Secession and Civil War

1. Slavery, Secession, and Civil War
Secession and Civil War

2. Abraham Lincoln Views on Slavery
Lincoln did not plan to free slaves, but only opposed to the spread of
slavery because he felt that slavery would die if not allowed to
spread.
Election of 1860 [The Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGg5uDYHEQA

3. Abraham Lincoln- Election of 1860
Southern states feared their voice in governmental decisions would be lost. South
Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln won the election.
Lincoln's election in 1860 brought the Southern states to the point of secession and Lincoln to a fateful question: Should he allow
peaceful secession or should he coerce the rebels to stay in the Union?

4. Secede
Refers to the withdrawal of one (or more) states from the Union that constitutes
the United States; but it may refer to leaving a state or territory to form a separate
territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a
state.
Southern Arrogance [Gone With the Wind] http://safeshare.tv/w/VRHIWWEeuj

5. What Was Secession?
Southern View Northern View

6. The Deep South Secedes
South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860
Mississippi Jan. 09, 1861
Florida Jan. 10, 1861
Alabama Jan. 11, 1861
Georgia Jan. 19, 1861
Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861
Texas Feb. 01, 1861

7. Confederate States of America
1. Montgomery, Alabama selected as the first Confederate Capitol.
2. Jefferson Davis elected President.
3. A new Confederate constitution had the following provisions:
• Slavery would be allowed forever.
• No tariffs.
President Jefferson DavisVice President Alexander Stephens

8. Jefferson Davis
First and only president of the Confederate States of America.

9. Union and the Confederacy on the Eve of the Civil War
Population
The North had a population of 22 million
The South had a population of 9.5 million.
Manufacturing
The North contained 80% of the nation's manufacturing plants.
The South contained 20% of the nation's manufacturing plants.
* 3.5 million of the South’s population were slaves.
Railroads
The North had 2.5 times the railroad mileage of the South.
Military Skills
The South had a strong military tradition.
Academies like V.M.I. (Virginia Military Institute)
provided a source of trained officers at the start of the war.

10. South Leaders
Jefferson Davis
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
Jeb Stuart
Pierre T. Beauregard
James Longstreet George Pickett

11. Abe Lincoln
Ulysses Grant George McClellan George Meade
David Farragaut William T. Sherman Joseph Hooker
George A. Custer

12. Areas Where the American Civil War was Fought
Eastern Theater: Area from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains.
Western Theater: Area from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.
Far Western Theater: All areas west of the Mississippi River.

13. Why They Fought
Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two sons who became major
generals during the Civil War: one for the North, one for the South.

14. Conscription (Draft)
A policy in which the government selects certain individuals for
military service rather than waiting for them to enlist.
Both sides had to engage in conscription as the war grew.

15. Union Conscription
Drafted every man aged 20-45
One could escape if you found a substitute
and paid $300.
Only 6% of Union troops were draftees
because of social pressures to fight.
Lincoln's draft was particularly unpopular
among the poor and
immigrants.
Over 30% of the men eligible for the draft in
the south avoided the draft.
North and South, potential recruits
were offered awards, or "bounties," for
enlisting, as much as $677 in New York.
Bounty jumping soon became a
profession, as men signed up, then
deserted, to enlist again elsewhere. One
man repeated the process 32 times
before being caught.

16. Confederate Conscription
First act passed, April 1862
Men between the ages of 18-35 were subject to the draft. Must serve for the
duration of the war.
“Twenty Negro Law,” which stated that if your family owned more than 20 slaves
you would be exempt from military service. Caused resentment between upper
class/lower class as the conflict became “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

17. Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
Federal fort located 3 miles offshore from Charleston, S.C. where the first shots
of the Civil War were fired after Lincoln refused to give the fort to the
Confederates. Confederate Forces fired on Union soldiers. The American Civil
War began on April 12, 1861.

18. Fort Sumter Fun Facts
P.T.G Beauregard: He began the Civil
War by having his men fire on Ft.
Sumter. He was a former student of
Major Anderson at West Point. Edmund Ruffin, a
fanatical secessionist is
said to have fired the first
shot at Fort Sumter.
Four years later,
depressed by the South’s
defeat, Ruffin wrapped
himself in a Rebel flag
and fired a bullet
through his own brain.
Maj. Anderson: Commander of Ft.
Sumter was from the South, but
fought for the Union Army.
Fort Sumter [Ken Burns]
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=O9p7V7GrHjE

19. Actions Taken After the Surrender of Fort Sumter
President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a 3-month duty.
Three month duty was considered enough needed to crush rebellion.
Lincoln's call for troops angered the southern states as four more Southern states
joined the Confederacy.
Confederate Capitol was moved from Montgomery, Ala. to Richmond, Va.
A total of 11 Southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.
Virginia N. Carolina Arkansas Tennessee

20. Secession Map
Union States
States that seceded before the fall of Ft. Sumter.
Border States that did not secede.
States that seceded after the fall of Ft. Sumter.
Unorganized U.S. territories

22. Robert E. Lee: Turns Down Lincoln
Robert E. Lee: Originally was offered the opportunity to command the entire
federal army at the beginning of the Civil War. He declined the offer because his
home state of Virginia seceded from the Union. He resigned his commission in the
federal army and in the spring of 1862 began command of the Army of Northern
Virginia. Viewed as a traitor, his home was confiscated and used as a federal
cemetery. Today, we all know this estate as Arlington National Cemetery.
Arlington National CemeteryRobert E. Lee Refuses Command of the Union Army [Gods & Generals]
http://safeshare.tv/w/WkXsZdZQBD

23. Writ of Habeas Corpus
I Declared Martial Law,
Suspended Habeas
Corpus, Ignored The
Supreme Court And Had
Editors Thrown In Jail
Who Disagreed With
Me!
The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being
brought before a judge. President Lincoln suspended this right
during the Civil War to protect the Union by arresting the strongest
supporters of the Confederacy in the Washington, D.C. area.
On September 24, 1862, President Lincoln suspends the right to Habeas Corpus
nationwide, and then later receives congressional approval. When Chief Justice
Taney declares Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus unconstitutional, Lincoln
and the military ignored the ruling.

