This power point contains 1135 slides that has clues and keywords about important material for USMLE step 1 examination. StepItUP 2009

2.  Huntington’s
 Fragile X
 Myotonic Dystrophy
 Prader Willie
 Spinal/bulbar muscular atrophy (Fredicks ataxia)

3.  Aortic Arch
 Upper Esophagus
 True Vocal Cords

4.  Cilia

5. •Myositis
•1 muscle hurts
•Polymyocytis
•Bunch of muscles Hurt
•Dermatomyositis
•HELIOTROPIC RASH + muscle pain
•Fibrositis
•Muscle insertions hurt when you move them
•Fibromyalgia
•Hurts all the time
•Polymyalgia Rheumatica
•Weekness in the SHOULDER GURDLE…. Associated with temporal arteritis
•Temporal Arteritis
•Macrophages eating temporal artery, ESR > 60

6.  RIPS
 Rifampin
 INH
 Predinsone
 -Statins

7.  Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto)
 Cushing disease

8.  T. Spiralis

9.  Arylsulfatase deficiency
 Metachromatic leukodystoryphy

10.  G6-PD
 CGD
 Pyruvate dehydrogenase Def.
 Fabry’s
 Hunter’s
 Lesch-nyhan

11.  Decreased Protein
 WHY?
▪ Decreased intake
▪ Cirrhosis
▪ Nephrotic Syndrome
▪ Merrentic Syndrome

12.  Kidneys ( at all times )

13.  Diabetes Mellitus

14.  Riley-Day Syndrome

15.  Shy-Dragger Syndrome
 CLUES?
▪ Pt. gets up and passes out

16.  Sick Sinus Syndrome

17.  Pituitary adenoma
 White nipple discharge = most likely milk due to
increased prolactin

18.  Ileum

19.  Sigmoid Colon

20.  Choanal atrasia
 Turning blue on breast feeding
 C-Type Esophageal Atresia
 Duodenal Atresia
 Down syndrome
 Double bubble sign

21.  Pyloric stenosis

22.  Achalasia

23.  Intussuseption
 CLUES
▪ Knees in chest
▪ Sausage shaped mass
▪ Current jelly Stool

24.  Adhesions
 Internal Hernias

25.  Hirschsprung’s Disease

26.  Adhesions

27.  Adhesions
 Obstruction
 Cannot move stool
 Diverticulitis
 Cancer

28.  Mesonephrons

29.  Reticulonodular appearance
 May progress to Honey comb lung
 Gradual onset dyspnea, first evident only on
exertion

30.  OA
 Septic Artheritis
 Crystal induced(GOUT)

31.  RA
 Viral
 SLE

32.  Ankylosing spondylitis

33.  Gonoccal Artheritis
 Rheumatic Fever
 Lyme Disease

34.  LH
 FSH
 TSH

35.  DM type 2
 Niacin
 HPL ( Human Placental Lactogen )

36.  Acanthosis Nigracan

37.  Because of the LIVER

38.  Polyhydramnios

39.  Reily Day Syndrome
 Baby cries but no tears
 Werdnig Hoffmann disease
 Fasciculation is a newborn

40.  Oligohydramnios

41.  CC LL S
 Chagas Disease (Whipple’s)
 C. Diptheria
 Lyme Disease
 Legionella
 Salmonella typhii (typhoid)

42.  CC S Y
 Crohn’s
 Chlamydia
 Shigella
 Yersina

43.  I AM HE
 Influenzae
 Adenovirus
 Mycoplasma
 Hepatitis C
 EBV

44.  H I PPPE
 Hydralazine
 INH
 Phenytoin
 Procainamide
 Penicillamine
 Ethosuximide

45.  ABC V
 AZT
 Benzene
 Chloramphenicol
 Vinblastine
 Vinblastine Anilate Bone Cells

46.  Vibrio
 Campylobacter
 Listeria
 H. pylori
 Campylobacter Has Very Long Comma Genes

47.  Giardia lamblia

48.  Corynebacterium Diptheria
 CLUES
▪ Grey membrane
▪ Inhibits EF-2

49.  RESPI
 Rifampin
 Ethambutanol
 Streptomycin
 Pyrazinamide
 INH

50.  C SSS PM
 Cryoglobinemia (I AM HE)
 Serum Sickness (Type III hypersen.)
 SLE ( ANA, Anti-ds-DNA, Anti-Smith)
 SBE ( new onset murmur )
 PSGN ( RBC cast )
 MPGN II ( NFe3)

51.  C (SEE) ! QT(CUTIE) BRAGS because she can induce p450
 Carbamazapine
 Quinidine
 Tetracycline
 Barbiturates
 Rifampin
 Alcohol
 Griseofulvin
 Sulfa drugs

52.  I Do SMACK  INH
Quinolones  Dapsone
 Spirolactones
 Macrolides
 Amiodarone
 Cimetidine
 Ketoconazole
 Quinilones

53.  WET DumP
 Warfarin
 Estrogen
 Theophylline
 Digoxin
 u
 m
 Phenytoin

54.  CGD

55.  Chronic Granulomatous disease
 NADPH Oxidase deficiency

56.  Myositis
 Hepatitis
 Increased liver enzymes

57.  Chancroid
 Herpes
 Lymphogranuloma inguinale

58.  Haemophilus ducreyi

59.  Cystine
 Methionine

60.  Mercaptoethanol

61.  PI IG (pig)
 Prolactin
 Insulin
 Inhibin
 GH

62.  PI IG (pig)
 Prolactin
 Insulin
 Inhibin
 GH
 Because Cystine makes disulfide bonds

63.  Mercaptoethanol cuts where?
 Cuts to R of: disulfide bonds
 Cysteine
 methionine

64. CLAM
 Chloramphenicol
 Lactams
 Cefamandole
 Cefoperazone
 Antabuse
 disulfiram
 Metronidazole

65.  When do you see elevated ESR?
 Non-specific inflammation
 When do you see Falsely high ESR?
 Anemia
 When do you see Falsely LOW ESR?
 Sickle Cell Anemia
 Polycythemia
 Acute Phase Reactants?
 IL-6

66.  Amyloidosis

67.  AA
 Acute inflammatory Disease
 AB
 Alzhiemer’s Disease
 AB-2
 Chronic Renal Failure
 AE and AF
 MEN – II
 AL
 Multiple Myeloma

68.  Fibroblasts
 Simple scarring
 Myofibroblasts
 Wound contraction

69.  NEAT ASs Hooks
 Necatur americanis
 Enterobius vermicularis
 Ankylostoma duodenale
 Trichuris trichurium
 Ascaris lumbercoides
 Strongyloides

70.  Please  PKU
 Check  CAH(Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia)
 Before  Biotinidase
 Going  Galactosemia
 Home  Hypothyroidism

71.  HLA-DR2
▪ Narcolepsy
▪ Allergy
▪ Goodpasture’s
▪ MS
 HLA-DR3 ( CC D SS )
▪ Celiac Sprue
▪ Chronic Active Hepatitis
▪ DM,
▪ Sjogren’s,
▪ SLE,
 HLA-DR3 & 4
 IDDM(Type I)

72.  HLA-DR4
 Rheumatoid Arthritis,
 Pemphigus Vulgaris
 HLA-DR5
 JRA
 Pernicious Anemia
 HLA-DR7
 Nephrotic Syndrome(Steroid
induced)

73.  HLA-DR 3 & B8
 Celiac Disease
 HLA-A3
 Hemochromatosis
▪ (ch 6, point mut.- cysteine > tyrosine)
 HLA-B8
 MG
 HLA-B13
 Psoriasis

74.  HLA-B27= (PAIR)
 Psoriais(only if w/arthritis)
 Postgonococcal Arthritis
 Ankylosing Spondylitis,
 IBD,
 Reiter’s,
 HLA-BW 47=
 21 alpha Hydroxylas def.(Vit.D)

75.  Kills helper T-cells & eosinophils
 Inhibits Macrophage migration
 Inhibits Mast cell degranulation
 Inhibits Phospholipase A
 Stimulates protein synthesis
 Stablizes endothelium

76.  STELS
 Salmonella (typhoid)
 TB
 EBV
 Listeria
 Syphillis

77.  UTI
 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
 Abdominal abscess
 Cholecystitis
 Ascending cholangitis
 Appendicitis

78.  Ceftriaxone
 Cefixime
 Cefoxine
 Ciprofloxin
 Oflaxacin
 Gatifolxacin

79.  Azithromycin

80.  Strep bovis
 Clostridium melanogosepticus
 Bacteriodes fragilis

81.  Clindamycin
 Metranidazole
 Cefoxitin

82.  Strep. Bovis
 Clostridium melanogosepticus

83.  K+?
 Decreases
 Na+?
 Decreases
 Cl-?
 Decreases
 pH?
 Increases
 BP?
 Increases

84.  Calcified CA’s

85.  PSAMMoma bodies
 Papillary carcinoma of the Thyroid
 Serous cyst Adenocarcinoma of the ovary
 Meningioma
 Mesothelioma

86.  P PUNCH
 Proteus
 Pseudomonas
 Ureaplasma urealyticum
 Nocardia species
 Cryptococcus neoformans
 H. pylori

87.  Struvite (90%)

88.  swarming

89.  Brain
 Microglia
 Lungs
 Type I Pneumocytes
 Liver
 Kuffler cells
 Spleen
 Reticuloendothelial Cells (RES Cells)
 Peyer’s patch
 M-Cells
 Blood
 Monocytes

90.  Kidney
 Mesangal Cells
 Bone
 Osteoclast
 Lymph Node
 Dendritic Cells
 Skin
 Langerhan Cells
 Connective tissue
 Epithelioid
 Giant cells
 Histiocyte

