Pulse consumption, demand and production
Regional patterns of pulses production
Global trade and prices of pulses
Global future outlook for pulses
Conclusions and way forward
3. Consumption and utilization of pulses
0
20
40
60
80
100
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Food(%)
World Developed Developing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Feed(%)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Percapitafood
World Developed Developing
• Global demand for pulses is increasing
• Around 70 m t in 2011-13 compared to 42 m t in
1980-81
• But per capita consumption declined (10 kg in
1961 to 6.5 kg in 2011); slow rise in recent years
• Diverse uses for food & feed
• Developing countries 80% as food
• Developed countries <40% as food
4. An illustration from India: pulse utilization
Direct food 13.8 m t (69%)
Value added products 4.0 m t (20%)
Seed 1.4 m t (7%)
Miscellaneous 0.8 m t (4%)
5. Drivers of household consumption: role of demand elasticities
Consumer Income Price Overall
All 0.206 -0.456 -0.250
Poor 0.500 -0.699 -0.199
Rich 0.098 -0.345 -0.250
Price elasticity is more than
income elasticity
Net elasticity is -0.250
Poor are more sensitive to
these elasticities
Pe= -0.666 and Ie= 0.500
Consumption will be stabilized
if income increase is more than
price increase
6. Pulses production and area
Roughly 72 m t of pulses are produced from about 80 m ha
It was 45 mt from 64 m ha area in 1981-83
Global pulses production during 1980s increased impressively (3.7%); stagnated
(0.1%) during 1990s; and picked-up (2.2%) during 2000s.
Yield gains was the main source of production
increase during 1980s (62%) but area during 2000 (63%)
Yields were increasing in developed countries,
while area in developing countries
Share of Europe and Latin America is declining
Pulses finding new niches in North America,
Oceania and many African countries
7. Area and production of pulses
0.1
33.7
9.3
14.1
2.9
3.7
1.2
20.9
5.1 6.2
2.8
0.3
31.9
5.8
16.8
8.9
6.5
1.5
14.6
6.2
6.3
1.2
Bambara beans
Beans, dry
Broad beans, horse
beans, dry
Chick peas
Cow peas, dry
Lentils
Lupins
Peas, dry
• Five pulses contribute about 80% of pulses production
• Dry beans tops the list
(32%) followed by chickpea
(17%) dry peas (14.6%);
Cowpea (9%) and lentils (6%)
• Share of cowpea and lentil
increased from 6 to 15%
• Chickpea share marginally
increased but dry beans
declined
1981-83 2011-13
8. Yield of pulses versus cereals (kg/ha)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
Yield(kg/ha)
Cereals Pulses
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
Yield(kg/ha)
Developed cereals Developing cereals
Developed pulses Developing pulses
• Global cereals yields increased rapidly
• 1500 kg/ha in 1961 to 4000 kg/ha in 2013
• Pulse yields barely doubled from 550 kg/ha to
1000 kg/ha
• Cereal yields increased significantly both in
developed and developing countries
• Pulse yields increased mainly in developed
countries until mid 1990s and thereafter
stagnated
• In developing countries pulse yields were
stagnant throughout and increased marginally
only from mid 2005
9. Yield of all pulses in different countries, 2011-13
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Canada
UnitedStatesofAmerica
China
Turkey
Ethiopia
RussianFederation
Australia
Myanmar
Brazil
Nigeria
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
UnitedRepublicofTanzania
Mexico
India
Pakistan
Kenya
Uganda
BurkinaFaso
Mozambique
Niger
Yield(kg/ha)
Global average yield of all pulses
is around 900 kg/ha
Dry peas has highest yields, 1.65 t/ha
Average yields of developed
countries was > 1.2 t/ha
Canada > 2 t/ha; US near 2 t/ha
Developing countries average
yield was <1 t/ha
Myanmar and Ethiopia are exception
Most of the African and S Asian
countries yields are < 500 kg/ha
10. India: yield gaps between existing and potential (kg/ha)
Source: Singh, NP and Saxena, MC. 2016. Towards self-sufficiency of pulses in India, Base paper for NAAS Brainstorming workshop on 8 April 2016
596
432
797 792
1014
890
843
1047
1433 1435
1300
1400 1400
1800 1800
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Blackgram Greengram lentil Pigeonpea Chickpea
Yield gaps in pulses
Existing Demonstration Potential
High yield gaps ranging from
75% in lentil to 224% in green
gram
Causes of high yield gaps
Poor quality of seed
Poor management practices
Bridge Yield gap I
Chickpea production will
increase by 4.3 mt; and pigeon
pea by 2.4 mt
Little efforts will take pulse
