Statement of the problem

1. Statement of the Problem
This study aims primarily to determine the Perceived Impact of Absenteeism in
Grade 12 Senior High School in Relation to the Academic Performance in Calamba
Integrated School, (School Year 2017-2018.)
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of students
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Year/Grade level?
2. What is the assess impact of absenteeism in terms of:
3.1 Failing Grade;
3.2 Low Grade;
3.3 No learning?
3. What can be the action plan that can do to less the absenteeism of the student
3.1 Write Attendance Policy;
3.2 Reward Good Attendance;
3.3 More Activities?

2. Definition of Terms
Absenteeism - The practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good
reason.
Academic Performance – Academic Achievement or (academic) performance is the
extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their short or long-term
education goals.
Perceived – Become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or
understand.
Impact – The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.
Relation – The way in which to or more concepts, objects, or people are connected; a
thing’s effect on or relevance to another.
Students – A person formally engaged in learning, specially one enrolled in a school or
college.
Family Problem – A colloquial and pejorative label by used workers in social agencies
and by the public to refer to the families who behaviour or social conditions they deem
in some respect problematic.
Poverty – The state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of
support; condition of being poor
Health Issue – A problem that affect someone’s health
Failing Grades – A grade/ mark that shows that someone’s did not pass a test or
course of study.

3. Scope and Delimitation
The purpose of this study is to provide information regarding to Perceived Impact
of Absenteeism of Grade 12 Senior High School Student in Relation to the Academic
Performance in Calamba Integrated School. The study considers student’s personal
information such as name (optional), gender, age and section
The researchers limited the study to 15 male and female secondary education
student enrolled in Calamba Integrated School, Grade 12 level. Each of respondents
was given a questionnaire to answer. The student selected came from two (2) different
sections to prevent bias and get objective perceptions.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This Study hopes to establish the understanding about Perceived Impact of
Absenteeism of students in their Academic Performance; the study could be importance
to the following;
Students- This study will help them to know that the absenteeism is a big problem that
can affect in their Academic Performance.
Teachers- This study will help them to know the reasons why their students always
absent.
Parents- This Study will help them to know what their fault why their child is always
absenting in their class.
Admin- This study will help them to know what can be suggestion to the teacher,
students and parents that experiencing the absenteeism.
Researcher- This study will help them to know what is the reasons behind of the
absenteeism of student for the researcher to know what can be suggest for them.

4. Paradigm
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Figure 1
Failing Grades students must pass all courses within the curriculum to be eligible for
graduation. When a failing grade is received, an F is recorded. The student must be re-
registered in the course before a passing grade can be earned. Each course syllabus
will state the criteria for satisfactorily repeating a course that has been failed. Student
must participate in additional learning experiences under the supervision of the course
director prior to receiving a final grade for the second attempt of a course that was
previously failed. Promotion to the next year of the curriculum is precluded until all
courses in the preceding year have been completed with a passing grade. Failing
Grades and low grade basically represent a student that does not learn or having hard
time learning or understanding what they are studying. Failing student tend to reduce
interest with studying and will have even worse grade. Lack of motivation usually is the
reason for this
 Profile of the student
a. Gender
b. Age
c. Year/Grade level
 Absenteeism
 Assess Impact
a. Failing Grade
b. Low Grade
c. No Learning

5. RELATED LITERATURE STUDIES REVIEW
'Foreign Literature
Attending school regularly is a vital factor in school success for both students and
teachers. Excessive school absenteeism is often lined to poor school
Academic achievement, so school attendance by both teachers and students plays an
integral role in the success and educational advancement levels of any academic
institution and all students enrolled.
Successful schools cannot survive without physically present students .According to
the “Excessive Absences Intervention” research study by author Linda L. Williams,
excessive absenteeism by students may result in unlearned course material from fewer
hours of instruction, and a disruption of class instruction for teachers who have to
administer remediation for the absent student when he returns to school. Excessive
absenteeism by students may additionally result in poor academic achievement
because students are not receiving instruction on a consecutive basis. This problem
also causes low standardized test scores because absent students are not present to
learn key concepts and sills that are assessed on standardized exams.
Excessive student absenteeism can lead to an increasing disinterest in school and
academics in general. According to author Jason A. choeneberger’s “Longitudinal
Attendance Patterns” study, excessive absenteeism increases the chances of a student
eventually dropping out of school, which can lead to long term consequences for these
students, such as lower average incomes, higher incidences of unemployment, and a

