stages in research design

1. ResearchResearch
DesignDesign
Dr. Tushar Chaudhari,
Assistant Professor,
Seth Kesarimal Porwal College Kamptee
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2. Course OutlineCourse Outline
Introduction to Research Design
Stages of Research Process
Research Methods for Collecting Data
Sampling and Fieldwork
Data Analysis and Presentation
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3. MaxiMinCon PrincipleMaxiMinCon Principle
 Researchers are guided by the MaxiMinCon Principle
Maximize systematic variance
Minimize error variance
Control extraneous variance
Design is the researcher’s attempt at variance control.
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4. MaxiMinCon Principle,MaxiMinCon Principle, continuedcontinued
Four Primary Means to Control
Variance
1. Build the variable into the study
2. Exclude the variable from the study
3. Statistically control the variable(s)
through covariance analysis
4. Randomization
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5. When Should Research be Undertaken?When Should Research be Undertaken?
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Is sufficient time
available?
Is information
inadequate?
High importance
of decision?
Research benefits
greater than costs?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Undertake Research
NO Do not
Undertake Research

6. Research DesignResearch Design
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7. Research DesignResearch Design
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8. Rules for preparing research DesignRules for preparing research Design
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9. Benefits Research DesignBenefits Research Design
States the nature of required facts,
figures and various reliable sources
Encourages appropriate analysis of data
with confidence
Explains nature and purpose of variables
Minimizes errors and maximization of
authentication
Eliminates irrelevance and promotes
reliability
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10. Stages in the Research DesignStages in the Research Design
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Define
Problem
Planning a
Research Design
Planning
a Sample
Gathering
the Data
Processing and
Analysing the Data
Conclusions
and Report

11. The Process of
Problem Definition
Ascertain the
decision maker’s
objectives
Understand
background of
the problem
Isolate/identify
the problem, not
the symptoms
Determine unit of
analysis
Determine
relevant
variables
State research
questions and
objectives
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12. Type of Research DesignType of Research Design
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Exploratory
Research
Causal
Research
Test hypotheses about cause
and-effect relationships.
Test hypotheses about cause
and-effect relationships.
Gather preliminary information
that will help define the problem
and suggest hypotheses
Gather preliminary information
that will help define the problem
and suggest hypotheses
Descriptive
Research
Describe customer’s attitudes
and demographics
Determine product’s market
potential
Describe customer’s attitudes
and demographics
Determine product’s market
potential
Exploratory
Research

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Exploratory Conclusive
Objectives
To provide insight and understanding To test specific hypothesis
and examine relationship
Characteristics
Information needed is not fully available,
Research process is flexible and
unstructured , analysis of primary data is
quantitative
Information needed is clearly
defined, Research process is
formal and structured ,sample
is large and representative,
data analysis is quantitative
Finding results
Tentative Conclusive
Outcome
Generally followed by further exploratory
or conclusive result
Finding used as input in
decision making

14. Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research
• Exploratory research is most
commonly unstructured, “informal”
research that is undertaken to gain
background information about the
general nature of the research
problem.
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15. Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research
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16. • A variety of methods are available
to conduct exploratory research:
• Secondary Data Analysis
• Experience Surveys
• Case Analysis
• Focus Groups
• Projective Techniques
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17. Descriptive ResearchDescriptive Research
• Descriptive research is undertaken
to provide answers to questions of
who, what, where, when, and how –
but not why.
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18. Descriptive ResearchDescriptive Research

19. Casual ResearchCasual Research
• Causality may be thought of as
understanding a phenomenon in
terms of conditional statements of
the form “If x, then y.”
• Causal relationships are typically
determined by the use of
experiments, but other methods are
also used.
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20. SamplingSampling
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Population
SampleSample
A sample is a subset of a larger
population of objects individuals,
households, businesses,
organizations and so forth.
Sampling enables researchers to
make estimates of some unknown
characteristics of the population in
question
A finite group is called population
whereas a non-finite (infinite) group
is called universe
A census is a investigation of all the
individual elements of a population