91.  Intractable pain
 Hemorrhage (massive)
 Obstruction (from scarring)
 Perforation

92.  Adriamycin (Doxyrubicin)
 Phen-fen

93.  Dozaroxsin

94.  #1 = Virus
 #2 = Drugs

95.  High Fever
 Rose spots (rash)
 Intestinal fire

96.  Some  *Strep. Pneumo (gr+) MC
 Strange  Salmonella
 Killers
 Klebsiella
 Have
 Pretty
 H. influenza
 Nice  Pseudomonas
 Capsules  Neisseria
 Cryptococcus

97.  Spleen
 Think!!! splenectomy pt. with infections

98.  SubQ nodules
 Polyarthritis
 Erythema marginatum
 Carditis
 Chorea

99.  Neoplasms
 Allergies/Asthma
 Addison’s Dz
 Collagen Vascular Dz
 Parasites

100. B.S HAVE CASH
 Benzene
 Schistomiasis
 Hep B,C,D
 Aflatoxin
 Vinyl chloride
 Ethanol
 Carbon Tetrachloride
 Anyline Dyes
 Smoking
 Hemochromatosis

101.  MMR OR SBYV
 Measles
 Mumps
 Rubella
 Oral Polio (sabin)
 Rotavirus
 Small pox
 BCG
 Yellow fever
 Varicella

102.  RIP Always  Rubella
 Influenza
 Polio ( salK ) [Killed]
 HAV

103.  Henoch-Schoenlein P. (HSP)
 Alport’s
 Berger’s

104.  PCN
 α-methyldopa
 Cephalosporins
 Sulfa
 PTU
 Anti-malarials
 Dapsone

105.  ASA
 Heparin
 Quinidine

106.  T CAL
 Troponin I
 CKMB
 AST
 LDH flip

107.  T CAL
 Troponin I
 Appears  2 hrs
 Peaks  2 days
 Gone  7 days

108.  T CAL
 CK-MB
 Appears  6 hrs  6 x 1 =6
 Peaks  12 hrs  6 x 2 = 12
 Gone  24 hrs  12 x 2 = 24

109.  T CAL
 LDH1
 Appears  1 day
 Peaks  2 days
 Gone  3 days

111.  HUMORAL  CELL MEDIATED
 Blood sample  Tissue sample ( BIOPSY)
 B-Cells &  T-Cells and Macrophages
Eosinophils/neutrophils  TH-1
 TH-2  Inhibited by IL-10
 Inhibited by INF-Gamma
 EVERYTHING ELSE
 ALL BACTERIA ▪ Virus (#1 .CMV, #2. EBV)
▪ Fungus
▪ Micobaterium
▪ Protozoa
▪ Parasite
▪ neoplasm

112.  Brain
 Microglia
 Lungs
 Type I Pneumocytes
 Liver
 Kuffler cells
 Spleen
 Reticuloendothelial Cells (RES Cells)
 Peyer’s patch
 M-Cells
 Blood
 Monocytes

113.  Kidney
 Mesangal Cells
 Bone
 Osteoclast
 Lymph Node
 Dendritic Cells
 Skin
 Langerhan Cells
 Connective tissue
 Epithelioid
 Giant cells
 Histiocyte

114. Cell
mediated
Humoral
immunity

115.  Legionella
 Pneumocysitis carinii
 H. pylori
 Bartonella henseslae (lymph node)
 Candida (yeast)

116.  Sulfonamides
 Sulfonylurea
 Celebrex

117.  *Celecoxib

118.  COX 2 specific

119.  Vioxx (Rofecoxib)

120.  Pyremethamin/Sulfadiazine
 Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

121.  Bleomycin
 Bulsufan
 Amiodarone
 Tocainide

122.  Chediak-Higashi
 NADPH-oxidase deficiency

123.  Hyperglycemia
 Hyperuricemia
 Hypovolemia
 Hypokalemia

124.  OH DANG  Ototoxicity
 Hypokalemia
 Dehydration
 Allergy
 Nephritis (interstitial)
 Gout

125.  MR  Decrease on inspiration (^exp)
 TR  Increase on inspiration
 VSD  Decrease on inspiration (^exp)

126.  Brain  Mircoglia
 Lung  Type I pneumocyte
 Liver  Kupffer cell
 Spleen  RES
 Kidney  Mesangial
 Lymph nodes  Dendritic
 Skin  Langerhans
 Bone  Osteoclasts
 CT  Histiocytes or
 Giant cells or
 Epithelioid cells

127.  RC KT SSS
 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
 Coxsackie A (Hand/Foot & mouth dz)
 Kawasaki
 TSS
 Syphillis
 Scarlet Fever
 Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome

128.  Tachypnea
 Decrease pCO2
 Decrease pO2
 Increase pH

129.  cAMP
 cGMP
 IP3/DAG
 Ca:Calmodulin
 Ca+
 Tyrosine kinase
 NO

130.  It is the 90%
 Sympathetic
 CRH (cortisol)
 Catabolic

131.  Parasympathetic
 Anabolic

132.  Neurotransmitter
 GHRH
 All hypothalamic hormones xc cortisol
 Used by what and for what?
▪ Smooth muscle for contraction

133.  Used by smooth muscle for contraction by
distention

134.  Used by Gastrin only

135.  Used by Insulins
 Used by ALL growth factors

136.  Nitrates
 Viagra
 ANP
 LPS

137.  AR
 Defect in LFA-1 integrin proteins on phagocytes
 Absent pus formation
 Delayed separation of umbilicus
 Recurrent bacterial infections

138.  WAS
 SCID
 CVID
 HIV
 HTLV-1

139.  X-linked defect in the ability to mount an IgM response to capsular
polysaccharides
 (Aldrich = ↑ IgA)
 normal IgE levels
 low IgM levels.
 Triad of symptoms includes: (WIPE)
 recurrent pyogenic Infections,
 thrombocytopenic Purpura,
 Eczema
 IL-4

140.  Framshift/Nonsense mutation
 Adenosine deaminase deficiency
 T-cell>B-cell
 Bacterial infections
 Fungal infections

141.  Late onset
 Frameshift/Missense mutation
 Normal numbers of circulating B cells
 Tyrosine Kinase deficiency

142.  T-cell>B-cell
 CD4 rich
 Brain
 Testicles
 Cervix
 Blood vessels

144.  Amytal
 Rotenone

145.  Malonate

146.  Antimycin D

147.  CN-
 CO
 Chloramphenicol

148.  Oligomycin

149.  DNP
 Free Fatty acids
 Aspirin

150.  Physical uncoupler

151.  Plasma
 Urea cycle
 Collecting ducts
 Glutaminase

152.  Azithromycin
1 gram po
 Ceftriazone
250 mg im

153.  Azithromycin
1 gram po

154.  Ketoconazole
150mg

155.  Difluccan
1 pill

156.  Metronidazole
2 grams

157.  Metronidazole
2 grams

158.  Ceftriaxone
250 mg im
 Cefixime
400 mg po
 Cefoxitin
400 mg po

159.  Ciprofloxacin
500 mg po
 Ofloxacin
400 mg po
 Gatifloxacin
400 mg im

160.  Phosphorylase (Pi)
 Debranching enzyme
 Alpha-1,6 –Glucosidase
 Phosphatase

161.  Glycogen synthase
 Branching enzyme

162.  Glycogen alpha-1,4 glycosyl transferase
 Glycogen alpha-1,6 glycosyl transferase

163.  Phosphorylase (Pi)

164.  pO2?
 Normal
 pCO2?
 Normal or increased
 pH?
 Decreased

165.  pO2?
 Decreased
 pCO2?
 Decreased
 pH?
 Increased

166.  Respiratory acidosis

167.  Fabry’s  α – galactosidase
 Krabbe’s  Galactosylceramide
 Gaucher’s  β – glucocerebrosidase
 Niemann – Pick  Sphingomyelinase
 Tay-Sachs  Hexosaminidase
 Metachromatic leukodystrophy  Arylsulfatase
 Hurler’s  α – L – iduronidase
 Hunter’s  Iduronidase sulfatase

168.  PAIR
 Psoriasis
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 IBD (Ulcerative colitis)
 Reiter’s Syndrome

169.  HLA-13

170.  Von Gierke’s  Glucose – 6 – phosphate
 Pompe’s
 α – 1 – 4 glucosidase
 Cori’s  Debranching enzyme
 McArdle’s
 Glycogen phosphorylase

171.  Pyruvate?
 Glycine
 Alanine
 Serine
 Acetyl CoA ?
 Phenylalanine
 Isoleucine
 Threonine
 Tryptophan
 Lysine
 Leucine

172.  Alpha-KG ?
 Glutamate
 Glutamine
 Succinyl CoA?
 Phenylalanine
 Tryptophan
 Tyrosine

173.  Fumerate ?
 Proline
 Oxaloacetate?
 Aspartate
 Asparigine

174.  Oxidation – 7 NADH – 21 ATP
 Hydration
 Oxidation - 7FADH – 14 ATP
 Thiolysis – 8 AcCoA – 96ATP
131 ATP – 2 (to bring it
in)

175.  pO2?
Decreased
 pCO2?
Decreased
 PCWP?
Decreased (b/c it’s a pressure problem)
 Respiratory Rate?
Increased
 pH?
Increased
 SZ?
Increased