6. higher livelihood of incarceration. choeneberger asserts that students who drop out of
school face a higher risk" of poverty because of their inability to secure quality paying
employment due to their lack of education and resources. Dropouts who lack education
and resources are more likely to commit criminal activity leading to incarceration.
According to the Center for Comprehensive school reform and Improvement,
attendance rates effectively predicted whether a student would fail a course or not, and
Surprisingly, attendance rate trumped grade point averages in predicting whether a
student would fail a class or not. In other words, a student could perform very highly
academically, but would likely still fail if he missed too much class. Additionally, the
more a student missed school over the course of several subset/sent years of school,
the more his A declined and the further behind he became in all subjects.
Foreign Literature
Decreasing the rate of student truancy and absenteeism has been and continues to be
the goal of school districts across the nation for over a century. Amazingly, little
research focuses on what schools can do to increase and maintain students daily
attendance and even fewer studies explore how families-school-community can build a
partnership tower" together towards this goal. Corville and smith (1995) state that
despite the long

7. History of concern over student attendance, the issue has received relatively little
attention from educational researchers. Instead of focusing on student attendance,
researchers have mainly focused on students who drop out of high school before
receiving their high school diploma. Even though a great deal of research exits on
students dropping out of school more so than on truancy, research on students who
dropout points to early detection of truancy in their lives before they drop out of school.
Dropping out of school, although defined by a single event reflects a long process of
disengagement and withdrawal from schooling and educational institutions (Finn,1989,
Newman, Wehlage, & Lamborn, 1992). In order to understand and reduce the problem
of students dropping out of school researchers should first investigate the early warning
signs in student’s behavior before it escalates to students actually leaving school.
Studies of students who drop out of school shows long-term patterns of students who
may be having difficulties at home and or in school at a very early age. Research has
shown that students who eventually drop out of school are absent more often than other
students beginning as early as the first grade. As the student gets older their patterns of
being absent from school increases. So efforts to decrease students from dropping out
of high school might be better spent on identifying early warning signs of truancy at the
elementary and middle school level. It is a fact that poor attendance predicts dropping
out of school chronic absenteeism can have a negative impact on the student and
school. Students who are not in school are not learning and are not being aide/lately
prepared to be successful in school and in life. Research on truancy and absenteeism
suggests that 8students with better attendance score higher on achievement tests than
their more frequently absent peers (Lamdin,1998). If

8. Schools across the nation are being met with the challenge of making adequate yearly
progress, which is a state mandate, and then more programs need to be funded in
schools toad dress the issue of truancy. So deal with the issue of truancy at the James
P. Timinity Middle school students have been identified with five or more absences. The
identified students prior and currentstandardi0ed test scores will be reviewed. Forty-one
six, seventh and eighth grade students were identified with attendance concerns. A
conference will be held to inform students of scores and attendance concerns. A
contract will be made with the forty-one students and weekly positive rewards will be
discussed with students for coming to school every day on time. The conference will be
followed by a phone call letter to parents to tall" about the attendance concerns. $he
students attendance will be monitored on a daily basis with weekly scheduled student
check- INS to talk about attendance. Violators of the contract will be informed of
consequences of being absent from school and a yellow card will be filed which will alert
the attendance officer. In the past my buildings response to filing yellow attendance
cards has been slow, causing many students with attendance issues to go unnoticed. It
is my hope that the process can be handled expeditiously with students being monitored
and frequent phone calls home to alert and inform parents of a student’s absence from
school. Historically, schools have always held the student accountable for truant
behavior. Corville smith, (1995) and Hoyle (1998) state that Truant and chronically
absent students were considered deviants9. Frequently schools did not contact families
until the problem was so severe that the student was failing their courses. Also research
shows that he learning environment of an entire school can be affected by an individual
students attendance problem. Most schools receive funds by the population they have