24. Anaconda Plan
Union strategy which involved surrounding the Confederacy and
cutting off all supply lines, much like how an anaconda would
Wrap itself around its prey and squeeze the life out of it.

25. Union Strategy for Victory
The Anaconda Plan:
First: The Union planned to blockade southern ports in order to cut the
Confederacy off from foreign trade.
Second: The Union planned to seize control of the Mississippi River to cut the
Confederacy in two and stop the flow of supplies to rebel troops.
Third: The Union planned to quickly capture the Confederate government
headquarters located in Richmond, Va.
Its goal was to blockade
the Southern ports and
strangle the life out of
the Confederacy like a
huge snake.
3
1
2
2
Union Strategy For Winning the War https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1897_1000k.wmv

26. Confederate Strategy for Victory
First: Stand on the defensive.
The Confederacy had only to defend itself to win
independence.
Knew the terrain and fighting to protect their homes.
Second: Confederacy could win by inflicting enough casualties
thus demoralizing the northern people into forcing an
end to the war.
Third: Southerners were confident that European countries
would quickly intervene because a Union blockade would
cut off the South’s supply of cotton to European
markets..
*Southerners looked for inspiration from the American Revolution, when England's material
superiority was even greater than what the U.S. Federal forces had in 1861.
Confederate Strategy For Winning the War https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1898_1000k.wmv

27. Death of Major Elmer Ellsworth
Major Ellsworth was the first casualty of the Civil War when he was shot and
killed by a hotel manager after he tried to remove a Confederate "Bonnie Blue"
flag from the rooftop of a hotel which was visible to Washington D.C. residents.
Major Elmer Ellsworth: Was a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln.
His death was devastating to the President and at Ellsworth’s funeral
was one of the few times people saw Lincoln weep in public.

28. The Civil War
1861: The First Year

29. First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)
The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) fought on July 21, 1861 was the first
major land-based confrontation of the American Civil War.
The Union army commander in Washington, Brigadier General Irvin McDowell,
gave in to great pressure to begin campaigning before his men’s 90-day
enlistments expired, although he did not feel the army was adequately trained,
the Union army moved too slowly, allowing Confederate reinforcements to arrive
by rail on time. It was a Confederate victory followed by a humiliating and
disorganized retreat of the Union forces.
Northern commander: General McDowell
Southern Commander: P.T.G. Beauregard
Why did the Union forces lose their first battle
1. Poor leadership.
2. Union troops were not properly trained.
http://safeshare.tv/w/FBTEGZVVBm

30. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
“Stonewall” Jackson earned his nick name at the First Battle of Bull Run when he
and his brigade stood "like a stone wall."
Jackson Served as Robert E. Lee’s right-hand man in the Army of Northern
Virginia until his he was mortally wounded by his own troops during the Battle of
Chancellorsville in May 1863.
“There stands Jackson like a stonewall... rally around the
Virginians.”
Gen. Bee July 21, 1861
http://safeshare.tv/w/yZUtwvBesa

31. The Confederate “Star and Bars”
The Confederate battle flag was developed after the first Battle of Bull Run in
July 1861 because Southern soldiers accidentally fired on other Southern troops.
Its purpose was to distinguish Southern from federal troops.
*Only eleven southern states seceded from the Union, but the Confederacy
counted Kentucky and Missouri… that is why there are thirteen stars on the flag.

32. Union Changing of the Guard
General McDowell
General McClellan

33. General McClellan Assumed Command
Lincoln appoints General McClellan to command the Union army. 34-year-old
General George B. McClellan was an excellent drillmaster and organizer of troops,
but also a perfectionist who constantly believed that he was outnumbered, never
took risks, and held the army without moving for months much to Lincoln’s to
displeasure.
General McClellan:
Nicknamed “Little Napoleon”
McClellan turned the Union army into a
disciplined fighting force

34. Trent Affair (November 1861)
In Nov. 1861, A Union captain stopped and boarded a British vessel called the
H.M.S. Trent and seized and interned two Confederate emissaries on their way
to England to seek England’s help for the Confederacy.
Britain demanded that the Confederate diplomats be released and for Lincoln
apologize or risk British intervention. President Lincoln ordered the two
diplomats released, but refused to apologize. The issue increased tension between
the Union and Britain.
I’ll release the
scoundrels, but
I repeat… I will not
apologize.

35. The Civil War
1862: The Second Year

36. Fort Donelson, Tennessee (February 1862)
During this campaign, the Confederates abandoned Nashville, Tennessee and much
of middle Tennessee fell to the Union.
U.S. Grant earned the nickname, “Unconditional Surrender” at Ft.
Donelson. Winning a series of victories in the West, thus catching the eye
of President Lincoln.
Ulysses S. Grant was not fond of
ceremonies or military music. He said
he could only recognize two tunes.
"One was Yankee Doodle," he
grumbled. "The other one wasn’t."

37. Hampton Roads (March 1862)
Famous naval battle between ironclad ships.
The U.S.S. Monitor (Federal ironclad)
The C.S.S. Virginia (CSA ironclad) formally the U.S.S. Merrimac.
Both vessels withdrew after five hours and the battle was considered a
draw.
Draw
Confederates intentionally scuttled the Merrimac
to avoid its capture.
The Virginia failed to break the Union blockade of Norfolk
in March 1862 in the first battle of ironclads in history.

38. Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing” (April 6-7, 1862)
The Battle of Shiloh was fought on April 6-7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee.
Albert Sidney Johnston, commander of the Confederate forces, hoped to defeat
Grant’s Army before it could be reinforced by Maj. Gen. Buell’s Army, which was
marching from Nashville. Initially, Grant was forced to retreat due to vicious
fighting to the river embankment.
During the first day of battle Gen. Albert S. Johnston of the Confederacy was
killed and command was handed down to Confederate P. G. T. Beauregard.
That evening, General Buell reinforced Grant and counterattacked the next day,
forcing the Confederate army to retreat back to Mississippi.
Confederate general, Albert
Sidney Johnston ordered doctors
to treat wounded Union soldiers
instead of treating his own
wounds. He bleed to death. He
most likely would have survived
had he received immediate
medical attention.

39. Union Casualties:
1,754 killed
8,408 wounded
2,885 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
1,723 killed
8,012 wounded
959 captured/missing
Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing” Cont.’
The "Hornet's Nest" at Shiloh was named by Southern
troops because so many bullets were buzzing in the air.
Northern commanders:
General Grant, Sherman, and
Buell.
Southern commanders:
Albert Sidney Johnson & PTG
Beauregard
In two days at Shiloh on the banks of the Tennessee River, more
Americans fell than in all previous American wars combined.
https://gtm-media-
1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec190
5_1000k.wmv

40. Capture of New Orleans
Admiral Farragut captured the city in Spring of 1862, which helped to cut off
supplies to the Confederate army fighting in the west.
General Benjamin Butler (Union) occupied and ruled New Orleans with an iron
fist and enforced harsh occupation laws. Hanged a man for removing a U.S. flag
from a flagpole.
Proclaimed orders that any disobedient woman would be treated like a women of
ill-repute if caught displaying disrespect toward Union officials.
The residents of New
Orleans even inked
images of Butler on
the bottom of their
chamber pots.
General Butler was appointed military commander of
New Orleans after it was captured by the Union in
1862. He ruled with an iron fist and was eventually
relieved of command. He earned the nickname,
“Spoons” because it was report that he liked to steal
silverware while dining.

41. Peninsula Campaign (Spring 1862)
At Lincoln’s urging, McClellan finally decided upon a water-borne approach to
Richmond (the South’s capital), called the Peninsula Campaign.
It took about a month to capture Yorktown before arriving outside of Richmond,
VA. General Johnston was severely wounded outside of Richmond, Va. May
1862 General Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate Army.
Masterful Deceptions:
To conceal the fact that the Confederate army was
outnumbered 3-to-1, the Confederate army used
Quaker Guns, or fake cannons made of logs and
painted black, in order to fool the Union. They also
marched their troops in circles around the camp to
make the Union think they had more men than they
really had during the campaign.

42. Peninsula Campaign [Map]

43. Seven Day’s Battles (June 26-July 2, 1862 )
Robert E. Lee launched a devastating counterattack, called the Seven Days’
Battles (series of battles fought within a week's time and drove the federal army
back to Washington, D.C.
President Lincoln spoke harshly of General McClellan.
Lincoln said, "McClellan was only good at retreating."
Robert E. Lee saved Richmond and became a Confederate hero.
General Jackson’s soldiers earned the nickname,
“Foot Cavalry” because of their ability to march
several miles and appear to the Federal Army to be
everywhere.
https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1911_1000k.wmv

44. Seven Day’s Battles [Map]

45. Robert E. Lee
Assumed command of the Confederacy's Army of Northern Virginia in 1862
after General Joseph Johnston was injured.
Robert E. Lee Fun Facts:
Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate
Army, remains the only person, to
date, to have graduated from the
West Point military academy
without a single demerit.
Robert E. Lee was a superintendent
of West Point but had never
commanded in battle when he
became commander of the
Confederacy's Army of Northern
Virginia during the U.S. Civil War.

46. Lee’s First Invasion of the North

47. Special Order 191
Special Order 191 (Lost Dispatch) was a general movement order issued by
Robert E. Lee in the Maryland Campaign.
A lost copy of this order was recovered in Frederick, Maryland by Union Army
troops. The subsequent military intelligence gained by the Union played an
important role in the Battle of Antietam.
Lee’s lost copy of Special Orders 191 was recovered in Frederick, Maryland by two Union privates who discovered it
wrapped around three cigars on the ground of a recently abandoned Confederate camp. General McClellan had all of
Lee's battle plans, but hesitated two days before deciding to attack.

48. Antietam (Sharpsburg) Sept. 17, 1862.
Antietam: Draw
Both sides called it a
stalemate (draw) and
both armies withdrew.
Lee gave up his northern
invasion.
Northern commander: General McClellan.
Southern commander [s]: Lee, Jackson, and Longstreet
Highlights of the battle.
1. Dunker Church and the cornfield (Draw)
2. Bloody Lane (the sunken road) (Draw)
3. Burnside Bridge (Draw)

49. Battle of Antietam Highlights
The Corn Field
Confederate Defense
of the Burnside
Bridge http://safeshare.tv/w/wgMwoLhSBA
Union Casualties:
2,108 killed
9,540 wounded
753 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
1,546 killed
7,752 wounded
1,018 captured/missing

50. Antietam (September 17, 1862)
The Battle of Antietam also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg was fought on
September 17, 1862.
It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with 22,717 dead,
wounded and missing on both sides combined.
During the Battle of Antietam, 12,401 Union men were killed, missing or
wounded; double the casualties of D-Day, 82 years later. With a total of 23,000
casualties on both sides, it was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War.

