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Similaire à A Seminar on Biomimicry
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A Seminar on Biomimicry
- 1. Presented By: Tanaya Jawale B.Tech Production (S/W) 111013063 1 A seminar on Biomimicry Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 1
- 2. » Introduction » Methodology » Biomimicry Examples » Biomimicry in Operations Research » Conclusions » Future Scope » References Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 2 Outline 2
- 3. WHY NATURE? » It's the world's oldest, largest, and the most reliable R&D organization. » Evolutionary pressure forces living organisms to become highly optimized & efficient » After 3.8 billion years of research & development, FAILURES = FOSSILS & what surrounds us is the secret to sustenance! What is it? Study nature's best ideas - Imitate these designs & processes - solve complex human problems Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 3 Introduction 3
- 4. » Leonardo da Vinci's 'flying machine' » Aeroplane - Wright brothers, in 1903 Velcro - A Serendipitous Innovation » Discovery - In 1948 by George de Mestral »Noticed burdock burr seeds stuck to his dog's fur. » Found 'hooks & loops' pattern » Mestral used nylon strips for his hooks & loops. 4 Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 4
- 5. » Biomimicry thinking: 1. Scoping 2. Discovering 3. Creating 4. Evaluating Methodology » Biology or Biomimicry? » Nature as MODEL, MENTOR & MEASURE » Practicing Biomimicry for any process independent of the discipline. » Ensures integration of life’s strategies into human designs Results: »Are sustainable »Perform well »Save energy »Cut material costs »Redefine and eliminate “waste” Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 55
- 6. Biology to Design Challenge to Biology Process initiation: inspirational biological insight Process initiation: Problem defined before hand, seek biological insights for solution Focuses on innovations; beneficial for inventors & entrepreneurs Useful for a ‘controlled’ setting; e.g. classroom, iterative design process E.g. Velcro, Swarm Intelligence E.g. Bionic- The car, Shinkansen Bullet Train, inspired by a Kingfisher’s beak. Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 66
- 8. » How do geckos climb walls? » Using setae; each seta ends in a spatula-like structure » Nanoscale spatulae interact with wall atoms; generate Van der Waal’s forces » The adhesive system demonstrates high friction. » Intimate contact with an opposing surface achieved through the bending of millions of compliant setae. » A synthetic microstructure made by casting plastic into a porous mold. » Array of vertically aligned polymer fibers » Exhibit compliance by bending & buckling » Atomic level bonds formed » High resistance to sliding ; » 30X more force Gecko Tape Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 8 Mechanical/ Fabrication 8
- 9. • Lotus leaves are self-cleaning, super-hydrophobic • Roughened micro scale surface, trapped air in the interstitial spaces reduces liquid- to-solid contact area, improves contact angle up to 170°; droplets formed • Dirt particles stick to these droplets, slight tilt causes droplets to roll off • Microscopically rough surface additives introduced into a new generation of paint, glass, and fabric finishes, • For example, GreenShield, a fabric finish made by G3i achieves the same water and stain repellency Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 9 The Lotus Effect 9
- 10. • The Shinkansen Bullet Train, the world's fastest train • Major problem: NOISE, sonic booms created • Kingfishers move between two mediums swiftly and smoothly • The front end of the train was modeled after the bird's beak • Results: Quieter train, 15% reduction in electricity consumption, 10% improvement in speed Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 10 The Power of Shape 10
- 11. Characteristics: »Powerful muscles, streamlined shape, »rigid outer skin consists of numerous bony, hexagonal plates. »Good maneuverability. »Drag coefficient = 0.06 ; ideal value = 0.04 » A concept car, launched by Mercedes-Benz in 2005. » Drag coefficient = 0.19 » Mileage : 70 miles per gallon. » extremely fuel efficient due to streamlined shape and lightweight characteristics. » 20% reduced fuel consumption » 80% reduced NO emissions » Can run on biofuel efficiently » Max. speed: 190 kmph BIONIC – The CarBIONIC – The Car Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 1111
- 12. • Trees arrange their fibers to minimize stress & add material where strength is needed • Bones remove material where not needed, optimizing their structure • CAO (computer-aided optimization) and SKO (soft kill option) developed by Claus Mattheck at the Karlsruhe Research Centre in Germany • An Opel engine mount designed using the software is 25% lighter yet 60% more stable than one designed conventionally. Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 12 Industrial Design 12
- 13. Categories Examples Swarm Intelligence based Ant colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony Bio-inspired (but not SI based) Flower pollination algorithm, Differential evolution Physics/chemistry based Gravitational search, Intelligent water drop Other Differential search algorithm, Backtracking optimization search Nature based algorithms Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 13 Operations Research 13
- 14. • (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems • Consists of a population interacting locally with one another and with their environment. • Although, individual behaviours are random, interactions between the agents leads to emergence of intelligent global behaviour 14 Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 14
- 15. » Developed by K.N. Krishnanand and D. Ghose in 2005. » The female glowworms glow to attract mates or prey. The brighter the glow more is the attraction. » Useful for simultaneous search of multiple optima having different objective function values » Phases:1. deployment of glowworms phase 2. luciferin-update phase 3. movement phase 4. local-decision domain update phase Applications: data clustering problems, Optimal Power flow problems, etc Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 15 Glowworm Swarm Optimization 15
- 16. 16 Conclusions & Future Scope Biomimicry|23.05.14|COEP 16 » Biomimicry is used in day to day life as well as specific engineering problems! » By utilizing Biomimicry Thinking innovations can be made 100% nature friendly » Nature provides the best solutions! » Species on earth range from 2 to 50 million » A lot of areas still lie unexplored » Tremendous future scope!