176.  ACTH
 ADH
 PTH
 TSH
 ANP

177.  Anti-smith
 Anti cardiolipin
 Anti-ds DNA
 SLE

178.  Anti – histone?
 Drug induced SLE

179.  Anti-topoisomerase?
 PSS (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)

180.  Anti TSH receptors?
 Graves

181.  Anti-centromere?
 CREST

182.  Anti-GBM?
 Goodpasture’s

183.  Type IV collagen

184.  Anti-mitochondria?
 Primary biliary cirrhosis

185.  Anti-hair follicle?
 Alopecia areata

186.  Anti-IgG?
 Rheumatoid arthritis

187.  Anti-myelin receptors?
 MS

188.  Anti-gliaden?
 Anti-gluten?
 Celiac sprue

189.  Anti-islet cell receptor?
 DM Type I

190.  Anti-melanocyte?
 Viteligo

191.  Anti-ACh receptor?
 MG

192.  Anti-ribonuclear protein?
 Mixed Connective Tissue dz (MCTD)

193.  Anti-parietal cell receptor?
 Pernicious anemia

194.  Intrinsic factor

195.  Anti-epidermal anchoring protein receptors?
 Pemphigus vulgaris

196.  Intercelluar junctions of epidermal cells

197.  Anti-epidermal basement membrane protein?
 Bullous pemphigoid

198.  IgG sub-epidermal blisters
 Oral blisters

199.  Anti-platelet?
 ITP

200.  Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

201.  Anti-thyroglobulin?
 Anti-microsomal?
 Hashimoto’s

202.  Anti-smooth muscle?
 Anti-scl-70?
 Scleroderma

203.  Anti-rho (SS-A)?
 Anti-la?
 Sjogren’s

204.  Anti-proteinase?
 C-ANCA?
 Wegener’s

205.  P-ANCA?
 Polyarteritis nodosa

206.  Hepatitis B antigen
 IgM

207.  Papilloma virus?
Cervical CA
 EBV?
Burkitts
Nasopharyngeal CA
 HepB & C?
Liver CA
 HIV?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma

208.  Clot in front of renal artery?
 Renal artery stenosis
 Clot off whole renal artery?
 Renal failure
 Inflamed glomeruli?
 Glumerulo nephritis
 Clot in papilla?
 Papillary necrosis
 Clot off medulla?
 Interstitial nephritis
 Clot off pieces of nephron?
 Focal segmental GN (HIV, drug use association)
 Clot off lots of nephrons?
 Rapidly Progressive GN

209.  Min. change disease
 2 wks post URI

210.  Goodpasture’s

211.  Wilm’s tumor

212.  Adenocarcinoma

213.  Cyst

214.  Focal Segmental GN

215.  Membranous GN

216.  What does tPA, Streptokinase, Urokinase inhibit?
 Aminocaproic acid
 What doe Warfarin inhibit?
 Vitamin K
 What does Heparin inhibit?
 Protamine Sulfate

217.  IV push?
 20mg
 Drip?
 40mg

218.  IV push?
 750K
 Drip?
 750K

219.  Used ONLY for such things as:
▪ Feeding tubes
▪ Central lines
▪ Fistulas

220.  Loss of a patch of hair

221.  Loss of ALL hair on head “bald”

222.  Loss of hair on entire body “hairless”

223.  Pneumonitis with endocarditis = pulmonary
infiltrate with severe eosinophilia

224.  PIE syndrome

225.  Necator americanus
 Ankylostoma duodenale
 Shistosomiasis
 Strongyloides
 Ascaris lumbricoides

226.  Immunocompromised

227.  Homocystine methyl transferase
 Methyl malonyl-coA mutase

228.  No male transmission
 All females pass it on

229.  Burn patients
 Cystic fibrosis
 DM
 Neutropenic patients

230.  cover 1x for Staph aureus during 1st week
 cover 2x for Pseudo after 2nd week

231.  Increased pO2
 Delayed opening/closing of the pulmonary value
 Increased volume in the right ventricle

232.  Blood transfusion
 Increased Tidal Volume
 Giving O2
 Right sided heart failure
 Pregnancy due to increase volume
 IV fluids
 ASD/VSD
 Deep breathing
 Hypernateremia
 SIADH
 Pulmonary regurge
 Pulmonary stenosis
 Right bundle branch block

233.  PIMP TRAP
 Pericardium
 Intracranial
 Mediastinum
 Pleural cavity
 Thighs
 Retroperitoneum
 Abdominal cavity
 Pelvis

234.  Gram +
 Basement membrane suppressor
 Works on simple anaerobes
 The #1 cause of anaphylaxis
 Causes interstial nepritits
 Causes nonspecific rashes
 Acts as a hapten causing hemolytic anemia

235.  Penicillin

236.  GIFTS
 Granuloma
 Ileum
 Fistula
 Transmural
 Skip Lesion

237.  Prodromal period before symptoms = 1-3
weeks
 Why is there a prodromal period?
 Because must switch to positive stranded before
replication

238.  Symptoms within 1 week or less
 EXCEPTIONS:
 Hanta
 Ebola
 Yellow fever
 They are -ve stranded = don’t have to switch to
positive before replicating

239.  Transposition of the great arteries
 Tetrology of Fallot
 Truncus Arteriosus
 Tricuspid Atresia
 Total anomalous pulmunary Venous Return
 Hypoplastic Left heart syndrome
 Ebstein’s anomaly
 Aortic atresia
 Pulmonary atresia

240.  Tetrology of Fallot

241.  Ebstein’s Anomaly

242.  Hypokalemia
 Hypermagnesemia
 Hypercalcemia (except atrium)
 Hypernatremia

243.  Hyperkalemia
 Hypomagnasemia
 Hypocalcemia (except atrium)
 Hyponatremia

244.  TLCFN (Tender Loving Care For Nancy)
 TPP – Thiamin – B1
 Lipoic Acid – B4
 CoA – Pantothenic acid – B5
 FAD – Riboflavin – B2
 NAD – Niacin – B3

245.  Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia
 CGD (NADPH def)
 DMD
 G6PD
 Hemophilia
 Lesch-Nyhan
 Vit D resist. Rickets (X-linked dominant)
 Fabrys
 Hunters

246.  Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
 CVID (Common Variant Imm. Def)
 Leukemias
 Lymphomas
 SCID
 WAS
 Job Buckley Syndrome

247.  Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

248.  SCID
 WAS
 Job Buckley Syndrome

249.  Scabies
 Lichen Planus
 Urticaria
 Dermatitis Herpetiformis

250.  L-myc?
 Small cell lung Ca
 C-myc?
 Promyelocytic leukemia (Burkitt’s lymphoma)
 N-myc?
 Neuroblastoma
 Small cell lung CA
 C-able?
 CML
 ALL

251.  C-myb?
 Colon CA
 AML
 C-sis ?
 Osteosarcoma
 Glioma
 Fibrosarcoma

252.  C-erb B2?
 Epidermal growth factor receptors
 CSF-1 ?
 Breast

253.  Erb-B2?
 Breast CA
 Ovarian CA
 Gastric CA
 Ret?
 Medullary CA of thyroid
 Men II & III
 Papillary carcinoma

254.  Ki-ras?
 Lung CA
 Colon CA
 Bcl-2?
 Burkitts
 Follicular lymphoma
 Erb?
 Retinoblastoma

255.  Relax hCG Is HOPE
 Relaxin
 hCG
 Inhibin
 Human placental lactogen (HPL)
 Oxytocin (drug lactation, pit gland prod it also)
 Progesterone
 Estrogen

256.  Severity of microscopic change
 Degree of differentiation

257.  Degree of dissemination of tumor
 What the surgeon sees

258.  Urticaria/Hives?
 Any CA, especially lymphoma
 Pagets Ds (ulcers around nipples)
 Seborrheic keratosis (waxy warts)?
 Colon CA
 HIV if sudden increase in number
 Normal with aging

259.  Actinic keratosis?
 Dry scaly plaques on sun-exposed skin
 Squamous Cell CA of skin
 Dermatomyositis?
 violacious, heliotropic rash, malar area
 Colon CA

260.  Akanthosis nigricans?
 dark lines in skin folds
 Any visceral CA
 End organ damage
 Erythema nodosum?
 ant aspect of legs, tender nodules
 Anything granulomatous
 NOT assoc. w/ bacteria

261.  Apo E
 Apo A
 Apo CII
 L-CAT
 lecithin cholesterol acetyl transferase
 Cholesterol
 from periphery to liver

262.  Apo B-100
 Apo E
 Apo C II
 Triglcyerides (95%)
 Cholesterol (5%)

263.  Apo B-100
 Apo E
 Apo CII
 Triglycerides (< VLDL)
 Cholesterol (>VLDL)

264.  Apo B-100
 Cholesterol
 from liver to tissue
 NOT a good thing!!!!!

265.  Apo A
 Apo B-48
 Apo E
 Apo C II
 Triglycerides from:
 GI to liver (25% of the time)
 GI to endothelium (75% of the time)

266.  LDL

267.  Clue = HEAL
 Heart?
 Machinery murmur
 Elbow?
 Fistula from dialysis in renal disease
 Abdomen/Brain?
 Von Hippel-Lindau = clot off with coils
 Increase incidence of Renal cell CA on chrom 3
 Lungs?
 Osler Weber Rendu Syndrome

268.  Glucose > 200
 Age > 55
 LDH >350
 AST > 250
 WBC > 16,000

269.  Calcium <8 mg/dl
 HCT drop > 10%
 O2 < 60 (PaO2)
 Base deficit > 4
 BUN > 5 mg/dl
 Sequestration > 6L

270.  CF
 Glaucoma
 Painful, red, teary eye

271.  Problem with sense of taste

272.  Metronidazole
 Clarithromycin
 Zinc deficiency

273.  Flushing
 Wheezing
 diarrhea

274.  Serotonin
 5-HIAA

275.  Pancreas
 Ileum

276.  Mnemonic: BEDS
 Botulinum
 Erythrogenic toxin
 from strep pyogenes
 Diptheria
 Salmonella/shiga like toxin
 Has O antigen