51. Matthew Brady
Matthew Brady
One of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for
his portraits of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of
photojournalism.
https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/5/GettysburgSpeechThatSavedAmerica/GettysburgSpeechThatSavedAmerica_B1Mb.wmv

52. Odds Against Them
Union
•1 in 10 chance of being wounded.
•1 in 8 chance of dying due to illness (225,000 of disease).
•1 in 18 chance of dying in battle (110,000 in battle).
Confederate
•1 in 5 chance of being wounded.
•1 in 5 chance of dying due to illness (164,000 of disease).
•1 in 8 chance of dying in battle (94,000 in battle).
Wounded soldiers
frequently pull out
their shirts to see
where they were hit.
Anywhere in the
abdominal region
was fatal.

53. Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography
A Federal shell appears to have disemboweled this Confederate
soldier near where heavy fighting occurred outside the Dunker
Church.
Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862. These Confederates died
in the early morning of the battle while defending the Confederate
position along the Hagerstown Turnpike. More Americans died or
received mortal wounds on September 17, 1862 than any other day
in American military history.

54. Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography
Photographers loved to place
weapons on bodies or rearrange
the dead to add drama to the
image.
Does this look like the same soldier?

55. Field Hospitals
Outdoor Field Hospital Vacant Building Field Hospital
Mary Walker

56. Clara Barton
Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she
created the wounded in the field.
During the Battle of Antietam, Clara Barton tended the wounded so close to the fighting that a bullet went through
her sleeve and killed a man she was treating.

57. The Minnie Ball & Wounds
It is a soft lead slug tended to expand when it came into contact with bone, causing
horrific injuries and destroying bone and tissue beyond any hope of repair.
http://safeshare.tv/w/TXHoDHpbSj
http://safeshare.tv/w/lOFlgtvEYz

58. Affects of Grapeshot
Cannons would fire solid shot to attack enemy artillery and troops at longer
range and switch to grape when they or nearby troops were charged. Grapeshot
is a type of shot that is not one solid element, but a mass of small metal balls or
slugs packed tightly into a canvas bag. When assembled, the balls resembled a
cluster of grapes, hence the name. On firing, the balls spread out from the
muzzle, giving an effect similar to a giant shotgun.
Grapeshot was devastatingly effective against massed infantry at short range.

59. Affects of Grapeshot

60. Civil War Medicine
Embalming the Dead
Pharmaceutical Kit
Anesthesia
Mask
Excision Tool Skull Tool
Skull Surgery-
TrephineSyringe
Head wounds were
certain death.

61. Amputations
A surgeon’s Medical Kit consisted mostly of
saws, knives, and picking instruments.
Most operations resulted in amputations

62. Strange Civil War Fact
Before all-porcelain false teeth were perfected in the mid-19th century, dentures
were commonly made with teeth pulled from the mouths of dead soldiers
following a battle. Teeth extracted from U.S. Civil War soldier cadavers were
shipped by the barrel to dentists in England.
The dental key functioned similar to a
regular door key. One would insert the
instrument horizontally into the mouth,
tighten the ‘claw’over the tooth, then
pull unto the tooth/teeth were removed.
Tooth extraction with a dental key often
resulted breaking the jaw of the corpse.

63. The Affect of Diseases
Soldiers suffered terribly from disease and poor medical care.
Disease killed two soldiers for each man killed or mortally wounded in battle.
Childhood diseases, such as measles, chickenpox, and mumps, were great problems
(especially among rural men and early in the war).
Poor food and contaminated water complicated health.
Latrines were often poorly situated and soldiers drank from rivers, creeks, and
ponds causing malaria, dysentery, diphtheria, and diarrhea.
Diphtheria Bacterium
Mosquitoes caused malaria
Smallpox
Troops often bathed in
water down stream from
lavatories
Thousands Died
Gangrene

64. Third Great Awakening (1850s-1900s)
Characterized by very active missionary work, and also the Social Gospel
approach to social issues.
It tied the gospel with social work. Out of the 1858 Awakening came the
introduction of the Y.M.C.A. in American cities.
It produced the Christian and Sanitary Commission and numerous Freedmen's
Societies that were formed in the midst of the War.

65. Lincoln Sacks McClellan
President Lincoln, unhappy with McClellan’s disobedience and failure to defeat Lee at Antietam
fired him and replaced him with General Burnside.

66. Changing of the Guard Again
General McClellan
General Burnside:
The term sideburns come from his name
and style of muttonchops.

67. Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec. 13, 1862)
Burnside's hoped to get around Lee's right flank and resorted to
unimaginative frontal assaults against a very strong Confederate position on
Marye's Heights.
The Union lost heavily (12,000 casualties) and gained nothing as the result of
this battle.
The aftermath of Fredericksburg marked a low point for the Army of the
Potomac
Confederate Victory

68. Battle of Fredericksburg
The Confederate army was entrenched
behind a shoulder-high stone wall
called, “Mayre’s Heights.”
General Burnside ordered wave after
wave of Union troops to assault
Mayre’s Heights, but only to suffer
heavy casualties.
http://safeshare.tv/w/OOwwHoBzVK
http://safeshare.tv/w/RhbLdTZjxQ

69. Angel of Mayre’s Heights
The “Angel of Mayre’s Heights”
was a Confederate soldier who
gave water to wounded and dying
Union soldiers below Mayre’s
Heights at Fredericksburg. This
heroic soldier was later killed at
the Battle of Chattanooga the
following year.
Union Casualties:
1,284 killed
9,600 wounded
1,769 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
608 killed
4,116 wounded
653 captured/missing

70. A Blunderer Replaced by a Ladies’ Man
General Joseph Hooker
General Burnside
“I have the finest army on the planet. I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run,
God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.”
General Joseph Hooker

71. The Civil War
1863: The Third Year

72. Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863)
This proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863 and
freed the slaves in the Confederate States, While maintaining slavery in the
Border States loyal to the Union.
The proclamation was designed to keep the European nations out of the war by making it look like the southern
states were fighting the war for slavery and not for their independence.
https://gtm-media-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/1/402/sec1914_1000k.wmv

73. African-American Soldiers
The black contribution to northern military operations was undeniable. Nearly
180,000 black men, most of them former slaves, served in the Union army. The
vast majority of these individuals entered service in 1863 or later. They faced a
range of problems, including lower pay, relegation to work details rather than
combat duty, and hostility from many white soldiers.
http://safeshare.tv/w/SwppxcLtwo
FROM SERVITUDE TO SOLDIERING
African Americans constituted less than one percent of the northern population, yet by the war’s
end made up ten percent of the Union Army. A total of 180,000 black men, more than 85% of
those eligible, enlisted.