9. attending school on a regular basis. If districts and school attendance rates are low,
educational programs and resources are in (jeopardy of being cut. Also, in some
locations student attendance is used as an indicator of how well a school is functioning
and requirements are set and monitored for rating (Maryland state department of
education, 1999). Studies investigating family practice have suggested that 8not all
parental involvement activities are associated with attendance Lee, 1994 for example
parent involvement that requires checking homework and reading with a child is
associated with improved report card grades, achievement scores, and subject-specific
skills (Epstein 1991; Epstein, Simon, & Salinas, 1997 Muller, 1993). their researchers
have reported that 8specific family involvement practice such as parental monitoring,
parent-child discussions, parent participation at the school PTA membership are linked
to student attendance (Astone& McLanahan,1991;Ducwork and Dejong, 1991 Lee,
1994, Mcneal,1999. research shows that some parent activities are more likely than
others to affect attendance. furthermore studies show that schools who want to increase
daily attendance need to reach out and word" with parents to encourage parental
involvement in specific ways to address this problem. Innovative schools see the need
to develop productive school-family community connections to address this growing
epidemic of truancy. Kesler SKlar and Baker (2000) reported that over 90% of the
school districts they surveyed had at least one policy supporting parental involvement9.
7pstein and her colleagues have been working with schools, school districts, and the
state department of education to develop programs of

10. School, family and community partnerships (Epstein, Coates, Salinas, Sanders, &
Simon 1997 Sanders & Epstein,2000). In conclusion, research reveals a lot of important
information about student attendance. Identifying students early on who show signs of
absenteeism is a predictor of warning signs of students dropping out. even though
truancy is a major issue in middles school and high school, perhaps students should be
identified and monitored early on in elementary school. Educators need to continue to
find innovative ways to bridge the gap between home and school to communicate with
parents the need for a strong partnership so students can find success. students need
to "now that coming to school on time every day is important. Educators, when faced
with schools that have attendance problems may need to venture out beyond the wall of
the school, into the community to involve families and work together.
Local Literature
The study showed that being absent for three days in a month strongly correlates with
poor performance. As educators, it is important to know the threshold. Drawing policies
on school intervention regarding absenteeism requires guiding information on where to
draw the line. Policies cannot be simply drawn out of thin air. Three days in a month,
that number, a result of research, is a useful guide for teachers and school
administrators. $he study as described by the article is only an initial analysis of the
data. Ongoing research will continue to unravel further the underlying factors that result
into absenteeism. This is an important task" since this information likewise is necessary
to design the interventions that are relevant (de; Dios, 2010)

11. Local Literature
students in various gender groups, school levels, and locations are at-risk of dropping
out for various reasons. Come of these factors are common to all dropouts, while others
are more "evenly associated with specific groups. The adverse effect of
Poverty On children’s participation in school is clearly manifested in all dropouts, and
in many different ways depending on whether they are male or female, are in
elementary or secondary, in lower or higher school level, and in urban or rural areas.
Those who come from rural areas are most vulnerable in two ways. First, because their
parents have little and irregular income, they often lack money for school-related
expenses such as school allowance, transportation, uniforms and class requirements.
Families with limited financial resources prioriti0e their expenses, allotting whatever
little money they have to more urgent family needs like food, a finding which supports
earlier studies (Capili,1992. Only when parents have sufficient income are they able to
provide for school supplies and expenditures. Second, children from rural areas are
forced to engage in household tasks and income-generating Work by virtue of their
economic conditions. Boys from rural areas, regardless of age, help parents earn
money they take on whatever means of livelihood is available, from simple tasks like
weeding, to physically demanding work" such as farming and fishing. This finding is
consistent with an earlier report that documented a rather large percentage of young
boys engaged in child labor (National Statistics Office & International Labor
Organization 2001). Young girls, on the hand, are often asked to be caretakers for

