IB Chemistry on Properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism
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IB Chemistry on Properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism
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IB Chemistry on Properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism
- 1. http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com Prepared by Lawrence Kok Tutorial on properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism.
- 2. Periodic Table of elements – divided into s, p, d, f block p block • p orbital partially fill d block • d orbital partially filled • transition element f block • f orbital partially fill s block • s orbital partially fill
- 3. Periodic Table – s, p d, f block elements block element • s orbitals partially fill p block element • p orbital partially fill d block element • d orbitals partially fill • transition elements 1 H 1s1 2 He 1s2 11 Na [Ne] 3s1 12 Mg [Ne] 3s2 5 B [He] 2s2 2p1 6 C [He] 2s2 2p2 7 N [He] 2s2 2p3 8 O [He] 2s2 2p4 9 F [He] 2s2 2p5 10 Ne [He] 2s2 2p6 13 Al [Ne] 3s2 3p1 14 Si [Ne] 3s2 3p2 15 P [Ne] 3s2 3p3 16 S [Ne] 3s2 3p4 17 CI [Ne] 3s2 3p5 18 Ar [Ne] 3s2 3p6 19 K [Ar] 4s1 20 Ca [Ar] 4s2 21 Sc [Ar] 4s2 3d1 22 Ti [Ar] 4s2 3d2 23 V [Ar] 4s2 3d3 24 Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5 25 Mn [Ar] 4s2 3d5 26 Fe [Ar] 4s2 3d6 27 Co [Ar] 4s2 3d7 28 Ni [Ar] 4s2 3d8 29 Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10 30 Zn [Ar] 4s2 3d10 n = 2 period 2 3 Li [He] 2s1 4 Be [He] 2s2 Click here video s,p,d,f blocks,Click here video on s,p,d,f notationClick here electron structure Video on electron configuration f block element • f orbitals partially fill
- 4. Periodic Table – s, p d, f blocks element Electron structure Chromium d block (Period 4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Electron structure Germanium p block, Gp 14 (Period 4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2 Electron structure Lead p block, Gp 14 (Period 6) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d106p2 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Electron structure Iodine p block, Gp 7 (Period 5) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5 [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5 Electron structure Cadmium d block (Period 5) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 [Kr] 5s2 4d10 Electron structure Mercury d block (Period 6) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 Gp 14 -4 valence electron Gp 17 - 7 valence electron Gp 14 -4 valence electrond block – d partially filledd block – d partially filled d block – d partially filled О О О О О О
- 5. 3d Nuclear charge increase IE increase slowly 3d elec added to 3d sub level 3d elec – shield the outer 4s elec from nuclear charge Ionization Energy – Transition metal Why IE increases slowly across ?IE Transition metal Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Period 4 Ni Cu Shielding nuclear charge by 3d electron +21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 4s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn +21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 +30 Nuclear pull Shielding by 3d electron Shielding by 3d electron ↓ Balance increase in nuclear charge ↓ Small increase in IE ↓ Easier to lose outer electron ↓ Variable oxidation state
- 6. Transition Metal (d block ) Across period Cr - 4s13d5 • half filled more stable Cu - 4s13d10 • fully filled more stable Ca 4s2 K 4s1 Transition metal have partially fill 3d orbital • 3d and 4s electron can be lost easily • electron fill from 4s first then 3d • electron lost from 4s first then 3d • 3d and 4s energy level close together (similar in energy) Filling electron- 4s level lower, fill first Losing electron- 4s higher, lose first 3d 4s
- 7. d block element with half/partially fill d orbital / sublevel in one or more of its oxidation states Partially fill d orbital Lose electron ↓ Formation ions Sc3+ 4s03d0 Zn 2+ 4s03d10 Zn → Zn2+ 4s2 3d10 4s0 3d10 fully fill d orbital Sc → Sc 3+ 4s2 3d1 4s0 3d0 empty d orbital Transition Metal (d block ) NOT Transition element. NOT Transition element. О О