74. African Americans in the Civil War

75. 54th Massachusetts
The 54th Massachusetts was the first military unit consisting of black soldiers to
be raised in the North during the Civil War.
The formation of the regiment was a matter of controversy and public attention
from its inception. Questions were raised as to the black man's ability to fight in
the "white man's war."
Commissioning blacks as officers was too controversial, so commissioned
officers were white and the enlisted men black.
After Col. Shaw died during the assault on
Ft. Wagner the Confederates buried him in a
shallow grave with his colored troops as a
sign of disrespect.
His family said it was it wasn’t disrespectful
but an honor.http://safeshare.tv/w/hTBRoLLZPnhttp://safeshare.tv/w/mreExQbgqn

76. Chancellorsville (April 30 to May 6, 1863)
Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because of Lee’s risky
decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force which
resulted in a significant Confederate victory.
The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making,
was tempered by heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas
"Stonewall" Jackson to friendly fire.
Confederate Victory
President Lincoln fired Burnside and replaced
him with “Fighting Joe” Hooker, who boasted
he would whip Bobby Lee.

77. Battle of Chancellorsville Map

78. Battle of Chancellorsville Highlights
Jackson’s Flanking Movement
Caught the Union by Complete
Surprise.
Union Casualties:
1,574 killed
9,554 wounded
5,711 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
1,683 killed
9,277 wounded
2,196 captured/missing
Outnumbered 3-to-1, Lee
divided his forces and sent
Jackson to outflank the
Union army under the
command of Thomas
Hooker. The result was a
total rout of the Union
army.

79. The legendary Confederate general “Stonewall”
Jackson” was accidentally shot by his own troops at
Chancellorsville. He died a week later from pneumonia
while recuperating after his left arm was amputated.
He is buried at Lexington, Va., but his amputated arm
was given a separate burial. It is at the Chancellorsville
National Battlefield.
“He lost his left arm… I have lost my right.”
Robert E. Lee
Death of Stonewall Jackson

80. Another Bites the Dust
General Hooker
General Meade

81. Lee’s Second Invasion of the North (Spring and Summer 1863)
Reasons for invasion
First: Opportunity never looked better for the south. The South was winning
the war.
Second: Gain European recognition, especially England.
Third: Needed food and supplies and wanted to take the war out of Virginia.

82. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863: DAY ONE)
The Battle of Gettysburg began by mistake was not the chosen spot for the
battle.
Highlights of Day One:
Confederates captured Gettysburg, but Union forces retreated and occupied
Cemetery Ridge outside of Gettysburg.
Day One: The Confederates captured Gettysburg, but Union forces still occupied Cemetery Ridge outside of
Gettysburg.

83. Battle of Gettysburg (Day One) Map
Confederate prisoners, taken after the
first days of fighting at Gettysburg.
Confederate prisoners, taken after the first days of fighting at
Gettysburg.
Lee rides triumphantly into Gettysburg after the first day of
fighting.

84. Battle of Gettysburg
(July 2, 1863: DAY TWO)
Highlights of the 2nd day of fighting at Gettysburg.
The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and Little Round Top. Confederate
advances were halted. CSA lost 1/3-1/2 men in fighting. The second day’s fighting
ended as a draw or stalemate.
Chamberlain and the defense of Little Round Top
saved the Union line on the second day of fighting
at Gettysburg.
Devils Den is an area of the battlefield where fierce fighting took
place during the second day of fighting. It is an area strewn with
large boulders, shrubs and small trees and it is named the Devil’s
Den long before the battle took place there.
http://safeshare.tv/w/vVfuBLYnWL

85. Battle of Gettysburg (Day Two) Map
The Confederates captured the peach orchard and
the wheat field, but failed to take Little Round Top
and break through the Federal lines on the right.
Lee had lost over 1/3 of his army after 2 days of
fighting.

86. Union general Dan
Sickles lost his leg on the
2nd day. His leg was put
on display at a museum
and after the war he
would often take guests
to visit it.
Gettysburg: Day Two Highlights
Confederates lost
1/3-1/2 men in
fighting. The second
day’s fighting ended
as a draw or
stalemate.
The First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment sustained the highest number of casualties in a single of any unit
during the Civil War. During the Battle of Gettysburg, the unit loss 82% of it’s men on the second day’s fighting
near the wheat field.

87. Battle of Gettysburg
(July 3, 1863: DAY THREE)
The highlight of the Battle of Gettysburg came on the third and final day of the battle with an event known as
“Pickett’s Charge.” The Battlefield of Gettysburg marked the high tide of the Civil War and the turning point in
the eastern theater.
“Up men, and to your
posts! Don't forget today
that you are from Ol’
Virginia.”
George Pickett
Gettysburg, 3 July 1863.
Pickett's Charge (The most remembered event of the war) was an all-out
Confederate assault launched against the Union center late in the afternoon on
July 3, 1863.
The charge failed and nearly one-half of the attackers (7,000 men) became
casualties. General Pickett almost lost his entire division and he never forgave
General Lee.

