1.  Select one contributor for Behaviorist or Cognitive
theories of learning and create a:
1. Resume or
2. Linkedin profile or
3. Facebook page or
4. Prezi presentation or
5. Storybird story or
6. Any other medium
that summarizes the contributor’s work and theories.
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 1

2.  Keep a sheet of paper and pen ready.
Within the next one minute, write down as many words from the list you saw.
 Look at the list of words below for two minutes and memorize as
many words as you can in this amount of time.
Nine Swap Cell Ring Lust
Plugs Lamp Apple Table Sway
Army Bank Fire Hold Worm
Clock Horse Color Baby Sword
Desk Hold Fin Bird Rock
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 2

3.  Keep a sheet of paper and pen ready.
Within the next one minute, write down as many words from the list you saw.
 Look at the list of words below for two minutes and memorize as
many words as you can in this amount of time.
Nine Swap Cell Ring Lust
Plugs Lamp Apple Table Sway
Army Bank Fire Hold Worm
Clock Horse Color Baby Sword
Desk Hold Fin Bird Rock
How many words did you get correct?
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 3

4.  Observe another data set for two minutes.
Within the next one minute, write down as many words from the list you saw.
Horse Cat Dog Fish Bird
Orange Yellow Blue Green Black
Table Chair Desk Bookcase Bed
Teacher School Student Homework Class
Apple Banana Papaya Grape Mango
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 4

5.  Observe another data set for two minutes.
Within the next one minute, write down as many words from the list you saw.
Horse Cat Dog Fish Bird
Orange Yellow Blue Green Black
Table Chair Desk Bookcase Bed
Teacher School Student Homework Class
Apple Banana Papaya Grape Mango
How many words did you get correct?
Is this number higher or lower than the previous
Susmita Pruthi
exercise?
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 5

6.  Miller (1956) presented the idea that short-term memory could
only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two)
where a chunk is any meaningful unit.
 A chunk could refer to digits, words, chess positions, or people's
faces.
 The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of short term
memory became a basic element of all subsequent theories of
memory.
 Chunking is a strategy used to improve memory performance. It
helps you present information in a way that makes it easy for
your audience to understand and remember. Chunking is based
on the assertion that our working memory is easily overloaded
by excessive detail.
 The best way to deliver your message is therefore to organise
Susmita Pruthi
disparate pieces of information into meaningful units ("chunks").
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 6

7. • All information should be • A digestible unit of • Human beings can understand
presented in small digestible information contains no more and remember no more than 7 +
units. than nine separate items of / - 2 items of information at a
information. time. As the complexity of the
information increases the
chunking limit decreases.
Digestible unit
Principle Rationale
defined
• All information intended for • By chunking information the
human consumption should author improves the reader's
be presented in units that do comprehension and ability to
not exceed the chunking access and retrieve the
limit. information.
Susmita Pruthi
Lessons learned Benefits
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 7

8.  In the software industry this principle can be applied to
documentation, object, data, functional and dynamic
models and synthesis of computer programs.
Applications
• No more than nine bullet points on a slide
• No more than nine bullet points on a bulleted list - classify the
information into smaller logically related groups and introduce a
subheading
• No more than nine bubbles on a single data flow diagram -
consider reducing this further if the functions are complex
• No more than nine classes in an object model module - consider
creation of more super-classes or a more granular partitioning
Susmita Pruthi
• No more than nine states in a single state transition diagram -
consider creation of super-states.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 8

9. Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Classical Conditioning Theory
Cognitive
Behaviorism
• learning as purely
• focus on a mental/
observable neurological
behavior process
Social Humanistic
• humans learn • emotions and
best in group affect play a role
activities in learning
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 9

10. George A. Miller was born February 3, 1920, in Charleston,
West Virginia.
In 1940 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the
University of Alabama and in 1946 he received his Ph.D. in
Psychology from Harvard University.
He taught at Harvard, Rockefeller, and Princeton universities
He is known for
 His contributions to Cognitive Psychology and Science
 The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
 Directing WordNet
Miller, together with Jerome Bruner and Noam
Chomsky, led the "cognitive revolution" that
replaced behaviorism as the leading psychological
approach to understanding the mind in the 1950s.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 10

11. 1951 1960
Assistant professor at 2003
Founded Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies
Massachusetts Institute Received Outstanding
with J.S. Brunner
of Technology Lifetime Contribution to
Authored "Plans and the Structure of Behavior”
1946 Psychology at APA's
Thesis on ‘Optimal 1969 1986 Annual Convention
Design of Jamming President of the Oversaw
Signals’ American Psychological development of
Association WordNet
Feb 3, 1920 1979
Born in Joined the faculty at
Charleston, West Princeton University
Virginia
1940 1968 July 22, 2012
Bachelors of Arts Joined Rockefeller Died in
At University of University for next Plainsboro, New
Alabama 14 years 1980 Jerse
1948 Founded Princeton
Assistant professor 1962 Cognitive Science
of psychology at Elected to the Laboratory
Harvard National Academy of
Science
1955
Joined back Harvard
1991
for next 12 years Received National
1956 Medal of Science,
Susmita Pruthi
Authored "The Magical Louis E. Levy Medal
Number Seven, Plus or
Minus Two”
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 11