277.  I sprayed ORTHO on my BUNYA at the
ARENA down in REO to kill SEGMENTED
WORMS

278.  ICAMs
 Integrins
 Selectins

279.  Bind proteins

280.  Stop the leukocytes

281.  Bind carbohydrates
 Mediate the rolling to slow leukocytes down

282.  Homing of lymphocytes
 tells lymphocytes where to go
 Inflammation
 Cell-cell interaction

283.  Contact

284.  Neutrophils
 The next cells to show up are?
 B-cells
 What do B-cells make?
 IgM

285. M
Σ
 Three
 IgM peaks at what day?
 14
 When does IgM leave?
 In 2 months

286.  IgG
 When does IgG peak?
 In 2 months
 When does IgG leave?
 In 1 year

287.  MEMORY

288.  IgG with 5x concentration
 Has the highest affinity
 When does IgG peak?
 In 5 years
 When does IgG leave?
 In 10 years

289.  IgG

290.  IgG

291.  IgG

292.  IgE
 Uh huh! You thought all of them were IgG…

293.  Smoking
 Alcohol
 Nitrites
 Japanese

294.  Smoking
 Aniline dyes
 Benzene
 Aflatoxin
 Cyclophosphamide
 Schistosomiasis
 2 diseases:
 Von Hippel-Lindau
 Tubular sclerosis

295.  Nitro Blue Tetrazolium test
 What is it used for?
 Screening CGD
 What does a –ve test indicate?
 +ve for the disease

296.  Howell-Jolly?
 Sickle cell
 Heinz?
 G-6-P-D
 Zebra?
 Niemann pick

297.  Donovan?
 Leishmaniasis
 Mallory?
 Alcoholism
 Negri?
 Rabies

298.  Councilman?
 Yellow fever
 Call-exner?
 Ovarian tumors
▪ granulosa origin

299.  Lewy?
 Parkinsons
 Pick?
 Pick’s disease
 Barr body?
 Normal female

300.  Aschoff?
 Rheumatic fever
 Cowdry type A inclusions?
 Herpes virus
 Auer rods?
 AML

301.  Globoid?
 Krabbe’s lysosomal storage disease
 Russell?
 Multiple myeloma

302.  Schiller-Duvall?
 Yolk sac tumor
 Basal bodies?
 Only found in smooth mm

303.  Mnemonic? ACID
 Type I
 Anaphylaxis/Atopic
 Type II
 Cytotoxic (Humoral)
 Type III
 Immune complex mediation
 Type IV
 Delayed hypersensitivity/Cell mediated

304.  Atopic
 IgE (Asthma) binds to mast cell
 IgA activates IP3 cascade degrading mast cells

305.  Humoral
 What are examples of type II?
 Rh disease
 Goodpastures
 Autoimmune hemolytic Anemia
 All Autoimmune diseases
 except RA and SLE

306.  Ag-Ab complement
 What are examples of Type III?
 RA
 SLE
 Vasculitides
 Some GN?

307.  Cell mediated
 What are examples of Type IV?
 TB skin test
 Contact dermatitis
 Transplant rejection

308.  Appendix
 Epithalamus
 Palmaris longus
 muscle
 Pancreatic polypeptide
 hormones in F-cells

309.  Goodpastures
 Wegeners
 DM
 HTN

310.  Vasculitis
 AIDS

311.  Tx?
 N-acetylcysteine
 Test used to detect CF?
 Pilocarpine sweat test
 What ion does this test measure?
 Cl-
 Definitive presence of disease has a test value of what?
 >60

312.  What is the value in a normal person?
 <20
 What is the value in a heterozygous person?
 30 – 60
 What chromosome is the CF gene on?
 Chrom 7
 What Second messenger is used?
 IP3/DAG

313.  Bacillus anthracis
 Clostridium perfringens
 Clostridium tetani
 Clostridium melangosepticus
 What is the chemical in spores?
 Calcium dipocholinate

314.  Lactic acid

315.  Alpha-receptors

316.  Cold agglutinin testing
 IgM

317.  AA amyloid?
 Chronic active disease
 AL amyloid from Ig light chain?
 Myeloma

318.  Beta 2 microglobulin?
 Chronic hemodialysis
 AA amyloid from SAA?
 Nephrotic hereditary forms
▪ eg. Mediterranean fever

319.  Pre-albumin/transthyretin?
 Cardiomyopathic hereditary forms
▪ senile systemic amyloidosis
 Neuropathic hereditary syndromes

320.  ANP fibrils are caused by?
 Senile cardiac amyloisosis
 Cerebral amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease/Down’s?
 Cerebral amyloidosis

321.  Calcitonin precursors?
 Medullary CA of thyroid
 AL from light chains?
 Isolated, massive, nodular deposits
▪ lung, skin, urogenital tract

322.  Frontotemporal dementia

323.  Atrophy of frontal and temporal cortex with
sparing of remaining neocortical regions

324.  Altered neurofilaments
 Tau protein
 ubiquitin

325.  Prevents pre-synaptic release of Ach
 How do babies get it?
 From spores in honey or molasses
 How do adults get it?
 From canned food

326.  Lethal factor – (black necrosis)
 Protective factor
 Edema factor

327.  Anthracis
 Cereus

328.  B1-selective?
 A–M
 Non-selective?
 N–Z
 Exceptions?
 Carbetalol and Labetolol are non-selective

329.  Problem in proximal tubule
 Can’t reabsorb
 Low energy state causing anemia
 Can be due to old tetracycline

330.  In the collecting duct of the kidney
 What does glutmainase help the kidney absorb?
 Ammonia if the liver fails

331.  Hilum
 Pelvic brim
 Entering the bladder

332.  SLE
 Endometrial CA
 Cervical CA

333.  Carbamoyl synthase I
 Where is it found 90% of the time?
 Liver
 Where is it found 10% of the time?
 Collecting duct of the kidney

334. -ve charge

335. +ve charge
 What is it used for?
 Reversing the effects of heparin

336.  T-cells and macrophages
 Schistocytes
 Decreased platelets
 Decreased RBCs
 Bleeding from mucosal surfaces
 Bleeding from skin and GI
 Petechiae
 Ecchymoses

337.  The following deveop:
 Clots
 DIC
 Pulmonary embolism
 DVT
 MI
 Stroke

338.  Tachypnea and SOB
 Most common cause of death?
 Heart failure

339.  Inhibits the translocation step of ribosomal
protein synthesis

340.  Inhibits ribosomal peptidyl transferase in
prokaryotes

341.  Inhibits elongation by binding to “A” site and
prematurely terminating chain growth in pro
and eukaryotes

342.  Causes misreading of code during initiation in
prokaryotes

343.  Prevents binding of aminoacyl-t-RNA to
ribosome on prokaryotes therefore inhibiting
initiation

344.  Inhibits ribosomal peptidyl transferase in
eukaryotes
 cell wall inhibitor

345.  Blocks B-subunit of RNA polymerase
 Prophylaxis for contacts of N. meningitidis

346.  Cell wall inhibitor
 Binds irreversibly to Phopholipase carrier
 Bacteriacidal
 Covers all gram +ves
 Linezolid

347.  Blocks vitamin k dependent gamma-
carboxylation of prothrombin and factors
2, 7, 9, 10, proteins C & S

348.  Blocks translation by binding the 50S subunit

349.  What type of hemolysis is alpha hemolysis?
 Partial hemolysis
 What color is it’s zone?
 Green
 What type of hemolysis is beta-hemolysis?
 Complete hemolysis

350.  What color is it’s zone
 Clear
 eg. Streptokinase
 What type of hemolysis is gamma-hemolysis?
 No hemolysis
 What color is it’s zone?
 Red

351.  High urine PH (??????not sure about this)
 Acidosis
 UTI s
 Stones
 Babies die < 1 yr old

352.  Acidosis
 urine PH = 2, normal is 5-6
 Hypokalmia
 Patients have NO carbonic anhydrase

353.  It is a combination of RTA I & III
 Normal urine pH
 Hypokalemia

354.  Seen in diabetics
 Hyperkalemia
 NO aldosterone b/c JG apparatus has infarcted

355.  Viridans
 Mutans
 Sanguis
 Salivarius
 Bovis

356.  Viridans

357.  Viridans

358.  Mutans

359.  HTN
 Hematuria
 RBC casts

360.  Increase Edema
 Increase Lipidemia
 Increase Cholesterolemia
 Increase Coagulability
 Decrease serum Albumin
 Increase urinary Albumin

361.  Strep. Pneumo
 What is the #2 cause?
 Hemophilus influenza
 What is the #3 cause?
 Neisseria meningitides

362.  Viruses
 Which are secondary to what?
 Bacterial infections
 What is the #2 method to paralyze cilia?
 Smoking

363.  Staph aureus
 Clostridium perfringens
 Bacillus cereus….from what?
 Fried rice

364.  Preformed

365.  Release of glycine from spinal cord
 What physical finding would you see?
 Lock jaw
 What is the tx?
 Antitoxin and Toxoid
 Where is it injected?
 Injected in different areas of body

366.  E. coli
 Followed by?
 Proteus
 Followed by?
 Klebsiella

367.  Staph saprophyticus
 Why?
 They stick things in themselves
 18-24 yoa?
 Staph saprophyticus
 Why?
 Because they stick things inside themselves
 Why no UTI’s after 24?
 Because women are use to penises and Staph saprophyticus lives
on penis (becomes part of normal flora).