Notes de l'éditeur
- Biomimicry DesignLens Biomimicry Thinking provides context to where, how, what, and why biomimicry fits into the process of any discipline or any scale of design. While akin to a methodology, Biomimicry Thinking is a framework that is intended to help people practice biomimicry while designing anything. There are four areas in which a biomimicry lens provides the greatest value to the design process (independent of the discipline in which it is integrated): scoping, discovering, creating, and evaluating. Following the specific steps within each phase helps ensure the successful integration of life’s strategies into human designs. What's Biomimicry? Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate) is a design discipline that seeks sustainable solutions by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies, for example, a solar cell inspired by a leaf. The goal is to create products, processes, and policies—new ways of living—that are well-adapted to life on earth over the long haul. Biomimicry thinking helps create products and processes that Are sustainable | Biomimicry follows Life’s Principles. Life’s Principles instruct us to build from the bottom up, self-assemble, optimize rather than maximize, use free energy, cross-pollinate, embrace diversity, adapt and evolve, use life-friendly materials and processes, engage in symbiotic relationships, and enhance the bio-sphere. By following the principles life uses, you can create products and processes that are well adapted to life on earth. Perform well | In nature, if a design strategy is not effective, its carrier dies. Nature has been vetting strategies for 3.8 billion years. Biomimicry helps you study the successful strategies of the survivors, so you can thrive in your marketplace, just as these strategies have thrived in their habitats. Save energy | Energy in the natural world is even more expensive than in the human world. Plants have to trap and convert it from sunlight, and predators have to hunt and catch it. As a result of the scarcity of energy, life tends to organize extremely energy-efficient designs and systems, optimizing energy use at every turn. Emulating these efficiency strategies can dramatically reduce your company's energy use. Greater efficiency translates to energy cost savings and greater profitability. Cut material costs | Nature builds to shape, because shape is cheap and material is expensive. By studying the shapes of nature’s strategies and how they are built, biomimicry can help you minimize the amount your company spends on materials while maximizing the effectiveness of your products' patterns and forms to achieve their desired functions. Redefine and eliminate “waste” | By mimicking how nature transitions materials and nutrients within a habitat, your company can set up its various units and systems to optimally use resources and eliminate unnecessary redundancies. Organizing your company’s habitat flows more similarly to nature’s can drive profitability through cost savings and/or the creation of new profit centers focused on selling your waste to companies who desire your “waste” as a feedstock. Biology or Biomimicry? What's the difference?
- Challenge to Biology Challenge to Biology is a specific path through Biomimicry Thinking. This is useful for scenarios when a specific problem is at hand and you are seeking biological insights for the solution. It is particularly useful for a “controlled” setting, such as a classroom, or for creating an iterative design process. Not surprisingly, the best outcomes occur when you navigate the path multiple times. Biology to Design Biology to Design is a specific path through Biomimicry Thinking. This path is most appropriate when your process initiates with an inspirational biological insight (including a Life’s Principle) that you want to manifest as a design. Those who might follow this path include inventors and entrepreneurs, students who don’t yet have their own design process, those interested in discovering strategies that might inform new innovations, and educators interested in sharing biology in ways that generate interest with non-biologists.