production to 26-27 mt
11. Changing regional patterns in pulses production
Asia & Africa share about 70% of all pulses; showing rising trends
Africa is showing fastest growth in pulses production (4.6%)
Chickpea and pigeon pea in East Africa and Cowpea in West Africa
Southeast Asia is emerging fastest growing region in pulses (7.4%)
Dry beans, chickpea and pigeon pea are gaining importance
Chickpea and pigeon pea showing increasing trends in South Asia
Among developed regions, North America led by Canada and
Oceania are showing rising trends (4.1%)
Lentils in Canada and Chickpea and lentils in Oceania
12. Growing importance of pulses in many countries
- especially more vulnerable population
8.4 9.1
14
10
11.7
6.8
21.8
12.5
6.6
10.3
14.8
17.7 18.3
20.6
21.6
26.6
30.6
36.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Nigeria Tanzania India Uganda Burkina FasoMozambique Kenya Nigeria Myanmar
Share of pulse area in arable land, %
1980-82 2011-13
13. Region-wise self-sufficiency in pulses
0.96
2.27
3.03
1.56
0.89 0.93 1.02 0.93
0.72 0.81
1.02
1.24
1.55
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Self-sufficiency ratio At aggregate level, Developed
countries have surplus while deficit
in developing countries
Northern America has very surplus, while
Asia has high deficit
Self-sufficiency is increasing in
developed countries and further
declining in developing countries
West and South Asia are highly
deficit in pulses
Self-sufficiency is declining fast over the
years
14. Pulse trade: changing patterns
Global pulse trade is about 12 million tons; it
was 3 m t in 1980-82 and 6.5 m t in 1990-92
It is about 18% of total pulse production
Developed countries shares 65% of all exports
Developing countries shares 82% of all imports; South
Asia shares about 40% of imports
Exports zooming from North America from
1990s led by Canada
Canada, Myanmar, USA, Australia and China account
for 75% of all exports
India is largest importing country (3-4 m t)
India, China, BD, Pakistan and Egypt account about
62% of all imports
0
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300
400
500
600
19801983198619891992199519982001200420072010
Exports
0
100
200
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400
500
600
19801983198619891992199519982001200420072010
Imports
World (Pulses) Developed (Pulses)
Developing (Pulses) World (Cereals)
Developed (Cereals) Developing (Cereals)
Exports
Imports
17. Pulse prices
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Producerprices(US$/tonne)
Canada Spain
Russian Federation United Kingdom
United States of America
Dry peas
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Beans, dry Broad beans, horse beans, dry
Chick peas Lentils
Peas, dry Pulses (Total)
Stage I: 1961-71 almost stagnated
Stage II: 1971-85 increasing; peak for chickpea in 1979-80 & most pulses in 1981
Stage III: 1985-03 volatile; peak for chickpea in 1995
Stage IV: 2003 onward rising trend with peak in 2008
Dry peas: Lower prices than other pulses; with peak in 2008 and then rising
18. Future pulse outlook (Source: Clancey 2009; Kumar et al 2009; Rao et al 2010)
Global pulse consumption may grow by 10% in coming decade and 23% by 2030;
more rapidly in Africa and Asia
Pulse consumption in Africa may rise 27% in next decade and 50% by 2030
In Asia, pulses consumption would increase by 12% in 2020 and by 24% in 2030
Yields to increase more than 1.5 times; not easy task
Or additional area under pulses to 6 m ha by 2020 and 10 m ha by 2030
Prices of pulses will increase
Rising demand
Non-availability of high-yielding technologies
Trade may increase; developing countries to import more
Shift in consumption towards value added products
More private sector participation
19. Conclusions and way forward
Demand for pulses is growing but
supply constraints will lead to rise in
prices and increase trade
Pulses production and trade scenario
in changing
New countries are producing pulses and
exporting to deficit countries
Global level
Increase funding for pulse research
Incentives for improved technologies to
public as well as private sector
Liberalize pulse trade
National level
Bridge yield gaps to increase domestic
production
Improve pulse value chains to benefit
producers and consumers
Attract private sector in pulses
production, processing and marketing
Promote innovative institutions for scale
20. International Year of Pulses- 2016
Commit ensuring pulses to poor at affordable prices
Thank you