88. Battle of Gettysburg (Day Three) Map
http://safeshare.tv/w/FokuLqDwEU

89. Lee Retreats from Gettysburg
Union Casualties:
3,155 killed
14,531 wounded
5,369 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
4,708 killed
12,693 wounded
5,830 captured/missing
July 4, 1863, Lee retreated from Gettysburg on and crossed the Potomac into
Virginia a few days later. Robert E. Lee accepted full blame for the failure of
Pickett’s Charge. Meade drew criticism from Lincoln for not pursuing Lee's
beaten army.

90. Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War and the turning point
in the war.
Jackson, who was killed 2 months earlier, was Lee’s most talented and reliable
commander. Many believe the South would have won the war had Jackson lived
to fight at Gettysburg.

91. Vicksburg (May 15 - July 4, 1863)
The last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of the Mississippi River.
General Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for almost two months.
https://gtm-media-
1.discoveryeducation.com/vid
eos/1/402/sec1923_1000k.wmv
On July 4, 1863, after 48 days of siege,
Confederate General John C. Pemberton
surrendered the city of Vicksburg to the
Union’s General, Ulysses S. Grant. The
Fourth of July was not be celebrated in
Vicksburg for another 81 years.
By the time the town finally surrendered,
residents had been reduced to eating
horses, mules, dogs, and even rats.

92. Vicksburg
After Grant’s capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln appointed Grant as General of the Army and decided to
bring him East to confront Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia. When Lincoln selected Grant,
one of the President's advisors was overheard telling the President that Grant was only a boozer and
a compulsive cigar smoker. The President replied that if he knew the brand of whiskey and cigars
Grant enjoyed, he would send all his generals that brand so they would start winning battles as well.

93. Ulysses S. Grant
Initially an effective general in the Union's western battles, he eventually
assumed command of the entire Union army in 1864.
He defeated the South and accepted Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox
Courthouse.
In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General, a rank previously held by General George
Washington, and led the 533,000 men of the Union Army, the largest in the world. Three years later, he was made
President of the United States.

94. Gettysburg Address
Famous speech delivered by President Lincoln at a ceremony dedicating a
cemetery on the sight of the battlefield. Although a relatively short speech, it
was a powerful affirmation of Lincoln's desire to see the Union survive and
the nation reunited.
In November 1863, President Lincoln was invited to offer a "few appropriate remarks" at the opening of a new
Union cemetery at Gettysburg. The main speaker, a celebrated orator from Massachusetts, spoke for nearly two
hours. Lincoln offered just 269 words in his Gettysburg Address.

95. New York City had many southern
sympathizers.
Blacks were excluded from draft laws as
they were not citizens
Immigrants competed with free blacks
for jobs, resented the fact that they were
being forced to fight a war for freedom
for slaves
New York Draft Riots
In July 1863, draft riots broke out in New York City, killing more than 100 people
and resulting in the lynching of at least 11 African-Americans by immigrants and
poorer whites who blamed blacks for the war.
http://safeshare.tv/w/SAbWnoluDo

96. Conscription Draft Riots

97. Copperheads
Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous
ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads," poisonous snakes waiting to get
him.

98. Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham
An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator,
called him, “King Abraham.” He was arrested and exiled to the South.
On June 6, 1871, Clement Vallandigham planned to re-enact what happened in a bar fight between his client and the
victim. In other words, he was going to show the jury that the victim had shot himself by accident. Demonstrating to
the court his theory, Vallandigham placed the still-loaded pistol against his own head when it accidently discharged
killing him instantly.

99. Battle of Chattanooga (Nov 23-25, 1863)
After the Confederates ran out of ammunition they rolled boulders down the mountain toward the advancing Union
forces.
Between November 23-25, 1863, Union forces routed Confederate troops in
Tennessee at the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, known
collectively as the Battles for Chattanooga. The victories forced the
Confederates back into Georgia, ending the siege of the vital railroad junction
of Chattanooga, and paving the way for Union General William Tecumseh
Sherman's Atlanta campaign.

100. The Civil War
1864: The Fourth Year

101. After the Union victory at Chattanooga, President Lincoln selected General Grant to
become the General of the entire Union Army, but General Meade remained the
commander of the Army of the Potomac for the remainder of the war.
Lincoln finally found a general that wasn't afraid to win or lose a battle.
Grant Takes Charge

102. Grant’s “War of Attrition”
Grant knew that the Confederacy began running out of men; whereas the North,
though suffering even greater losses, could still draw upon a large reservoir of
manpower.

103. Prisoner-of-War Camps

104. Prisoner-of-War Camps
Neither side compiled a good overall record for handling prisoners.
The Union blamed the Confederacy for the thousands of dead at Andersonville
and elsewhere. The Confederacy blamed the Union for starving prisoners in the
midst of plenty.

105. Andersonville
The death total at Andersonville was the worst of any prisoner of war camps,
North or South. More than 100 men died each day.
An almost complete absence of acceptable sanitary conditions contributed to
the high death toll.
Commandant of Andersonville, Capt.
Wirz was hanged after the Civil War
Andersonville http://safeshare.tv/w/qDYMOzgVvQ
Andersonville Prison in southwest Georgia held 33,000 prisoners in 1864.
It was the fifth largest city in the Confederacy.

106. Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7, 1864)
Confederate Victory
What surprised Lee most about Grant was that
Grant didn’t retreat after being beaten like all of
Grant’s predecessors had always done.
General Grant knew the strategy for victory by
bleeding the Confederate army white. Grant
realized that despite losing battles, he could
afford to lose men and have them replaced, while
the Confederate army could not replace the men
it lost.
Soldiers on both sides were burned alive by the blazing fires
when they found themselves lost in the woods or too badly
injured to move.
This battle marked the first match-up between Lee & Grant as the Union
army began another offensive toward the Confederate capital of Richmond,
Va.
General Robert E. Lee used the dense Virginia woods known as the
Wilderness to his advantage. Familiar terrain for the rebels, the heavy woods
and dense undergrowth negated the Union's numerical advantage by making
it nearly impossible for a large army to make an orderly advance.