- Geckos can climb walls, ceilings; How? They dont use glue, a chemical adhesive, or suction Its toes have very fine hair (setae) packed 5,000 per mm2 (3 million/inch2) into the ridges (or lamellae) found on their underside. A single seta is roughly 110µm long and 4.2µm wide. The end of each seta has 400–1,000 branches ending in a spatula-like structure about 0.2–0.5 μm long If toes were sticky like tape or relied on strong suction, it would be difficult for a gecko to walk or run, as it would be too hard to pull its feet from the surface. The nanoscale spatulae get close to the wall's surface; their atoms interact with the atoms of the wall. The adhesive system demonstrates high friction. Composed of rigid, durable material. Intimate contact with an opposing surface achieved through tbending of millions of compliant setae. The forces between the atoms of the foot & the atoms of the wall (Van der Waal’s forces) are relatively weak forces Contact area between foot & surface must be big enough so that these individual weak forces can add up to a very strong force, strong enough to hold A synthetic microstructure similar to the gecko adhesive was made by casting plastic into a porous mold. This procedure yields an array of vertically aligned polymer fibers that are each less than a micron in diameter and 20 microns high (about one fifth the thickness of a sheet of paper). As with the gecko hairs, the polymer fibers are composed of rigid material but exhibit compliance by bending and buckling when loaded. This compliance enables intimate contact when pressed into an opposing surface, allowing for the formation of millions of atomic level bonds. Though individually weak, these bonds combine to produce a significant resistance to sliding. Comparing measurements between the micro fiber array and controls composed of smooth (unstructured) polymer demonstrate that the gecko-inspired structures resist over 30 times more force prior to sliding. What is remarkable is that this 30 times increase in the coefficient of friction is obtained with an intrinsically rigid material that has much more durable properties than high friction materials that are soft, such as rubber or sticky tape
- Natural Cleaning Home About Biomimicry Case Examples Natural Cleaning Learning from Lotus Plants How to Clean without Cleaners Ask any school child or adult how leaves keep water from sticking to them, and they’ll almost certainly say, “Because they are so smooth.” Yet one of the most water repellent leaves in the world, that of the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), isn’t smooth at all. The myriad crevices of its microscopically rough leaf surface trap a maze of air upon which water droplets float, so that the slightest breeze or tilt in the leaf causes balls of water to roll cleanly off, taking attached dirt particles with them. Now, microscopically rough surface additives have been introduced into a new generation of paint, glass, and fabric finishes, greatly reducing the need for chemical or laborious cleaning. For example, GreenShield, a fabric finish made by G3i based on the “lotus effect,” achieves the same water and stain repellency as conventional fabric finishes while using 8 times less harmful fluorinated chemicals. Lotus plants (Nelumbo nucifera) stay dirt-free, an obvious advantage for an aquatic plant living in typically muddy habitats, and they do so without using detergent or expending energy. The plant's cuticle, like that of other plants, is made up of soluble lipids embedded in a polyester matrix – wax – but the degree of its water repellency is extreme (superhydrophobic). This is accomplished through the micro-topography of their leaf surfaces, which while showing a variety of structures, all share a similar mathematical set of proportions associated with superhydrophobicity. Lotus leaves, for example, exhibit extensive folding (i.e., papillose epidermal cells) and epicuticular wax crystals jutting out from the plant's surface, resulting in a roughened microscale surface. As water and air adhere less well than water and solids, roughened surfaces tend to reduce adhesive force on water droplets, as trapped air in the interstitial spaces of the roughened surface result in a reduced liquid-to-solid contact area. This allows the self-attraction of the polar molecule of water to express more fully, causing it to form spheres. Dirt particles on the leaf's surface stick to these droplets, both due to natural adhesion between water and solids and because contact with the leaf surface is reduced by over 95% from the leaf's micro-topography. The slightest angle in the surface of the leaf (e.g., caused by a passing breeze) then causes the balls of water to roll off due to gravity, taking the attached dirt particles with them and cleaning the leaf without using detergent or expending energy. Surface finishes inspired by the self-cleaning mechanism of lotus plants and other organisms (e.g., many large-winged insects) have now been applied to paints, glass, textiles, and more, reducing the need for chemical detergents and costly labor. This video gives you a closer look at the surface of the lotus leaf. EXCERPT "The microrelief of plant surfaces, mainly caused by epicuticular wax crystalloids, serves different purposes and often causes effective water repellency. Furthermore, the adhesion of contaminating particles is reduced. Based on experimental data...it is shown here for the first time that the interdependence between surface roughness, reduced particle adhesion and water repellency is the keystone in the self-cleaning mechanism of many biological surfaces. The plants were artificially contaminated with various particles and subsequently subjected to artificial rinsing by sprinkler or fog generator. In the case of water-repellent leaves, the particles were removed completely by water droplets that rolled off the surfaces independent of their chemical nature or size. The leaves of N. nucifera afford an impressive demonstration of this effect, which is, therefore, called the 'Lotus-Effect' and which may be of great biological and technological importance." (Barthlott and Neinhuis 1997:1)
- Transportation Home About Biomimicry Case Examples Transportation Learning Efficiency from Kingfishers The Shinkansen Bullet Train of the West Japan Railway Company is the fastest train in the world, traveling 200 miles per hour. The problem? Noise. Air pressure changes produced large thunder claps every time the train emerged from a tunnel, causing residents one-quarter a mile away to complain. Eiji Nakatsu, the train’s chief engineer and an avid bird-watcher, asked himself, “Is there something in Nature that travels quickly and smoothly between two very different mediums?” Modeling the front-end of the train after the beak of kingfishers, which dive from the air into bodies of water with very little splash to catch fish, resulted not only in a quieter train, but 15% less electricity use even while the train travels 10% faster.