368.  Osteomyelitis
 Because of what?
 Collagenase

369.  Staph. aureus

370.  Shock
 Rash
 Hypotension

371.  E. coli
 Then?
 Proteus
 Then?
 Klebsiella

372.  Group B Strep (agalactiae)
 E. coli
 Listeria

373.  Group B Strep (Strep. Agalactiae)
 E. coli
 Listeria

374.  Clostridium melanogosepticus
 Strep bovis
 What color pigment is produced?
 Black

375.  IgG
 What about Avidity?
 IgM

376.  Virus inject it’s DNA into bacteria

377.  Virus injects it’s DNA into it bacteria in a hospital
or nursing home setting, then becomes deadly.

378.  Bacteria with Pili

379.  Citrobacter

380.  Hemophilus influenza
 Neisseria

381.  C3

382.  Gram negative bacteria

383.  BUN
 >20
 Fractional Na+ excertion
 <1%
 Creatine
 >40

384.  BUN
 10-15
 Fractional Na+ excretion
 >2%
 Creatinine
 <20

385.  Pavementing
 Margination
 Diapediesis
 Migration

386.  PFK-1

387.  fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
 NOT Pyruvate Carboxlyase

388.  Viral
 If resistant to tx, what next?
 Fungal
 Mycobacterium
 Protozoa
 Parasite
 Neoplasm

389.  Step. Group B
 Strep agalactiae
 Strep. Pneumonia
 Herpes simplex virus
 Neisseria gonorrhea
 Chlyamydia

390.  Perivascular angiofibromata

391.  Primary Adrenocoritcal Insufficiency

392.  Ochronosis

393.  Allergic Granulomatosis
 Angiitis

394.  Ameloblastoma
 What is Ameloblast?
 Tooth material

395.  Regional enteritis
 Granulomatous ileitis
 Ileocolitis

396.  Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

397.  Comedo Ca

398.  Mucolipidosis II

399.  MLNS
 Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome

400.  Interstitial cells

401.  Sustentacular cells

402.  Giant cell arteritis (granulomatous)

403.  Hyperviscosity syndrome

404.  Oral
 Trigeminal ganglia

405.  Genital
 Sacral plexus

406.  Varicella zoster

407.  EBV
 Mononucleosis
 Burkitt’s

408.  CMV
 Inclusion bodies

409.  Roseola
 Duke Disease
 Exanthem subitum

410.  Pityriasis rosea

411.  Kaposi’s sarcoma

412.  What is the MOA?
 Interferes with normal synthesis and gama
carboxylation of Vit. K dependent clotting
factors via vitamin K antagonism.
 Is it long or short acting?
 Long half-life
 8-10 hours to act

413.  Clinical use?
 Chronic anticoagulation
 Contra-indication?
 Pregnancy because it can cross the placenta

414.  What pathway does it affect?
 Extrinsic pathway
 What does it do to PT?
 Prolongs
 PT

415.  What are the toxicities?
 Bleeding
 Teratogenic
 Drug-drug interactions
 How is it activatied?
 Tissue activated

416.  Administration?
 po

417.  II
 VII
 IX
 X
 Protein C
 Protein S

418.  What is the MOA?
 Catalyzes the activation of antithrombin III
 Decreases thrombin and Xa
 Is it long or short acting?
 Short half-life
 Acts immediately

419.  Clinical use?
 Immediate anticoagulation of pulmonary
embolism, stroke, angina, MI, DVT.
 Contra-indication?
 Can be used during pregnancy because it does
not cross the placenta

420.  What pathway does it affect?
 Intrinsic pathway
 What value should you follow?
 PTT

421.  What are the toxicities?
 Bleeding
 Thrombocytopenia
 Drug-drug interactions
 How is it activatied?
 Blood activated

422.  Administration?
 I.V.
 Drug of choice for what?
 DVT

423.  What is good about the newer low-molecular-
weight heparins?
 They act more on Xa
 Have better bioavailability
 Have 2 to 4 times longer half life
 Can be administered subcutaneously and
without laboratory monitoring.

424.  Protamine sulfate

425.  Dimercaprol

426.  Flumazenil

427.  Pralidoxime

428.  Deferoxamine

429.  Naloxene

430.  Bicarbonate
 Doxapram

431.  Activates the respiratory center in the brain

432.  Provostatin
 Atrovastatin
 Lovastatin
 Simvastatin

433.  Provastatin

434.  Atrovastatin
 Lovastatin
 Simvastatin

435.  HMG-CoA reductase
 When is it most active?
 8:00pm on

436.  Cholestipol
 Cholestyramine
 If nothing works what do you give?
 Probucol
 Niacin

437.  Flushing
 Itching

438.  Cholestipol
 Cholestyramine

439. 1.Pancreatitis
 Due to What?
 ETOH
2.Kidney stones
 Due to What?
 Alcohol

440. 3.AAA
 How is this described?
 Ripping pain down back
4.Ischemic bowel
 What is symptom?
 Bloody diarrhea

441.  Small cell Ca of lung
 Increased intracranial pressure
 Pain (most common)
 Drugs
 Hypoxic Lung Disease/Restrictive Lung disease

442.  Carbamazepine

443.  Melanocytes
 Odontoblasts (predentin)
 Tracheal Cartilage
 EnteroCHROMOFIN Cells
 Laryngeal/Tracheal cartilage
 Parafollicular cells of thyroid - Pseudounipolar
cells
 All Ganglion cells (Schwann, Adrenal medulla)
 Schwann Cell
 Spiral membrane of heart

444.  220 - age

445.  RTA
 Diarrhea
 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

446.  Parainfluenza
 Adenovirus
 Influenza
 RSV

447.  Bronchiolitis

448.  Diarrhea
 Dermatitis
 Dementia
 Death

449.  Cysteine
 Ornithine
 Lysine
 Arginine

450.  Phase 0?
 Depolarization
 Phase 1?
 No name
 Phase 2?
 Plateau phase (A-V node)

451.  Phase 3?
 Repolarization
 Phase 4?
 Automaticity (S-A node)

452.  Wider QRS

453.  Wider P-wave
 Longer PR interval

454.  Calcium oxalate (phosphate) stones
 Struvite stones
 Uric acid stones
 Cysteine stones
 Oxalate stones

455.  80%

456.  3 y/o white male?
 CF
 5 y/o black male?
 Celiac Sprue

457.  Adult male?
 Whipple’s
 Adult male or female?
 Crohn’s

458.  In 0-20 y/o?
 Malabsorptin
 What age do they die?
 Young

459.  What type of crystals are present?
 Calcium pyrophosphate
 Where are they found?
 Joint spaces

460.  Who gets it?
 Older patients M=F
 Tx?
 Colchicine

461.  VSD
 ASD
 PDA
 Coarctation

462.  VSD
 Mitral

463.  ASD

464.  PDA

465.  Coarctation

466.  Coarctation

467.  Pyruvate carboxylase
 PEP carboxykinase
 F-1,6 dPhosphatase
 G-6-Phosphatase

468.  Hexokinase
 PFK-1
 Pyruvate kinase

469.  Prolactin
 GH

470.  Nocardia

471.  Cryptosporidium

472.  Mycotic aneurysm
 Roth spots
 Janeway lesions
 Osler’s nodes
 Splinter hemorrhages
 Endocarditis

473.  Janeway lesions?
 Toes
 Osler’s nodes?
 Fingers
 Roth spots?
 Retina

474.  Strep. viridans

475.  Acetaminophen
 Reye Syndrome
 Pregnancy

476.  Alcohol

477.  Staph. Aureus
 Pseudomonas

478.  Pseudomonas
 Diptheria

479.  It ADP ribosylates EF2 inhibiting protein
synthesis
 Is it Gram +/-?
 +
 Where and how does it get its exotoxin?
 From virus via transduction

480.  What does it cause?
 Heart block
 What do you give for Tx?
 Antitoxin
 Never scrape membrane

481.  Bullous?
 Staph aureus
 Pseudomonas
 Centroacinar?
 Smoking

482.  Distalacinar?
 Aging
 Panacinar?
 Alpha-1 antitrypsin def

483.  4 mo gestation?
 Yolk sac
 6 mo gestation?
 Spleen, liver, flat bones

484.  8 mo gestation?
 Long bones
 1 yr old?
 Long bones

485.  Spleen can resume erythropoieses causing
splenomegaly

486.  P-wave?
 Ca+
 QRS complex?
 Na+
 S-T?
 Ca+

487.  T-wave?
 K+
 U-wave?
 Na+

488.  QRS

489.  Widens P-wave
 PR interval longer

490. D W
+ A B A+B
_ C D C+D
A+C B+D ALL
Sensitivity A/A+C Sensitivity: Truly Diseased People Always in the
Specificity D/B+D Specificity: Truly Well People numerator
PPV A/A+B + Predictive Value: Test +ve With DZ
NPV D/C+D
OR AD/BC - Predictive Value: Tested –ve w/o DZ A&D
OR: Odds Ratio
RR (A/All)/(C/All) RR: Relative Risk
AR (A/All)-(C/All) AR: Attributed Risk

491.  Atrium contraction
 Phase zero
 Calcium

492.  AV Node
 Phase 2
 Sodium

493.  Septum
 Phase 2
 Sodium

494.  Anterior wall
 Phase 2
 Sodium

495.  Posterior wall
 Phase 2
 Sodium

496.  Ventricle
 Phase 2
 Calcium

497.  Ventricle
 Phase 3
 Potassium

498.  Ventricle
 Phase 4
 Sodium

499.  Narcolepsy
 Allergy (hay fever)
 Goodpasture
 MS

500.  DM
 Chronic active Hepititis
 Sjogrens
 SLE
 Celiac sprue

501.  IDDM (DM Type 1)

502.  Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Pemphigus Vulgaris

503.  JRA (JUV RA)
 Pernicious anemia

504.  Nephrotic syndrome (Steroid induced)

505.  Celiac Disease

506.  Hemochromatosis
 chromosome 6
 point mutation Cystine to Tyrosine

507.  Myasthenia gravis

508.  Psoriasis

509.  Psoriasis
 only if with arthritis
 Ankylosing Spondylities
 IBD
 Ulcerative Cholitis
 Reiter’s
 Post gonococcal arthritis

