本投影片為協作資訊尋求系統（Collaborative Information Seeking Systems）之文獻回顧。目的在於檢視近十年協作資訊尋求系統之相關研究，梳理系統的研究方向與發展，了解目前系統的設計概念與運作方式。協作資訊尋求系統的研究主要分為兩個方向發展：系統中介（System-mediated）或演算法中介（Algorithmically-mediated），以系統背後的演算法支持協作；以及使用者中介（User-mediated）或介面中介（Interface-mediated），透過介面設計支持使用者協作。此外，本報告亦討論協作資訊系統需要注重的因素，以及發展上的議題，最後統整對於未來發展方向上的建議。

1. 協作資訊尋求系統
Collaborative Information Seeking
Systems
James Chuang
2016.12.28

2. 報告大綱
一.緒論
二.協作資訊尋求
三.協作資訊尋求系統
四.系統議題
五.結論

3. 緒論

4. 緒論
 人們不只一同創造與分析資訊，很多時候也
會一同參與尋求資訊的過程。(Shah, 2012)
 資訊科學領域對資訊行為的研究，歷來主要
是以「個人」為探討與焦點。(謝珍妮，2010）
 資訊科技的進步，以科技協助協作。

5. 二、協作資訊尋求

6. 協作之定義
 London (1995) 認為協作簡單而言就是互相促
進地一起工作。
 Gray(1989) 認為協作是一個問題範圍之中的
一群利害關係人，他們共同進行決策的過程。
 Roberts與Bradley (1991) 協作是一個分享變
化目的的互動過程。

7. 合作與協作 (Austin & Baldwin, 1991; Panitz, 1996)
Cooperation
 指透過訂定規則來幫
助人們相互交流，以
完成特定目標或開發
擁有具體內容成果。
 每個人事先建立各自
想要獲取的利益，最
後達成各自的目標。
Collaboration
 在團隊與他人進行關
係上的聯結，彼此尊
重差異與分享知識。
 強調團隊活動中的權
力分配與責任分擔，
同時成員間有著共同
定義達成的目標。

8. 合作的層次 (Shah, 2014)
Communication
Contribution
Coordination
Cooperation
Collaboration

9. 以資訊密集性任務舉例 (Shah, 2014)
動作模式 定義(資訊任務中) 舉例
Communication 兩個人之間交換資訊 電子郵件、聊天
Contribution
將個人的資訊提供給
其他人
線上社群、Q&A、
Yahoo 知 識 + 、
LineQ
Coordination
在一般的場合下連結
不同人的想法
會議、線上視訊會議
Cooperation
所有人遵循互動的規
則
維基百科
Collaboration
一同工作並且完成一
個有共識的目標
腦力激盪、共同作者

10. 協作資訊尋求
Collaborative Information Seeking
Shah, C. (2012). Collaborative information seeking: The art and science of making the whole greater than the sum
of all (The Information Retrieval Series) (p. 185). Berlin, Germany: Springer

11. 協作資訊尋求之定義
 Foster (2006) 在資訊科學與技術年度評論
(ARIST)認為協作資訊尋求是研究個人和他人
合作資訊的尋求、搜尋，和檢索時，所利用
的系統與過程。
 協作資訊尋求是一個資訊尋求的過程。由明
確的參與者、互動與內在利益所組成，同時
包含資訊分享，進而使在小組中的成員對於
獲取資訊有一致的共識。
(Karamuftuoglu, 1998; Shah, 2009)
 協作資訊尋求是藉由不同小組人員的參與，
加上彼此擁有不同的技能與角色，進而在內
外部的互動之下獲得共同的利益。
(吳美美，2012；Shah, 2014)

12. 協作資訊尋求的相關領域

13. 協作資訊尋求之重要因素

14. 時間與空間
(Golovchinsky, Pickens, & Back, 2009; Hansen & Järvelin, 2005;
Twidale & Nichols, 1996)
協作資訊檢索（Collaborative Information Retrieval）

15. 控制、溝通與察覺
溝通
Communication
控制
Control
察覺
Awarenees

16. 察覺 Awarenees
四種與協作資訊尋求有關的察覺型態：
 團體察覺
 工作場域察覺
 情境察覺
 次要察覺
(Liechti and Sumi, 2002; Shah and Marchionini, 2010）

17. 三、協作資訊尋求系統

18. 早期的協作系統─Ariadne
（Twidale, Nichols, Smith, & Trevor, 1995）

19. 協作資訊尋求系統
 系統中介 (System-mediated) 或演算法中介
(Algorithmically-mediated)
 使用者中介 (User-mediated) 或介面中介
(Interface-mediated)
(Pickens, Golovchinsky, Shah, Qvarfordt and Back, 2008)

20. 以介面中介為主
協作資訊尋求系統

21. SearchTogether
(Morris and Horvitz, 2007）

22. SearchTogether (cont'd )
(Morris and Horvitz, 2007）

23. CoSense
(Amershi and Morris, 2008）

24. CoSense (cont'd )
(Amershi and Morris, 2008）

25. 以系統中介為主
協作資訊尋求系統

26. Cerchiamo
 FX Palo Alto 實驗室
（Golovchinsky, Adcock, Pickens, Qvarfordt, & Back, 2008）

27. Cerchiamo (cont'd )
 相關度變數𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 與新鮮度變數𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘
 𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 =
𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
 𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 =
𝑟𝑒𝑙 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
（Golovchinsky, Adcock, Pickens, Qvarfordt, & Back, 2008）

28. Cerchiamo (cont'd )
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡 =
𝐿 𝑘∈ 𝐿
𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑟𝑙𝑓 𝑡, 𝐿 𝑘
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑 =
𝐿 𝑘∈ 𝐿
𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑑, 𝐿 𝑘
Prospector
Miner

29. 與先前系統之差異

30. PERCIRS
PERsonalized and Collaborative Information
Retrieval System
Naderi, H., & Rumpler, B. (2010). PERCIRS: a system to
combine personalized and collaborative information
retrieval. Journal of Documentation, 66(4), 532-562.

31. PERCIRS (cont'd )

32. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 User community
 User profile similarity calculation (UPSC)

33. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Document similarity

34. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Equality-based UPSC
 Similarity-based UPSC

35. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Graph-based UPSC
G =(V = (X,Y), E)
 Matching
 Cardinality
 Bipartite Graph
http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/Matching.html

36. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Maximum weighted bipartite
http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/Matching.html

37. 四、系統議題

38. “協作資訊尋求系統的開發與設計
目前主要都聚焦在二個方面：
溝通與協調

39. 操作上的成本問題
 學習成本
 適應成本
 認知負荷（Cognitive load）

40. 五、建議與結論

41. 建議與結論
 了解協作者的實際需求
 保持系統的易用性
 嘗試符合使用者原有的使用習慣
 提供正確的工具
 允許隱私作業

42. Thanks!
Any questions?

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