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23. Budget and time Constraints
High degree of accuracy and
reliability
There are more risks for making
interviewer and other errors due to
the high volume of persons
contacted and the number of census
takers, some of whom may not be
well-trained
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24. The Sampling ProcessThe Sampling Process
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Define the Target
population
Define the Target
population
Select a
Sampling Frame
Select a
Sampling Frame
Determine if a probability
or non-probability sampling
method will be chosen
Determine if a probability
or non-probability sampling
method will be chosen
Plan procedure for
selecting sampling units
Plan procedure for
selecting sampling units
Determine sample sizeDetermine sample size
Select actual sampling unitsSelect actual sampling units
Conduct fieldworkConduct fieldwork11
22
33
44
55
66
77

25. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
NON - PROBABILITY PROBABILITY
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING
JUDGMENTAL
SAMPLING
QUOTA
SAMPLING
SNOWBALL
SAMPLING
STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
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Probability Sampling Non Probability sampling
The process of selection is
based on chance factor.
The process of selection is
not based on chance factor
but on the basis of some
arbitrary method.
Example :- Lottery Example :- panel selection

27. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Simple random selection
This is a sampling technique which
selects those sampling units most
conveniently available at a certain
point in, or over a period, of time
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28. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Systematic sampling
This is a technique in which an initial
starting point is selected by a random
process, after which every nth number on
the list is selected to constitute part of
the sample
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29. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Stratified sampling
 This is a technique in which simple
random subsamples are drawn from
within different strata that share some
common characteristic
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30. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Cluster sampling
 cluster sampling your sampling frame is the complete list
of clusters rather than complete list of individual cases
within population, you then select a few cluster normally
using simple random sampling,. Data are then collected
from every case within the selected clusters
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31. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
 This is a sampling technique which
selects those sampling units most
conveniently available at a certain
point in, or over a period, of time
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32. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
 Judgment (purposive) Sampling
 This is a sampling technique in which the
business researcher selects the sample based on
judgment about some appropriate characteristic
of the sample members
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33. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 This is a sampling technique in which the
researcher ensures that certain
characteristics of a population are
represented in the sample to an extent
which is he or she desires.
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34. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
 Snow ball Sampling
 This is a sampling technique in which individuals
or organizations are selected first by probability
methods, and then additional respondents are
identified based on information provided by the
first group of respondents
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35. calculation of sample sizecalculation of sample size
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http://www.surveysystem.com

36. ss =Z 2
* (p) * (1-p)
c 2
Where:
Z = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence
level)
p = percentage picking a choice, expressed
as decimal
(.5 used for sample size needed)
c = confidence interval, expressed as
decimal
(e.g., .04 = ±4)
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37. Graphical Depiction ofGraphical Depiction of
Sampling ErrorsSampling Errors
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Total Population
Sampling Frame Error
Random Sampling Error
Sampling Frame
Planned
Sample
Non-Response Error
Respondents
(actual
sample)

38. DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION
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39. Points for data collectionPoints for data collection
Which data to collect
How to collect the data
Who will collect the data
When to collect the data
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42. Structured or directive interviewStructured or directive interview
This is an interview made with a detailed
standardized schedule.
The same questions are put to all the
respondents and in the same order.
 Each question is asked in the same way
in each interviews.
This type of interview is used for large-
scale formalized surveys.
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43. Unstructured or Non-directive InterviewUnstructured or Non-directive Interview
 The interviewer encourages the respondent
to talk freely about a given topic with a
minimum of prompting or guidance.
 In this type of interview, a detailed pre-planned
schedule is not used. Only a broad interview
guide is used.