510.  21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
 Vit. D

511.  ADP ribosylates EF-2
 Stops cell synthesis
 Gr +ve
 Gets exotoxin from virus via transduction
 Heart block
 Its toxoid therefore give antitoxin

512.  RSV (infants only)
 Mycoplasma
 Chlamydia pneumonia
 Strep pneumonia

513.  Mycoplasma
 Chlamydia pneumonia
 Strep. Pneumonia

514.  Strep pneumonia
 H. influenza
 Anaerobes

515.  Strep pneumonia
 Viruses
 Anaerobes
 H.influenza
 Gr –ve rods

516.  Monomer in blood
 Dimer in secretion
 Located on mucosal surface
 Found in secretion

517.  Only functions as surface marker for Mature B-
Cell

518.  Immediate hypersensitivity/anaphylaxis
 Parasite defense
 Worms
 Fc region binds to mast cells and basophils
 Allergies
 Does Not fix complement

519.  Highest affinity
 Memory respond at day 3 five times the concentration
 Peaks in 5 years last for 10 years
 Opsonizes
 Activates complement
 2nd to show up in primary response
 Only one to show up for secondary respond
 Most abundant Ig in newborn
 Antigenic differences in heavy chain and site of di-
sulfide bond
 4 subclasses G1 to G4

520.  Crosses placenta due to fc portion

521.  Most common sub-class deficiency
 Patient susceptible to encapsulated organisms

522.  Most memory antibody

523.  Only IgG NOT fixing complement

524.  Responds in primary response
 Most efficient in agglutination and complement
fixation
 Defenses against bacteria and viruses

525.  MHC II

526.  IL-2
 IF- Gamma

527.  IL-4
 IL-5
 IL-6
 IL-10

528.  TH-1
 TH-2

529.  CD8
 CD8 becomes T-cytotoxic cells

530.  CD-3
 For what?
 Signal transduction
 CD-2
 For what?
 Adherence

531.  T helper cells

532.  T cytotoxic cells

533.  Myeloperoxidase
 NADPH
 Will kill ALL Gr+ve
 Ex..Hydrogen peroxide kills gr+

534.  Clue 4x7=28
 CD-4
 B-7
 CD-28

535.  Increased Chylomicron
 Deficiency of Lipoprotein lipase enzyme
 Defect in liver only

536.  Increased LDL
 Two types IIa and IIb
 Type IIa Receptor deficiency for LDL or missing
B-100
 Type II-b (LDL and VLDL problems) enzyme
deficiency for LDL at adipose. Receptor problem
for VLDL. Most common in General Population

537.  Increased IDL
 Receptor problem for APO-E

538.  Increased VLDL
 Lipoprotein lipase enzyme deficiency at adipose
tissue

539.  Combination of Types 1&4
 Increased Chylomicron and VLDL
 Enzyme and receptor deficiency at C-II
 Most common in diabetics

540.  Deposition of Cholesterol on elbows
 Can cause what?
 CAD

541.  Deposition of Triglycerides on eyelids, face
 Can cause what?
 Pancreatitis

543.  Little red spots w/ bright red margins
 Sandpapery
 RF- Jones critera

544.  Lymes disease
 Target lesions (bulls eye)

545.  Morbiliform rash
 Preceded by cough
 conjunctiivitis

546.  Fever x 2 day
 Followed by rash
 ONLY ONE WITH RASH FOLLOWING FEVER
(HHV 6)

547.  Anterior aspect of leg
 Redness
 Tender nodules

548.  Red macules, target lesions
 Causes: allergy, viruses
 Mild: MCC virus, #2 drugs (sulfas)
 Moderate: Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome
 Severe: Toxic epidermal necrolysis , skin peels
off

549.  Scaly skin with oily shine on headline

550.  Stuck on warts
 Due to aging

551.  HLA-B27
 Extensor surfaces
 Silvery white plaques
 Scaly skin
 Pitted nails

552.  STAGES
 Red macules
 Papules
 Vesicles
 Pustules then scabs
 Different stages may appear at same time

553.  Rash and blisters on ant. thighs
 Assoc. with diarrhea
 Assoc. with flare up of celiac sprue

554.  SEEN WITH SALMONEALLA INFXN
 Rose spots assoc. with intestinal fire

555.  Heliotropic rash

556.  Reddened area on skin w/ raised borders
 DOES NOT BLANCH

557.  Redness
 Itchy groin

558.  Herald patch= dry skin patches that follow skin
lines
 HHV 7

559.  Hypopigmented macules on upper back
 Presents in a V pattern
 A.K.A. upside down christmas tree
 Tx: Griseofulvin

560.  Linear excoriations on belt line and finger webs
 What is the tx?
 Lindane
 Permethrin

561.  DiGeorges
 What ion imbalance will they have?
 Hypokalemia
 What did not form?
 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch
 What chromosome?
 Deletion on chromosome 22

562.  HIV
 Also B-cell but less so

563.  NOT A FUNGUS
 Non-Hodgkins form of cutaneous T-cell
lymphoma

564.  Transport TG’s from GI to liver and endothelium

565.  Transports TG’s from liver to adipose

566.  Transports TG’s from adipose to tissue

567.  ONLY ONE THAT CARRIES CHOLESTEROL

568.  XANTHELASMA
 Where are they located?
 On eyelids and eyebrows

569.  Xanthomas
 Where are they located?
 elbows

570.  ONLY ONE MADE IN THE LIVER

571.  ARE BREAK DOWN PRODUCTS OF VLDL

572.  Gram -/+?
 Pleomorphic gram (-) rods
 What pattern?
 “school of fish pattern”
 What type is most common?
 Type A
 80%

573.  Capsule or no capsule?
 non-encapsulated
 Invasive or non invasive?
 non-invasive

574.  Most common cause of what?
 Sinusitis
 Otitis
 Bronchitis

575.  What is the 2nd most common type?
 TYPE B
 20%
 Encapsulated or non encapsulated?
 Encapsulated
 What does it have in its capsule?
 Polyribosyl phosphate in capsule
 Contains IgA protease

576.  Invasive or non invasive?
 Invasive
 What does it cause most often?
 #1 cause of epiglottitis
 What are the signs of epiglottitis?
 Stridor
 Fever
 Thumb sign on xray

577.  0-2 months?
 #1. Group B strep (agalactiae)
 #2. E. coli
 #3. Listera

578.  2 Months- 10 years?
 #1. strep pneumonia
 #2. n. meningitides
 (adolescent years only)

579.  10yrs- 21 yrs?
 #1. n. meningitides

580.  > 21 years old?
 #1 S. pneumoniae

581.  At what age is it given?
 Given at 2,4,6 months
 What strain does it cover?
 Covers 23 strains (98% cases)

582.  Indications?
 Anyone> 65y/o
 Anyone splenectomized
 Sickle cell anemia
 Anyone with end-organ damage
 CF
 RF
 Nephrotic Syndrome

583.  MCC of all throat infections
 #2 MCC of all what?
 Skin infections except lines

584.  St. aureus?
 Gold pigment
 St. epidermidis?
 White pigment
 St. saprophyticus?
 No pigment

585.  Strep. Pneumonia
 pneumococcus

586.  Skin Infections?
 Say Staph. Aureus
 Throat Infections?
 Say Strep. Pyogenes
 Small Intestine Infections?
 Say E. coli

587.  Job Syndrome:
 IL-4
 Hyper IgE
 What do they look like?
 Red hair
 Fair complexion
 Female

588.  NADPH-OXIDASE DEF (CGD)
 NEUTROPENIA
 MYLOPEROXIDASE
 Job-Buckley Syndrome

589.  HbC antigen
 HbS antigen

590.  HbC antigen
 HbS antigen
 HbC antibody

591.  HbS antigen ONLY

592.  HbS antibody ONLY

593.  HbC antibody
 HbS antibody
 HbS antigen

594.  IgG

595.  HbS antigen for >6months
 Can be with or without HbS antibody

596.  HbE antigen

597.  HbE antibody

598.  NEGATIVE HbS antigen

599.  POSITIVE HbS antigen

600.  HbE antibody
 IgM HbC antibody
 What disappears?
 HbS antigen

601.  4 to 26 wks
 Average @ 8wks

602.  4 to 12 wks

603.  4 to 20 wks

604.  YEARS

605.  MC infection?
 CMV
 MCC of death?
 PCP
 What is p41 used for?
 Just a marker

606.  What does Gp120 do?
 Attachment to CD4
 What is Pol used for?
 Integration
 What is reverse transcriptase used for?
 Transcription
 What are p17 & p24 antigens used for?
 Assembly

607.  What is the normal CD4 count?
 800-1200
 What can the CD4 count be up to in children?
 1500
 When do you begin treating with 2 nucleotide
inhibitors and 1 protease inhibitor?
 <500
 (child at 750)

608.  AIDS is defined as a CD4 count of what?
 <200
 With a CD4 count of <200 what do you tx for?
 PCP
 What do you treat for when CD count is <100?
 Mycobacterium aviam intracellular

609.  Vitamin E
 #1
 Vitamin A
 Vitamin C
 Betakertine

610.  Parathyroid
 Along with what other cofactor?
 Mg+

611.  Hyperparathyroid
 Increase Ca+
 Decrease Phosphate
 What will be the symptoms?
 Goans
 Moans
 Bones
 Stones

612.  Pseudotumor Cerebri
 Increase CSF production from Chorichoid Plexus

613.  Pseucotumor cerebri

614.  Nightvision problems/nightblindness
 Hypoparathyroidism
 Decrease Ca+
 Increase Phosphate

615.  THIAMINE
 What do you get with a decrease in thiamine?
 Beri Beri
 What is the most common cause in US?
 ETOH

616.  Wet Berry Berry
 With heart failure
 Dry Berry Berry
 Without heart failure

617.  Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
 Wernicke’s Korsakoff

