Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Structure of Matter. Elements, Ions & Isotopes
1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Elements, Ions & Isotopes University of Lincoln presentation
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3. 1. Elements This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
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9. For Example This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 20 40 11 22 1 1 H Na Ca
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11. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Metals Semi-metals Non-Metals Classification of elements
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13. Allotropes of Carbon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License C 60 fullerene structure Graphite layered structure Diamond structure
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15. 2. Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
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17. The Periodic Table This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 The Periodic Table consists of rows of 8 elements (s + p block only) Each row corresponds to a different quantum number (n=1–7) Each column has the same VALENCE CONFIGURATION ns 1 ns 2 ns 2 np 1 ns 2 np 2 ns 2 np 3 ns 2 np 4 ns 2 np 5 ns 2 np 6 f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements
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20. Valence Electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License [Ar] 4s 2 Ca 20 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ne 10 [Ar] 4s 1 K 19 [He] 2s 2 2p 5 F 9 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Ar 18 [He] 2s 2 2p 4 O 8 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 5 Cl 17 [He] 2s 2 2p 3 N 7 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 4 S 16 [He] 2s 2 2p 2 C 6 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 P 15 [He] 2s 2 2p 1 B 5 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 2 Si 14 [He] 2s 2 Be 4 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 1 Al 13 [He] 2s 1 Li 3 [Ne] 3s 2 Mg 12 1s 2 He 2 [Ne] 3s 1 Na 11 1s 1 H 1 Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number
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24. 3. Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
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27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Henri Becquerel Marie & Pierre Curie Radioactivity discovered in 1896
28. Stable v. Radioactive Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License There are approximately 1,700 isotopes known to exist
29. Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
30. Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Black squares denote STABLE isotopes Z N
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32. Relative Atomic Mass, A r This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Mg 24 78.7 Mg 25 10.1 Mg 26 11.2 % abundance The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the stable isotopes for that element. For example: A r (Mg) = 24.3 Atomic mass
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