107. Spotsylvania / Yellow Tavern (May 8-21, 1863)
The flamboyant Confederate cavalry
commander J.E.B. Stuart was killed at
the Yellow Tavern (near Spotsylvania)
When General Lee heard the news of
his death he began to cry, something
he had never done before in front of
his subordinates.
Draw
This two-week battle was a series of combats along the Spotsylvania front. The
Union attacked the Confederate defenses several times between May 8-19, 1864.
On May 21, Grant disengaged and continued his advance on Richmond.

108. Colds Harbor (May 31- June 12, 1864)
Confederate Victory
For years after the war, bones of Union dead were
found around the Cold Harbor battlefield.
On June 3, 1864 the Union army assaulted the dug in Confederate forces along
a seven-mile front. The Union lost almost 10,000 men in one hour against
entrenched Confederate troops.
Grant commented in his memoirs that this was the only attack he wished he
had never ordered.
Abandoning the well-defended approaches to Richmond, Grant sought to shift
his army quickly south of the river to threaten Petersburg.

109. Election of 1864
The Democrats nominated George B McClellan for president.
Whose platform called for an armistice followed by peace negotiations.
Lincoln won because of successes on the battlefield in the Fall of 1864. The
electoral count was 212-21; McClellan carried only New Jersey, Kentucky, and
Delaware.

110. William T. Sherman
His capture of Atlanta in 1864 signaled to both the North and the South that
the war was all but won for the Union and helped Lincoln win re-election in
1864.

111. Atlanta
An important southern railway hub and vital city to the South's war effort.
Captured by Union troops on September 2, 1864.
After taking Atlanta, Sherman ordered much of the city burned.
http://safeshare.tv/w/ogZhgbhvxO

112. Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah in which his army burned
buildings, destroyed rail lines, set fire to factories, and demolished bridges in
an attempt to cripple the South's ability to make and ship supplies so that it
could not keep fighting.
http://safeshare.tv/w/UdVXNARFWn

113. Sherman’s March to the Sea [Map]
In some parts of Georgia and South
Carolina there are still burnt out
chimneys that mark the path of
destruction of Sherman’s March to the
Sea.
“War is Hell”
“I’ll make
Georgia Howl…”
Sherman’s Neckties
Miles of railroad tracks
were placed over hot
fires and then twisted
around trees to make
them useless.

114. Ebenezer Creek
December 9, 1864, Union General Jefferson. C. Davis [no relation to
Confederate President Jefferson Davis] crossed Ebenezer Creek with his
14th Army Corps as it advanced toward Savannah during Gen. William T.
Sherman’s March to the Sea. Davis hastily removed the pontoon bridges
over the creek, and hundreds of freed slaves following his army drowned
trying to swim the swollen waters to escape the pursuing Confederates.
Marker is in Rincon, Georgia, in Effingham
County. Marker is on Ebenezer Road
(Georgia Route 275).
Slaves Left Behind at Ebenezer Creek
Ebenezer Creek
http://safeshare.tv/w/aaYjaxRMpc

115. Sherman Captures Savannah &
Invades South Carolina
Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia (Dec. 10, 1864) and gave Savannah to
Lincoln as a Christmas present in 1864.
Sherman's march through the Carolinas was equally harsh because Sherman
viewed South Carolina as the "cradle of secession."
By February 1865, both Charleston and Columbia, South Carolina surrendered.
Union Victory

116. The Civil War
1865: The Fifth Year

117. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
Lincoln expressed his sorrow that so many on both sides had suffered and
communicated a vision for rebuilding the South rather than punishing it.
http://safeshare.tv/w/fEJKHrVSdS
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln was inaugurated for a second term.
Yards away in the crowd was John Wilkes Booth with a pistol in
his pocket. His vantage point on the balcony, he said later, offered
him "an excellent chance to kill the President, if I had wished."
BOOTH

118. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
March 4, 1865
On the occasion corresponding to this four
years ago all thoughts were anxiously
directed to an impending civil war. All
dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the
inaugural address was being delivered from
this place, devoted altogether to saving the
Union without war, insurgent agents were in
the city seeking to destroy it without war,
seeking to dissolve the Union and divide
effects by negotiation. Both parties
deprecated war, but one of them would make
war rather than let the nation survive, and
the other would accept war rather than let it
perish, and the war came.

119. Siege of Petersburg (June 1864 to April 1865)
Petersburg was a key rail juncture, which all the railways and main roads
connected Richmond with the rest of the south.
The campaign lasted 9 months in which Union forces commanded by General
Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines
that extended from Richmond, Virginia, to and around the outskirts of
Petersburg.

120. The Crater (July 30, 1864)
The Battle of the Crater took place on July 30, 1864.
Federal soldiers placed 8,000 pounds of black powder under the Confederate
works and detonated the powder blowing a huge gap 400 yards wide in the
Confederate lines.
The explosion immediately killed 278 Confederate soldiers and stunned the
Confederates.
Poorly trained Federal soldiers rushed into the crater instead of moving
around it and found themselves quickly trapped. Confederate troops
surrounded the Crater and easily slaughtered the Union troops. Union
casualties were 3,798 in less than an hour.

121. The Crater (July 30, 1864)
Grant wrote, "It was the
saddest affair I have
witnessed in this war."
http://safeshare.tv/w/maqMVtArHd

122. Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met to sign surrender documents at Appomattox
Courthouse.
This surrender marked the end of the war for most Americans.
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union commander General U.S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The
Civil War is officially recognized as over. However, a few small groups of Confederate holdouts will continue fighting
for a few more months. http://safeshare.tv/w/FrQrLKnnkt

123. Surrender at Appomattox
Grant extended generous terms that allowed soldiers to sign paroles and return home.
When Lincoln learned of the surrender he stated, “Thank God, the nightmare is over!”