- Thanks to its body plan, the boxfish is able to resist the forces of turbulent water in a unique way. Due to its trapezoidal or triangular shape, and flattened back (its keel), the boxfish is able to create self-stabilizing vortices using the turbulent water itself. The water passes over the flat front of the fish’s keel, before the pointed back portion divides the water towards the fish’s concave (curved inward) sides. Acting like train tracks, grooved scales and stiff bumps along the sides of the boxfish transport the water, like a train, turning the water about in order to create vortices. These newly created vortices then move away from the organism and towards the opposite side of the water’s origin. For example, if the water is hitting the front part of the boxfish from above, then a vortex is created below the back end of the organism. As a result, the back end of the boxfish is sucked towards the center of the vortex (due to pressure differences), thus keeping the fish stable. The same happens when water hits the front part of the fish from below; as the water moves past the organism, a vortex is created above its back end, causing the back end of the fish to be pulled upwards. Think of it like a see-saw: as water pushes one side down, the other starts to rise. The other end of the see-saw, however, is pulled down by the suctional force of the vortex. Since the two forces are equal, the see-saw levels out, and neither end moves up nor down. The amazing part about the vortices is that their suctional force is equivalent to both the speed/intensity of the water, as well as the angle at which the water is coming in contact with the fish. The faster the water and the greater the angle, the stronger the vortex is able to pull the boxfish towards its center. In this way, the organism is always stabilized no matter what the turbulence is around it. This stabilization is also achieved naturally, meaning no energy is expended resisting turbulence. The boxfish is, therefore, able to smoothly move and maneuver through water at ease.For more information on how the boxfish moves through the water, please watch this video.This summary was contributed by Thomas McAuley-Biasi. Characteristics: Needs to conserve strength, move with least consumption of energy; thuspowerful muscles, streamlined shape Must withstand high pressures, protect body during collisions; hence, rigid outer skin consists of numerous bony, hexagonal plates. Moves in confined spaces: hence, good maneuverability. Has a drag coefficient of 0.06 ; closest to the ideal value of 0.04 A concept car, launched by Mercedes-Benz in 2005. Modelled after the spotted Boxfish Drag coefficient = 0.19 Mileage : 70 miles per gallon. extremely fuel efficient due to streamlined shape and lightweight characteristics. 20% reduction in fuel consumption 80% reduction in NO emissions Can run on biofuel efficiently Max. speed: 190 kmph
- Industrial Design Home About Biomimicry Case Examples Industrial Design Learning from Trees and Bones How to Optimize Strength and Materials The next time you drive through a forest, go ahead and thank the trees out your window for helping on your car’s crash safety and gas mileage. Trees engineer themselves in a number of ways to maximize their strength, such as arranging their fibers to minimize stress and adding material where strength is needed (take a look at the extra material beneath a heavy branch, for instance). Bones – unlike trees in that they must carry moving loads – go a step further by removing material where it’s not needed, optimizing their structure for their dynamic workloads. Engineers have incorporated these and other lessons learned from how trees and bones optimize their strength and minimize their use of materials into software design programs, such as Claus Matteck’s “Soft Kill Option” software, which are revolutionizing industrial design. Using these programs to design cars, for example, has resulted in new vehicle designs that are as crash-safe as conventional cars, yet up to 30% lighter CAO (computer-aided optimization) and SKO (soft kill option) software was developed by Claus Mattheck at the Karlsruhe Research Centre in Germany. The CAO and SKO software works with FEM (Finite Element Model) used in engineering design. FEM is a numerical tool that breaks a component of interest into finite geometrical sections, then defines the material property of each finite element. FEM identifies areas of high stress, and shows the simulated effects of adding or removing material based on CAO and SKO. Adam Opel GmbH, a part of General Motors Engineering Europe, used mostly the SKO to make car components lightweight but still strong enough to withstand stress. An Opel engine mount designed using the software is 25 percent lighter yet 60 percent more stable than one designed using the conventional design process. The engineers also used the computer simulation to configure other body and suspension components in the car, resulting in the car weighing 30 percent less, while maintaining stability, safety, and handling. Daimler AG’s (formerly Mercedes-Benz) Bionic Car also used the CAO and SKO software to make the car lighter yet maintain its strength. In addition, the Bionic Car’s shape mimics the angular, yet highly aerodynamic boxfish.