618.  Alcoholic thymine deficiency of the Temporal
Lobe

620.  3 Dehydrogenases
 Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
 Branch chain amino acid dehydrogenase
 Transketolase

621.  Riboflavin
 What is a physical sign of this deficiency?
 Angular stomatitis
 Angular cheliosis
 Corneal Neurovasculazations

622.  Milk
 Also from FAD

623.  Niacin
 What is the clue?
 Diarrhea
 Dermatitis
 Dementia
 Death

624.  Hartnup Disease
 What is deficient in this disease?
 Tyrptophan
 What is typtophan needed for?
 Needed for niacin formation

625.  Lipoic acid
 What is the deficiency caused by this vitamin?
 Not one

626.  Pantothenic acid
 What is the deficiency caused by this vitamin?
 You guessed it…nothing

627.  Pyridoxine
 What is the deficiency caused by this vitamin?
 Neuropathy
 Seizures
 Who do you need to give B6 to?
 Patient on INH

628.  Sideroblastic

629.  ALL transaminases

630.  Cyanocobalamine
 What is the deficiency caused by this vitamin?
 Pernicious anemia
 Neuropathy

631.  Pernicious anemia

632.  Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase
 Homocysteine Methyl Transferase

633.  Neuropathy
 Why?
 Because it recycles myelin

634.  Megaloblastic anemia
 What else is this enzyme needed for?
 Nucleotide synthesis

635.  VITAMIN B2- RIBOFLAVIN deficiency

636.  DIARRHEA
 DERMATITIS
 DEMENTIA
 DEATH

637.  PYRIDOXINE B6

638.  B12 CYANOCOBALAMINE

639.  Folate

640.  Megaloblastic anemia
 With neuropathy?
 NO NEUROPHATHY
 What else is Folate used for?
 Nucleotide synthase (THF)

641.  Ascorbate acid

642.  Collagen synthesis

643.  Scurvy

644.  Bleeding gums
 Bleeding hair follicles

645.  Diet deficient in citrus fruit
 Diet deficient in green vegetables
 Over cooked green vegetables

646.  Controls Ca+
 Absorbes Ca+ from GI
 Reabsorbs Ca+ in Kidneys
 Controls osteoblastic activity

647.  Ricketts
 What does it cause in ADULTS?
 Osteomalcia

648.  Lateral Bowing of the Legs
 X-linked dominant

649.  Hair
 Skin
 Eyes
 Protection against free radicals
 #1 antioxidant

650.  Retinopathy

651.  Folate
 Vitamin K
 90%
 Biotin
 Panothenic acid
 Helps with absorption of B12

652.  1972
 Protein C
 Protein S
 Which one has the shortest half-life?
 Protein C
 Which one has the 2nd shortest half-life?
 7

653.  Chromium
 Selenium
 Manganese Molebdenum
 Tin

654.  Insulin action

655.  Heart

656.  Manganese Molebdenum

657.  Hair

658.  Dysguzia
 Decrease sperm
 Dry hair
 Dry skin

659.  Mg+

660.  Biotin

661.  Pyridoxine
 B6

662.  ALL carboxylases

663.  ALL kinases
 Parathyroid along with Vitamin A

664.  Muscle contraction
 Axonal transport
 2nd messengers

665.  Dorsal Columns
 Cortical Spinal Tracts
 Why are these affected?
 Because they are the longest
 Because they need the most myelin

666.  Maganese Molebdenum

667.  By the liver
 Always Hepatotoxic

668.  By the kidney
 Always nephrotoxic

669.  Pain
 Pallor
 Paresthesia
 Pulselessness
 Poikilothermia

670.  Lympangitis
 Impetigo (not bullous)
 Necrotizing fascitis
 Erysepelas
 Scarlet fever

671.  Lympangitis
 Impetigo (not bullous)
 Necrotizing fascitis
 Erysepelas
 Scarlet fever

672.  Staph epidermitis

673.  Staph aureus

674.  Absorption of Vit. B12
 Synthesis of:
 -Vitamin K
 -Biotin
 -Folate
 -Pantothenic acid
▪ B5

675.  Trypsin cuts where?
 cuts to R of
 Arg
 Lys
 Chymotrypsin cuts where?
 cuts to R of bulky aa’s (aromatics)
 Phe
 Tyr
 Trp

676.  Elastase cuts where?
 Cuts to R of (“SAG”)
 Ser
 Ala
 Gly
 CNBr cuts where?
 Cuts to R of
 Methionine

677.  Aminopeptidase cuts where?
 Cuts to R of
 amino acid terminal
 Caboxypeptidase cuts where?
 Cuts to L of
 carboxy terminal

678.  MMR

679.  MMR & INFLUENZA

680.  Hepatitis B

681.  Hib
 Diphtheria
 Pertussis

682.  Strain 12

683.  Myeloperoxidase
 NADPH Oxidase

684.  NADPH Oxidase
 Which means they only kill what?
 Kills only G -ve

685.  IL-1
 IL-6??

686.  DDI>DDC
 Pancreatitis

687.  Leigh’s Disease
 What is another name?
 Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy
 What are the signs & symptoms?
 Progressively decreasing IQ
 Seizure
 Ataxia
 What is the deficiency?
 Cytochrome oxidase deficiency

688.  Leber’s Hereditary Optic Atrophy (LHON)
 They all die

689.  Listeria
 What part is toxic?
 Lipid A
 Does it cross the placenta?
 Yes

690.  T-cells & Macrophages, therefore, have
granulomas

691.  Raw cabbage
 Spoiled milk
 Migrant workers

692.  Birth – 2 months
 4 – 7 years old
 Puberty

693.  DiGeorge’s Syndrome

694.  Lysine
 Arginine

695.  Glutamate
 Aspartate

696.  Phenylalanine
 Isoleucine
 Trptophan
 Threonine

697.  Phenylalanin
 Tyrosine
 Tryptophan

698.  Met
 Cyst

699.  Proline

700.  Gly

701.  Serine
 Threonine
 Tyrosine

702.  Asparagine
 Glutamine

703.  Leu
 Iso
 Val

704.  Leu
 Lys

705.  Psoriasis (with arthritis)
 Ankylosing Spondylitis
 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
 Reiter’s Syndrome

706.  Psoriasis with out arthritis

707.  Strep. Pneumoniae
 H. influenza
 Neisseria catarrhalis

708.  Histaminase
 Arylsulfatase
 Heparin
 Major Basic Protein

709.  In an Acute Reaction?
 Histamine
 In a Late Reaction ?
 SRS-A
 ECF-A

710.  0 – 2 months?
 chlamydia pneumonia

711.  Intersitital pneumonia

712.  High temperature with NORMAL pulse rate!
(This should never be! Each degree ↑ in temp. → 10
beats/min ↑ in pulse rate)

713.  FEVER
 NONSPECIFIC ILLNESS
 RECRUITS TH CELLS for LINKING with MHC II
COMPLEX
 SECRETED BY MACROPHAGES

714.  MOST POTENT OF THE Interleukins
 RECRUITS EVERYBODY
 MOST POWERFUL CHEMO-ATTRACTANT
 MUST BE INACTIVATED
 When must you inactivate it?
 PRIOR TO TRANSPLANTATION
by cyclosporin
 SECRETED BY TH1 CELLS

715.  ENERGIZED MACROPHAGES
 CAUSES B-CELL PROLIFERATION
 LABELED BY THYMIDINE (USE POKEWEED
MITOGEN OR ENDOTOXIN)
 SECRETED BY ACTIVATED T CELLS

716.  B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION
 RESPONSIBLE FOR CLASS SWITCHING
 SECRETED BY TH2 CELLS

717.  They do exactly what IL-1 thru IL4

718.  SUPPRESSES CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE (tells
macrophages and fibroblasts to stay away if
bacterial)
 INHIBITS MAC ACTIVATION

719.  PROMOTES CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE
(recruits macs & fibroblasts if NOT bacterial)
 ACTIVATES NK CELLS TO SECRETE IF-γ
 INHIBITS IL-4 INDUCED IgE SECRETION
 CHANGES TH CELLS to TH1 CELLS
 secretes IL-2 & IF-γ → inhib. TH2, therefore, ↑ host
defenses against delayed hypersensitivity

720.  Where is it from?
 LEUKOCYTES
 ↓VIRAL REPLICATION AND TUMOR GROWTH
 ↑ NK ACTVITY
 secretes perforins and granzymes to kill infected cell
 ↑MHC CLASS I & II EXPRESSION
 ↓ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 translation inhibited, therefore, defective protein
synthesis

721.  Increase NK activity
 Increase MHC class I & II
 Decrease protein synthesis
 Decrease viral replication and growth

722.  Where is it from?
 FIBROBLASTS
 Increase NK activity
 Increase MHC class I & II
 Decrease protein synthesis
 Decrease viral replication and growth

723.  Where is it from?
 T-CELLS & NK CELLS
 ↑ NK ACTIVITY
 ↑MHC CLASS I & II
 ↑ MACROPHAGE ACTIVITY
 CO-STIMULATES B-CELL GROWTH &
DIFFERENTIATION
 ↓ IgE SECRETION

724.  Where is it from?
 MONOCYTES & MACROPHAGES
 What is another name for TNF-alpha?
 CACHECTIN
 INDUCES IL-1
 ↑ ADHESION MOLECULES & MHC CLASS I ON
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
 PYROGEN
 INDUCES IF-γ SECRETION
 CYTOTOXIC/CYTOSTATIC EFFECT

