Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists. Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types. A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.

1. HEREDITY AND GENETICS
Part 1
By Vijaya Sawant PMP
Oratechsolve Inc

2. Heredity defines biological transmission of physical
and psychological traits from generation to
generation.

3. The field of biology that studies heredity is called
GENETICS.
Traits are transmitted by Chromosomes and Genes.

5. Life begins as a single cell
or
zygote that divides repeatedly.

6. © Fancy/Veer/Corbis

7. Genes are segments of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
DNA forms a double spiral (HELIX) that looks like a twisting ladder.
Each “rung” on the ladder consist of 4 basic chemicals that are placed in pairs of
either: Adenine and Thymine or Cytosine and Guanine
The sequence of the rungs are the individual genetic code that cause the
developing organism to grow arms, wings, skin, or scales.

8. There are TWO types of cell division
Mitosis and Meiosis

10. The Double Helix of DNA
Mitosis

12. Identical and Fraternal Twins
Monozygotic Dizygotic

16. Using PDA technique you can select genes
like color of eyes, sex

17. © Fancy/Veer/Corbis
Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Abnormalities in 22nd or 23rd pairs of autosomes.
• Genetic abnormalities are caused by combinations
of genes called Multifactorial problems

18. ©U.P.Images/iStockphoto.com/©TomaszMarkowski/iStockphoto.com
Down Syndrome
It is caused by an extra
chromosome of the 21st
pair resulting in 47
chromosomes.
Children show deficits in
cognitive and motor
development.
Typically die from
cardiovascular arrest in
middle age.

19. Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

20. Turner Syndrome (X)
1 girl in 2,500 has
syndrome.
Female is shorter than
average and infertile.
Cognitive deficits
problems with visual-
spatial skills,
mathematics and
nonverbal memory.

21. (XYY) Syndrome
Rare abnormality in
men.
Occurs in 1 in 1,000
males.
Active in sex and sport,
learning difficulties,
delayed speech and
difficult time with
communicating.

22. Klinefelter Syndrome
(XXY)
1 male in 500 has
syndrome
Produces less
testosterone
Usually have enlarged
breasts
Mild retarded particularly
language, Infertile

23. Triple X Syndrome
(XXX)
1 girl in 1,000 has
syndrome.
Normal in appearance
Lower than average
language skills, poor
memory for recent
events
Development of external
sex organ normal

24. Genetic Abnormalities
• A number of disorders attributed to genes:
– Phenylketonuria (PKU)
– Huntington’s Disease
– Sickle-Cell Anemia
– Tay-Sachs Disease
– Cystic Fibrosis
– Sex-Linked Genetic Abnormalities
– Blood Linked Genetic Abnormalities

25. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Enzyme disorder transmitted by a recessive gene affecting 1 child in 8,000.

26. Cannot metabolize an
amino acid called
phenylalanine;
Builds up in body and
impairs functioning of the
central nervous system
(CNS);
Results are mental
retardation, psychological
disorders, physical
problems

27. No cure, but PKU can be detected in new born children through blood or urine
analysis; if identified placed on diets low in phenylalanine within three weeks of
birth and develop normally

28. Huntington’s Disease
Fatal, progressive
degenerative disorder
Uncontrollable muscle
movements, loss of
intellectual functioning and
personality change
No Cure; Half of offspring
will have disorder

29. Sickle-Cell Anemia
Common among African
American
Red blood cells take a
shape of sickle
obstructing blood and
oxygen supply
Impair cognitive and
academic functions,
organs failure

31. Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by recessive
gene
Fatal hereditary
disease among
European Americans
30,000 Americans
have disorder, 10
million more are
carriers (1 in 31
people)

32. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

33. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy symptoms

34. Genetic Bleeding
Disorder
Abnormalities
Hemophilia
1 in every 4,400 live male
birth in the United States.
Caused by shortage of
certain clotting factors in
blood.
Spontaneous bleeding
Prolonged bleeding
©Photo12/TheImageWorks

35. “Test-tube” babies are grown in a
laboratory dish throughout their 9
month gestation period.
Misconception

36. Oratechsolve Inc.
Promoter of Maternal and Neonatal Health Literacy
Email: info@oratechsolve.com
www.oratechsolve.com