12. younger siblings and, when necessary, for sick parents older ones find employment
either as farm help or housemaids. While parents consider education as a valuable
option for alleviating their poverty, they are compelled to withdraw their children from
school whenever it becomes more economically beneficial for the family. Aside from
financial difficulties, school-related causes such as loss of interest and lack of
motivation are also associated with dropping out. Teacher factor is particularly most
prominent among young boys. As for older boys, family and peers wield a strong
influence on their school attendance family problems and peer pressure affect
attendance and performance in school. The complexity of the dropout phenomenon
requires manifold and concerted solutions. Where poverty adversely deters
schooling, parents, schools and communities can work together to mitigate its effects on
young learners. for example, lack of money for school-related expenses can be
resolved through donations and assistance from Charitable organizations, private
companies and local community members. Transportation services, breakfast
programs, book loans, financial aids, and other kinds of services have already been
shown to be effective in preventing dropout (Bureau of Elementary Education, 1992;
Petilo, 2006). Schools should coordinate with and seek support from the local
government and the community to institute similar programs for students who are at-
risk. School-related causes such as fear of teacher and ineffective classroom
management can be worked out through Teacher re-tooling and curriculum
planning.
Family-related causes such as childcare and other domestic duties can be addressed
through community-based interventions such as daycare services designated for

13. children of working mothers. Student-related causes such as poor health, peer
influence, and low motivation can be managed using local government health programs
and school guidance services. Students in various gender groups, school levels, and
locations are at-risk of dropping out for various reasons. Some of these factors are
common to all dropouts, while others are more keenly associated with specific groups.
The adverse effect of poverty on children’s participation in school is clearly manifested
in all dropouts, and in many different ways depending on whether they are male or
female, are in elementary or secondary, in lower or higher school level, and in urban or
rural areas. Those who come from rural areas are most vulnerable in two ways. 5irst,
because their parents have little and irregular income, they often lack money for
School-related expenses such as school allowance, transportation, uniforms and class
requirements. Families with limited financial resources prioriti0e their expenses, allotting
whatever little money they have to more urgent family needs like food, a finding which
supports earlier studies ( Capili 1992)

14. CHAPTER III
THE METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the presentation of methods, processes and procedure that have
been used in this study. The researcher discusses the sample size and sampling
technique that was chosen for the purpose of this study. It also provides information and
describes the description of the participants. The instrument used for data collection
also described and the procedures that followed to carry out this study were included.
The researcher discusses the statistical treatment of data used to analyze the data.
Lastly, this chapter helps the researchers on how the data being analyzed and
interpreted.
Research Design Instrument
To carry this study, the researcher will employ the descriptive research design.
Profile of the Respondents
The research study will use the purposive sampling technique. There will be
students and teachers to be ask to rate the students learning and school performance.
Student population and respondents of the study.
Section Male Female Total
T.V.L/H.E I 13 19 32
T.V.L/H.E II 4 19 23

15. INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study, the researcher made use of structured questions to save the
respondent’s time and gather necessary data. It contains the demographic profile of the
respondents and consists of twenty (20) questions set by categories namely: Use of
Instrumental Social Support, Mental Disengagement, Use of Emotional Social Support, Planning
and Active Coping. Using survey questionnaire with the rating scale of (5) strongly agree, (4)
agree, (3) neither agree nor disagree, (2) disagree, and (1) strongly disagree, researchers were
able to gather concise and precise information that will be used to answer the research
questions.
Data gathering Procedures
The data gathering procedures to be used in the study are the following.
1. Questionnaire Form. This instrument was structured by the researchers to set up
the socio-demographic profile of the student and teacher respondents. $he said
instrument will be used to determine the gender and age of the respondents. The
evidences on the effects of absenteeism to school and individual performances
and also its causes whether it would be a self-inquiry or family problem were also
listed in different sets.
.