725.  Where is it from?
 T-CELLS
 What is another name for it?
 LYMPHOTOXIN
 CYTOTOXIC FACTOR

726.  Where is it from?
 SOLID TUMORS (CARCINOMA > SARCOMA)
 MONOCYTES
 What is another name for it?
 TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS

727.  What does it INDUCE?
 ANGIOGENESIS
 KERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION
 BONE RESORPTION
 TUMOR GROWTH
 What is it mainly for?
 MAINLY FOR TUMOR GROWTH

728.  Where is it from?
 PLATELETS
 PLACENTA
 KIDNEY
 BONE
 T & B CELLS

729.  What INDUCES it?
 FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION
 COLLAGEN
 FIBRONECTIN SYNTHESIS

730.  What INHIBITS it?
 NK
 LAK
 CTL
 T & B CELL PROLIFERATION

731.  What ENHANCES it?
 WOUND HEALING
 ANGIOGENESIS

732.  What does it suppress?
 SUPPRESSES IR AFTER INFECTION &
PROMOTES HEALING PROCESS
 What is it mainly for?
 MAINLY FOR WOUND HEALING

733.  LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELLS

734.  CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES

735.  CNS
 Heart
 Skeletal muscle
 Why does it affect these particular places?
 Due to uneven cytokinesis during meiosis or
oogenesis

736.  Who are affected?
 All offspring
 Who passes the disease?
 MOM
 Who has no transmission?
 Dad

737.  Who does it show in?
 Not parents
 Siblings/uncles may show disease
 When is onset?
 Early in life (childhood diagnosis)
 Is it complete on incomplete penetrance?
 COMPLETE

738.  How are they acquired?
 Almost ALL are inborn error of metabolism
 When does it occur?
 Only when both alleles at a locus are mutant

739.  How is it transmitted?
 Horizontal Tm
 Are there malformations present?
 Physical malformations are uncommon
 What type of defect?
 Enzyme defect

740.  Who does it affect the most?
 M=F
 How does it manifest?
 Heterozygote state
 Who can transmit the disease?
 Both parents

741.  Where is the new mutation?
 Often in germ cells of older fathers
 When is onset?
 Often delayed (adult diagnosis)
 Example = Huntington’s

742.  What is penetrance?
 Reduced penetrance
 How is it expressed?
 Variable expressin
 Different in each individual

743.  How is it transmitted?
 Vertical TM
 Is there malformation present?
 Physical malformation common
 What type of defect?
 Structural

744.  Maternal grandfather
 Maternal uncle

745.  What happens <24hrs?
 Swelling
 What happens at 24 hrs?
 Neutrophils show up
 What happens at day 3?
 Neutrophils peak

746.  What happens at day 4?
 T cells and Macrophages show up
 What happens at day 7?
 Fibroblasts show up
 What happens in 1 month?
 Fibroblast peak

747.  What happens at 3-6 months?
 Fibroblasts are gone

748.  Lysosomal Inclusion Bodies

749.  Gauchers
 Fabrys
 Krabbe
 Tay Sachs
 Sandhoffs
 Hurlers
 Hunters
 Neiman Pick
 Metachromatic Leukodystropy

750.  Beta-Glucocerberosidase
 What Accumulates?
 Glucocebroside
 Where?
 Brain
 Liver
 Bone Marrow
 Spleen

751.  Ask. Jew
 Gargols
 Gaucher cells
 Macrophages looking like Crinkeled paper
 Erlin myoflask legs
 Pseudohypertrophy

752.  Alpha-galactosidase
 What accumulates?
 Ceramide Trihexoside

753.  X-Linked recessive
 Presents with cataracts as a child
 Presents with renal failure as a child

754.  Galactosylceramide B-Galactosidase
 What accumulates?
 Galactocerebrosidase
 Where?
 Brain

755.  Early death
 Globoid bodies
 Fat cells

756.  Hexoseaminidase A
 What accumulates?
 GM2 Ganglioside

757.  Ask. Jews
 Cherry red macula
 Death by 3

758.  Hexoseaminadase A & B

759.  Iduronidase

760.  Corneal Clouding
 Mental Retardation

761.  Iduronate Sulfatase

762.  Mild mental retardation
 No corneal clouding
 Mild form of Hurlers
 X-linked recessive

763.  Spingomyelinase
 What accumulates?
 Spingomyelin
 Cholesterol

764.  Zebra bodies
 Cherrry red macula
 Die by 3

765.  Arylsulfatase A

766.  Visual Disturbance
 Presents like MS in 5 to 10 years of age

767.  Von Gierkes
 Andersons
 Corys
 McCardles
 Pompes
 Hers

768.  G-6-Pase Deficiency

769.  Big Liver
 Big Kidney
 Severe hypoglycemia
 Can NEVER raise their blood sugar

770.  Branching enzyme deficiency

771.  Glycogen will be ALL LONG chains on liver
biopsy

772.  Debranching enzyme

773.  Glycogen from liver biopsy will be ALL SHORT
branches

774.  Muscle phosporalase

775.  Severe muscle cramps when exercising
 High CPK

776.  Cardiac alpha-1,4 glucocydase

777.  Heart problems
 Die early

778.  Liver phosphoralase

779.  Big Liver
 NO big kidney

780.  Intraductal Ca

781.  AV Fistula
 Vasodilation

782.  Tay Sachs
 Sandhoffs
 Niemann Pick

783.  CML

784.  Ewing’s sarcoma

785.  Burketts lymphoma

786.  Follicular lymphoma

787.  Sarcoid
 Amyloid
 Hemochromatosis
 Cancer
 Fibrosis
 Thanks STAN!!

788.  Shistocytes
 Burr cells
 Helmet cells

789.  Splenomagely

790.  Adrenal
 Liver

791.  G6PD

792.  Lead poisoning

793.  Iron deficiency
 Anemia of Chronic disease
 Lead poisoning
 Hemoglobinopathy
 Thallasemia’s
 Sideroblastic anemia

794.  Genetic
 AD

795.  Blood transfusions

796.  Hereditary Spherocytosis

797.  Acute hemorrhage
 Anemia of Chronic Disease
 Hypothyrodism
 Early
 Renal Failure

798.  Folate deficiency
 B12 deficiency
 Reticulocytosis
 ETOH
 Hemolytic Anemias
 Chemo Treatment
 Anticonvulsants
 Myelodysplasia

799.  Phenytoin
 Ethusuximide
 Carbamyazapine
 Valproate

800.  Sideroblastic anemia

801.  Something is wrong with the RBC membrane
 Extravascular
 Heridatary Ellitocytosis
 Increased RET count

802.  Wilson’s Disease

803.  Hepato/Lenticular Degeneration
 Kayser Fleishner Rings
 Copper in eyes
 Hepato = Liver
 Lenticular = Movement problem

804.  Collagen synthesis

805.  Minky Kinky Hair Syndrome

806.  Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
 Dopamine

807.  Tyrosine

808.  Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

809.  Blocks DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
 Inhibits p450

810.  All Gram + including staph auerus
 All Gram –
 Atypicals

811.  Chlamydia
 Ureoplasma
 Mycoplasma
 Legionella

812.  Cortisol
 Epinephrine
 Glucagon

813.  Glycosaminoglycan chain that helps form
proteoglycans

814.  Glycosaminoglycan chain that helps form
proteoglycans

815.  Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
 Inhibits DNA synthesis in the S phase of cycle.
 Prevents reduction of folic acid needed to
produce THF

816.  Purine nucleotide synthesis
 Methylation of dUMP to for dTMP

817.  Obstructs one carbon methylation which
deprives DNA polymerase of essential substrates

818.  CF
 Galactosemia

819.  Defects in Glycolysis
 Defects in Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

820.  B12

821.  B12

822.  Vitamin B6

823.  Vitamin C

824.  Occurs in the synthesis of Blood Clotting factors
 Requires Vitamin K

825.  Thiamine

826.  Vitamin D

827.  Vitamin A

828.  Thiamine

829.  Olfactory
 What is its function?
 Sensory for smell
 What if lesioned?
 Anosmia
 Where does it Exit/Enter the Cranium?
 Cribriform plate
 What does it innervate?
 Nasal Cavity

830.  Optic
 What is its function?
 Sensory for sight
 What if lesioned?
 Anopsia
 Visual field defect
 Loss of light reflex with CN III
 Only nerve affected by MS

831.  Where does it Exit/Enter the Cranium?
 Optic Canal
 What does it innervate?
 Orbit

832.  Occulomotor
 What are the functions?
 Motor
 Moves the eyeball in ALL directions
 Adduction Most important action (MR)
 Constricts the pupil (Spincter Pupillae)
 Accomodates (Cililary Muscle)
 Raises eyelid (Levator Palpebrae)

833.  What if lesioned?
 Diplopia
 Loss of parallel gaze
 Dilated pupil
 Loss of light reflex
 Loss of near response
 Ptosis

834.  Where does it Exit/Enter the Cranium?
 Superior Orbital Fissure
 What does it innervate?
 Orbit

835.  Trochlear
 What is its function?
 Motor
 Superior Oblique
 Depresses and abducts the eyeballs
 Intorts

836.  What if lesioned?
 Weakness looking down w/ adducted eye
 Trouble going down stairs
 Head tilts away from lesioned side
 Where does it Exit/Enter the Cranium?
 Superior Orbital Fissure

837.  What does it innervate?
 Orbit

838.  Trigeminal

839.  V1?
 Opthalmic
 V2?
 Maxillary
 V3?
 Mandibular

840.  Mixed
 General sensation (touch, pain, temperature) of the
forehead, scalp, & cornea
 What if lesioned?
 Loss of general sensation of the forehead/scalp
 Loss of blink reflex w/ VII
 Where does it Exit/Enter the Cranium?
 Superior orbital Fissure
 Ophthalmic division

841.  What does it innervate?
 Orbit
 Scalp