44. Focused interviewFocused interview
 interview is taken asking perceptions,
opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a
product, service, concept, advertisement, idea,
or packaging.
 Questions are asked in an interactive group
setting where participants are free to talk with
other group members

45. Clinical InterviewClinical Interview
It is concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivation or with the course
of individuals life experience rather than
with effects of specific experience
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46. Depth interviewDepth interview
This is an intensive and searching
interview aiming at studying the
respondent's opinion, emotions or
convictions on the basis of an interview
guide.
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47. Telephone or email interviewTelephone or email interview
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49. QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
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51. Decision AnalystDecision Analyst
www.decisionanalyst.comwww.decisionanalyst.com
Decisive TechnologyDecisive Technology
www.decisive.comwww.decisive.com
Perseus DevelopmentPerseus Development
www.perseusdevelopment.comwww.perseusdevelopment.com
Socratic TechnologiesSocratic Technologies
www.sotech.comwww.sotech.com
SPSSSPSS
www.spss.comwww.spss.com
Survey BuilderSurvey Builder
www.surveybuilder.comwww.surveybuilder.com
SurveyProSurveyPro
www.surveypro.comwww.surveypro.com
SurveySezSurveySez
www.surveysez.comwww.surveysez.com
WebSurveyorWebSurveyor
www.websurveyor.comwww.websurveyor.com

52. ObservationsObservations
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53. Secondary dataSecondary data
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55. Precautions in data analysisPrecautions in data analysis
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56. Purpose of Analysis of dataPurpose of Analysis of data
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58. Descriptive analysis
(Frequency distribution)
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59. Descriptive analysis
(Measures of central tendency)
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60. Descriptive analysis
(Variability)
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61. Descriptive analysis
(Bivarate Descriptive analysis)
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62. Inferential analysis
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63. Inferential analysis
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64. Inferential analysis
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67. Interpretation of dataInterpretation of data
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68. Summary of findingsSummary of findings
Summarizes the result of data analysis
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69. ConclusionConclusion
Drawn form summary findings
Answer of the problem
 Hypothesis testing whether accepted or
rejected
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70. RecommendationsRecommendations
Result of conclusion
Indicates the way to improve
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71. Report writtingsReport writtings
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72. Preliminary PartPreliminary Part
Title page
Preface and acknowledgment
List of tables
List of graphs and diagrams
Content (Chapter Wise)
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73. Initial PagesInitial Pages
Title Page
Certificate (by guide)
Declaration (by student )
Acknowledgement
Index
List of Tables
List of graphs and diagrams
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74. Chapter I Introduction
Introduction of the problem
Introductory detail of problem
Background information stating facts, happenings and
observations that prompted researcher to undertake this
particular research.
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75. Chapter II Review of Literature
 It is the backbone of research.
 It is the research undertaken by previous researcher over which
the researcher is going to contribute by way of his/her research.
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76. Chapter III
Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology
 Objectives :- What researcher is going to do to solve the researchable
problem.
 Hypotheses:- Statement assumed for the sake of argument
 Methodology:- Nature of problem , area and type of research,
sampling.
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77. Chapter IV
Collection of data
Details regarding the primary and secondary
data.
Details of questionnaire and schedules.02/23/16

78. Chapter V
Analysis of data
Tools and techniques which are used to
analysis of data.
Statistical techniques to test hypotheses.
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79. Chapter VI
Findings, interpretations and
conclusion
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80. Chapter VII
Suggestions and
Recommendations
The whole research provides researcher
expertise based on it researcher gives
recommendations
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81. Sr.
no
Name of Chapter Tentative page
number
1 Introduction 40
2 Review of Literature 50
3 Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology 20
4 Collection of data 80
5 Analysis of data 60
6 Finding 40
7 Suggestions and recommendations 30
Total 320
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82. Part IIIPart III
AppendicesAppendices
Bibliography
Questionnaire
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83. Introduction,
Research Problems/
Objectives, &
Justification
What--What was studied?
What about--What aspects of the
subject were studied?
What for--What is/was the
significance of the study?
Literature Review What did prior lit./research say?
. Methodology
(Research sample, data
collection, measurement,
data analysis)
What was done--How was
the
study conducted?
Implications What was found?
Results & Discussion So what?
Conclusions and
Recommendations for
Future Research
What now?
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