124. John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth was a famous American stage actor and Confederate
sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre,
in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln, but
later planned to kill him, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of
State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy's cause.
John Wilkes Booth, Edwin Booth and
Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. in
Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar in 1864
John Wilkes Booth, who
originated from a famous family
of actors and was himself
regarded a fine actor. A great
believer in the institution of
slavery, his loyalties lay firmly
with the Confederate South.

125. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
President Abraham Lincoln was
sitting in this rocking chair at
Ford's Theatre when he was
assassinated on April 14, 1865. Lincoln's Skull Fragments
Abraham Lincoln in Casket [Original Photo]
Presidential Box at Ford’s Theatre
Ford’s Theatre
Pistol used by Booth
One of the blood stained
pillows that held Abraham
Lincoln's head the night he
died
Room and bed
where Lincoln
died
http://safeshare.tv/w/BksAqdjpaL

126. The Hunt for John Wilkes Booth
Following the assassination, Booth fled on horseback to a farm in rural northern
Virginia. 12 days later he was tracked down. Booth's companion gave himself up,
but Booth refused and was shot by a Union soldier after the barn in which he was
hiding was set ablaze.
Site where the Garrett barn once stood.
http://safeshare.tv/w/FdHbcVqiZv http://safeshare.tv/w/lAshvuWTFq

127. The Strange Case of Dr. Samuel Mudd
Dr. Samuel Mudd (1833-1883)
John Wilkes Booth received medical care from Dr. Samuel Mudd
for severe pain with a badly fractured leg that he received from his
fall to the stage after shooting the President. Mudd claimed that the
man whose leg he fixed "was a stranger to him."
In 1867, an outbreak of yellow fever overtook the Dry Tortugas,
claiming the lives of fellow prisoners. Mudd assumed the role as the
new prison doctor.
President Andrew Johnson pardoned Mudd in 1869 and he
returned to Maryland where he died of pneumonia in 1883.
Dr. Samuel Mudd
John Wilkes Booth’s
Boot
Dr. Mudd’s home where Booth was treated for a
severe fractured leg.
Type of wound Booth would
have suffered from his jump
from the Presidential booth.

128. Boston Corbett Hero or Madman?
Sgt. Boston Corbett shot and mortally wounded John Wilkes Booth in the
early morning hours of April 26, 1865.
After shooting Booth, Corbett was initially arrested for disobeying orders
but on the instructions of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was released
and treated as a hero.
Against Colonel Baker’s explicit orders to take
Booth alive, Sgt. Boston Corbett shot and
mortally wounded John Wilkes Booth in the
early morning hours of April 26, 1865.
After his wife died during childbirth Corbett moved to Boston and became a devout Christian, wearing his hair
long in the style of Jesus. To avoid temptation, he castrated himself with a pair of scissors.
In 1878 he had a complete mental breakdown and was found living in a dugout near Concordia, Kansas. He was
declared insane and sent to the Topeka Asylum for the Insane. On May 26, 1888 he escaped from the asylum and
was never heard of again.

129. Lincoln’s Conspirators #1
John Wilkes Booth (1838-1865)
John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in
Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
He died in a gun battle with federal authorities on April 26, 1865.
Lewis Powell (1844-1865)
Lewis Powell's assigned role was to enter the home of Secretary of State
William Seward and kill him as he lay on his bed recovering from a recent
carriage accident.
He was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.
David Herold (1842-1865)
David Herold accompanied Lewis Powell to the home of Secretary of State
William Seward on the night of April 14. While Powell entered the Seward
home and made his knife attack on the Secretary, Herold waited outside with his
horse.
He was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.

130. Lincoln’s Conspirators #2
Michael O'Laughlen (1840-1867)
Booth recruited O'Laughlen in the late summer of 1864 to participate in the
plan to kidnap Abraham Lincoln.
The Military Commission found O'Laughlen guilty and sentenced him to life in
prison. He died two years later in prison at Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas,
Florida, a victim of yellow fever.
Mary Surratt (1823-1865)
Mary Surratt's owned the boarding house in Washington where the conspiracy
plot was hatched.
She was hanged in Washington on July 7, 1865.
John Surratt (1844-1916)
John Surratt joined the Confederate conspiracy to abduct President Lincoln. He
fled to Canada upon learning of the President's assassination then went Rome,
where he joined the Papal Zouaves.
Surratt was brought back to the United States for trial in a civilian court. The
federal government eventually dropped all charges against Surratt and he was
released in the summer of 1868.

131. Edman Spangler (1825-1875)
Spangler was questioned by authorities and then arrested on April 17 and charged
with being an accomplice to Booth by holding Booth’s horse outside Ford’s Theatre
Spangler served a year-and-a-half of his sentence at Fort Jefferson in the Dry
Tortugas before being pardoned by President Johnson in March, 1869. He died in
1875.
Lincoln’s Conspirators #3
Samuel Arnold (1834-1906)
Samuel Arnold joined the conspiracy to kidnap Lincoln, but backed out from this
insane scheme of assassination.
The Military Commission found Arnold guilty and sentenced him to life in
prison. President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold on March 1, 1869. Arnold
died on September 21, 1906 of tuberculosis.
George Atzerodt (1835-1865)
George Atzerodt was supposed to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson,
but lost his nerve and didn’t carry out his role in the conspiracy.
The Commission found Atzerodt guilty and sentenced him to death. Atzerodt,
along with three other convicted conspirators, was hanged in Washington on
July 7, 1865.

132. On July 7, 1865 a large crowd gathered in the courtyard of the Washington
Arsenal to witness the execution of four of the Lincoln conspirators.
The Execution of the Lincoln Conspirators

133. Total Military Deaths During the Civil War

134. Total Military Deaths In All U.S. Wars

135. What If the South Had Won?