16. 2. Survey Questionnaire for Students. This instrument will be used to determine the
performances of the student who has frequent absences to the classes and his
contribution to school performance.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistics will be used for the data analysis.
Statistical Treatments of Data
The following were the statistical treatments applied to the study:
The mean and the five –point Likert scale was to describe The Impact
Absenteeism Among Grade 12 Senior High School Students.
The formula for the mean is given is
N=
𝑁
1+𝑁𝑒2
Where:
n is the sample size
N is the population size
e is the margin of error
1 is the constant value

17. After knowing the sample size, survey questionnaires were distributed to the
respondents to gather information or data. Researchers used simple random sampling
wherein they select the papers of the respondents randomly to achieve the exact
number of respondents. In addition, because of this technique there is an unbiased
result of the data.
Weighted Mean
It is use to determine the indicators under stress coping mechanism of Senior High
School students.
WM= ∑
𝑓𝑥
𝑁
Where:
WM=Weighted mean
f= frequency
x= ratings
∑fx=summation of the product of y and x
N= numbers of respondents
Likert Scale
Respondents were given a chance to rate each statement in the questionnaire. Their
answers were given a corresponding number as follows:

18. 5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Moderately Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
The responses coming from the respondents were tabulated and mean score of each
item was computed using descriptive statistics. After the computation of mean score in
each item, researchers come up to the final 5 point scale

19. CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Absenteeism in school is the habit of staying away from school without providing a
genuine or any reason for not attending classes. It is a truant behavior that negatively
affects the performance among students. Absenteeism, according to Merriam-Webster
dictionary means chronic absence. In the context of the school it is the habitual or
intentional failure from going to school. It cannot be denied that every now and then,
students may miss some school activities and lessons. But it becomes a problem if the
student will be away from school for many days. Going to school regularly is crucially
important for a student’s education and social skills. Chronic absentee students are
placed at a disadvantage both socially and academically. $hey miss out on critical
stages of social interaction and development with their peers and at the same time
impacts negatively on their academic progress. This can result to low self-esteem,
social isolation and dissatisfaction that could well have precipitated non-attendance in
the first place. School absenteeism is an alarming problem for administrators, teachers,
parents and the society in general, as well as for the pupils in particular. Unaccepted
absence has a negative effect on peer relationship which could cause absence.
According to some researchers, teachers identified effects of absenteeism on children
as' academic under-achievement, difficulty in making friends which could lead to
boredom, loss of confidence. Also, prolonged absence can have deleterious effects for
the child in later life. Students who are absent from school are at the greatest risk of
dropping out of school early. Absenteeism in students affects their school performances
especially when they are in a group or teamwork for their assignments and projects.

20. Since grouping will help develops the student’s cooperative and ability to share and gain
knowledge from their group mates, likewise, the group mates will also miss the
opportunity of gaining knowledge from the absent student (Koppenhaver 2003).
Absenteeism also affects the teacher’s ability present class work in a sequential and
organized way. This can have an effect on the progress of all the students’ attending the
class. Teachers sometimes have to adjust from the lesson in order for the student to
catch up. According to Schmidt in 1983, absenteeism affects the student’s ability to get
high scores in examinations which can cause the decreasing of grades or the student
may fail and will cause him/her to repeat the same year level. Students who have spent
time attending lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on students’
performance. Students that participated exhibited higher grades and scores in
examinations that the student. The families of habitual absentees can also suffer. 5or a
poverty-stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the poverty and unemployment
cycle that may run in the family. This also contributes to family conflicts. The society
also suffers as the children of school age hang around in the streets. They can be found
must gallivanting around. Since they have nothing to do, they resort to petty crimes like
stealing other people’s belongings and properties. Others may resort to drug addiction
and other behavior that is detrimental to society. Thus, if the student keeps on being
away from school for too long, he may grow up to be a liability of his community and of
his country as a whole. It is the aim of every school to lessen, if not eradicate
absenteeism among its students. One way of addressing this problem is to identify the
causes why students become truant from school. Once they are singled out, understood