12. The Psychology of
Communication, 1967
Plans and the Structure
of Behavior, 1960
Language and
Communication, 1951

13.  George A. Miller has provided two theoretical ideas that are
fundamental to cognitive psychology and the information
processing framework.
Chunking and the capacity of TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) proposed
Chunking
TOTE
short term memory: Miller by Miller, Galanter & Pribram (1960).
(1956) presented the idea that Miller et al. suggested that TOTE should
short-term memory could only replace the stimulus-response as the
hold 5-9 chunks of information basic unit of behavior.
(seven plus or minus two) In a TOTE unit, a goal is tested to see if it
A chunk could refer to digits, has been achieved and if not an
words, chess positions, or operation is performed to achieve the
people's faces. goal; this cycle of test-operate is
The concept of chunking and the repeated until the goal is eventually
limited capacity of short term achieved or abandoned.
memory became a basic The TOTE concept provided the basis of
element of all subsequent many subsequent theories of problem
Susmita Pruthi
theories of memory. solving (e.g., GPS) and production
systems.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 13

14. OUTPUT
Rehearsed
Encoded -
Transferred Transferred
Sensory Short-Term Long-Term
Memory Memory Memory
Retrieved
Forgotten Forgotten
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 14

15. A lexical database for English
 A computer simulation of human word memory
 George A. Miller began the WordNet project in the mid-
1980s in the Princeton University Department of
Psychology.
 WordNet superficially resembles a thesaurus, in that it
groups words together based on their meanings.
 Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into
sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a
Susmita Pruthi
distinct concept.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 15

16. A lexical database for English
 A computer simulation of human word memory
 George A. Miller began the WordNet project in the mid-
1980s in the Princeton University Department of Psychology
 It is currently housed in the Department of Computer
Science.
 Over the years, many people have contributed to the
development of WordNet.
 WordNet is being translated into multiple languages and is
widely used by linguists in language processing systems.
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 16

17.  The main relation among words in WordNet is
synonymy, as between the words shut and close or car
and automobile.
 Synonyms--words that denote the same concept and are
interchangeable in many contexts--are grouped into unordered
sets (synsets).
WordNet interlinks not just WordNet labels the semantic
word forms—strings of relations among words,
letters—but specific senses whereas the groupings of
of words. As a result, words words in a thesaurus does
that are found in close not follow any explicit
proximity to one another in pattern other than meaning
Susmita Pruthi
the network are semantically similarity.
disambiguated.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 17

18. Noun X Y
Y is a hypernym of X if every X is a (kind of) Y Canine Dog
Y is a hyponym of X if every Y is a (kind of) X Canine Dog
Y is a coordinate term of X if X and Y share a hypernym Wolf / Dog Dog / Wolf
Y is a holonym of X if X is a part of Y Window Building
Y is a meronym of X if Y is a part of X Window Building
Verbs X Y
the verb Y is a hypernym of the verb X if the activity X to listen to perceive
is a (kind of) Y
the verb Y is a troponym of the verb X if the activity Y to talk to lisp
is doing X in some manner
the verb Y is entailed by X if by doing X you must be to snore to sleep
Susmita Pruthi
doing Y
those verbs sharing a common hypernym to lisp to yell
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 18

19.  Name: wnstats - WordNet 3.0
 Database statistics
POS Unique Strings Synsets Total Word-Sense Pairs
Noun 117798 82115 146312
Verb 11529 13767 25047
Adjective 21479 18156 30002
Adverb 4481 3621 5580
Totals 155287 117659 206941
Susmita Pruthi
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 19

20.  The Global WordNet Association is a free, public and non-
commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing,
sharing and connecting wordnets for all languages in the world. The
aims of the association are:
o To establish distribution facilities for the dissemination of the Association and Association publications and
information materials:
o To promote cooperation and information exchange among related professional and technical societies that
build or use wordnets.
o To provide information on wordnets to the general public.
o To promote the standardization of the specification of wordnets for all languages in the world, including:
o the standardization of the Inter-Lingual-Index for inter-linking the wordnets of different languages, as a
universal index of meaning
o the development of a common representation for wordnet data
o To promote the development of sense-tagged corpora in all the linked languages.
o To promote sharing and transferring of data, software and specifications across wordnet builders for different
languages
o To promote the development of guidelines and methodologies for building wordnets in new languages
Susmita Pruthi
o To promote the development of explicit criteria and definitions for verifying the relations in any language
o To promote the development of consistency checking, comparison and evaluation modules
o To promote research into the psychological adequacy of models of the mental lexicon
o The Global WordNet Association (GWA) builds on the results of Princeton WordNet and EuroWordNet.
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 20

21. Beginning of a journey of discovery …
NU ET511 | Assignment 3 | Learning and Cognitive Themes 21