21. and analyzed, specifications and measures can be undertaken. This will eventually
redound to the better performance of the students, teachers and the school in general.
Background of the Study
A child or students interest is the most basic element that makes a group learning
system work in an organi0e way. Attending school regularly is a vital factor in school
success for both students and teachers. Excessive school absenteeism is often linked
to poor school academic achievement, so school attendance by both teachers and
students plays an integral role in the success and educational advancement levels of
any academic institution and all students enrolled. Student absenteeism is a serious
issue in public education. Concerted efforts have been expended aimed at engaging
students and promoting active learning, but schools are still full of “clock watchers”
Educators agree that prompt and regular school attendance is an important key
to a student’s success. Students should be taught to demonstrate respect for staff and
for peers, and one way to do this is to practice prompt and regular school attendance.
The relationship between the student’s physical presences on class discussions and
their learning performance is greatly relative. Class participation is just one way of
measuring a child’s learning ability. In a class, the teacher-student relationship is one of
the most fundamental units in student’s learning. Once the learning facilitator developed
good interpersonal skills to his students, students will show interest in classroom
discussion and motivates them to go to school daily.

22. Learning in a system of group collaboration is one of the best ways in gaining
knowledge. It is a teamwork which the framework relies on an individual learning from
the others and others learning from that individual. When a student misses a day of
school he4she must have lost the chance to hear others, interpret and analy0ing the
lessons or coins the interaction within the class. This lost is being routed to two different
courses and varying factors under these courses. The inquiry might be a family situation
or an individual problem. Then, under these courses are the factors that contribute to a
child’s regular truancy. These may be finance concerns, disability, psychotic imbalance,
poor school climate, family health, transportation problems, drug and alcohol use, and
differing community attitude towards education ( Savers, D. etal, 2005)
.Marburger states that the difficulty inferring the effect of absenteeism on
performance because, once a student is absent in a class, he or she may miss the
opportunity of learning other techniques. He found out that missing in class progresses
the livelihood of missing examination material covered that day compared to the
students who were present in the class (2001). Absenteeism in one angle view point is
one of the most common causes of degrading performances of the students. Especially
to those who are included in the advance intelligence curriculum, absenteeism causes a
great lose and may result to giving up an aimed position. It can also cause social
repletion especially when a class is composed of a great number of students. This habit
can cause a dilemma to the school administration when big figures are involved and
may decrease the schools performance.

23. Absenteeism in one angle view point is one of the most common causes of
degrading performances of the students. Especially to those who are included in the
advance intelligence curriculum, absenteeism causes a great lose and may result to
giving up an aimed position. It can also cause social repletion especially when a class is
composed of a great number of students. This habit can cause a dilemma to the school
administration when big figures are involved and may decrease the schools
performance
In the other hand, contamination of sickness and disease can be avoidable
because of the absences of a person. A student’s attendance may be the grounds of
the results of his or her learning performance. School administration and faculty may
also affect the absenteeism rate of their student, and so as the population of those who
practice absenteeism affect the administration and the school itself. There are so many
fruits that the root of absenteeism can produce depending to the situation of the
respondent. Hence, this research will be conducted. The issue of absenteeism is
complex and covers a range of behaviors, including chronic absenteeism, school refusal
and truancy. It is important for schools to investigate the patterns and underlying causes
of non-attendance so that appropriate strategies can be implemented to address the
specific type of absenteeism. There is no quick and simple solution, nor a one-size-fits-
all approach, to address absenteeism. Schools are encouraged to work with parents
and the local community to develop a strategy that best fits the needs of students and
the context of the community

24. Theoretical Framework
The student body is the greatest contributor to the success or the ground falling of
the school. An individual who have habitually made absences in class may have lost the
chance of learning. He or she might have less chances of getting an aimed position.
$he school who plays an important role to a child’s motivation has "known the impact of
absenteeism to a student and to the school performance its self
The chronic spread of absenteeism may have roots that affect the attendance of an
individual. A constant doing may lead to a constant result, just like domino (Asia child
Data Trend, 2008). Coping up is never easy, especially when there is a lot of work" to
be done. Some teachers are also considerate that slows down the run of class
discussion. Absenteeism alone when a large part of the school population is involved
may not only cause a problem to the school but also to the local administration
(Williams 2000). The performances being recorded at the diagnostic tests or midterm
exams for example will determine the schools performance. And when absences are
done, it can pull down even the highest scores. $that is why the results of absenteeism
are to be identified as so the solutions can be formulated to materiali0e the aims of the
school and the individuals