- 8. Transition Metal Physical properties Chemical properties Element properties Atomic properties • High electrical/thermal conductivity • High melting point • Malleable • Ductile • Ferromagnetic • Ionization energy • Atomic size • Electronegativity Transition Metal ( d block) Gp 1 Gp 17 Sc Ionization energy ↓ IE increase ↑ slowly ↓ Shielding of nuclear charge by 3d elec ↓ Electrostatic force attraction ↓ Atomic size ↓ Decrease ↓ slowly ↓ Shielding of outer electron from nuclear charge by 3d elec Electronegativity ↓ EN increase ↑ slowly Physical Properties Zn EN increase ↑ Atomic size decrease ↓ IE increase ↑ • Formation of complex ion • Formation coloured complexes • Variable oxidation states • Catalytic activity Formation complex ion Formation coloured complexes Catalytic activity Variable Oxidation states molecule adsorp on surface catalyst V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +6 +6 +6 +7
- 9. Transition Metal – Variable Oxidation States +3 +3 +3+3+3 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +4 +4 +5 +2 +6 +6 +7 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 ScCI3 TiCI3 VCI3 CrCI3 MnCI3 FeCI3 CrCI2 MnCI2 FeCI2 CoCI2 NiCI2 CuCI2 ZnCI2 TiCI4 MnCI4V2O5 Cr2O7 2- +2 (VO2)2+ (MnO4)2- (MnO4)- oxides oxyanion chlorides +2 oxidation state more common+3 oxidation state more common +3 CoCI3 Oxidation state Mn highest +7 Highest oxidation state exist ↓ Element bond to oxygen (oxide/oxyanion) Oxidation state +2 common (Co → Zn) ↓ Harder to lose electron ↓ Nuclear charge (NC ↑) from Co - Zn Oxidation state +3 common (Sc → Fe) ↓ Easier to lose electron ↓ Nuclear charge (NC ↓) from Sc - Fe Transition metal – variable oxidation state ↓ 4s and 3d orbital close in energy ↓ Easy to lose electron from 4s and 3d level Ionic bond – more common for lower oxi states TiCI2 – Ionic bonding Covalent bond – more common for higher oxi states TiCI4 – Covalent bonding Highest oxidation states – bind to oxygen
- 10. Transition Metal Formation coloured complexes Variable Oxidation states Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +6 +6 +6 +7 +3- most common oxi state + 2- most common oxi state + 7- Highest oxi state Click here vanadium ion complexes Click here nickel ion complexes V5+/ VO2 + - yellow V4+/ VO2+ - blue V3+ - green V2+ - violet NiCI2 - Yellow NiSO4 - Green Ni(NO3)2 - Violet NiS - Black Diff oxidation states Colour formation Nature of transition metal Oxidation state Diff ligand Shape Stereochemistry Diff ligandDiff metal MnCI2 - Pink MnSO4 - Red MnO2 - Black MnO4 - - Purple Cr2O3 - Green CrO4 2- - Yellow CrO3 - Red Cr2O7 2- - Orange Shape/ Stereochemistry Tetrahedral Octahedral BlueYellow
- 11. Transition Metal ion • High charged density metal ion • Partially fill 3d orbital • Attract to ligand • Form dative/co-ordinate bond (lone pair from ligand) Ligand • Neutral/anion species that donate lone pair/non bonding electron pair to metal ion • Lewis base, lone pair donor – dative bond with metal ion Ligand +2 Formation complex ion Transition Metal ion Neutral ligand Anion ligand H2O NH3 CO CI– CN– O2- OH– SCN– : CI : :. Monodentate Bidentate Polydentate C2O4 2- C2H4(NH2)2 Drawing complex ion • Overall charged on complex ion • Metal ion in center (+ve charged) • Ligand attach • Dative bond from ligand +3 4 water ligand attach 4 dative bond Coordination number = 4 6 water ligand attach 6 dative bond Coordination number = 6 Transition metal + ligand = Complex Ion
- 12. Coordination number Shape Complex ion (metal + ligand) Ligand (charged) Metal ion (Oxidation #) Overall charge on complex ion linear [Cu(CI2)]- CI = -1 +1 - 1 [Ag(NH3)2]+ NH3 = 0 +1 + 1 [Ag(CN)2]- CN = -1 +1 - 1 Square planar [Cu(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 - 2 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ NH3 = 0 +2 +2 [Co(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 - 2 Tetrahedral [Cu(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 - 2 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ NH3 = 0 +2 + 2 [Mn(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 - 2 Octahedral [ Cu(H2O)6]2+ H2O = 0 +2 + 2 [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] OH = -1 H2O = 0 +3 o [Fe(CN)6]3- CN = -1 +3 - 3 [Cr(NH3)4CI2]+ NH3 = 0 CI = -1 +3 + 1 Types of ligand: • Monodentate – 1 lone pair electron donor – H2O, F-, CI-, NH3, OH-, SCN- CN- • Bidentate – 2 lone pair electron donor –1,2 diaminoethane H2NCH2CH2NH2, ethanedioate (C2O4)2- •Polydentate – 6 lone pair electron donor – EDTA4- (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) Complex ion with diff metal ion, ligand, oxidation state and overall charge Mn+L: :L Mn+ :L :L L: L: Mn+ :L :L :L :L Mn+ :L :L :L :L :L :L Coordination number – number of ligand around central ion 2 4 4 6
- 13. Ligand • Neutral/anion species that donate lone pair/non bonding electron pair to metal ion • Lewis base, lone pair donor – dative bond with metal ion Neutral ligand Anion ligand H2O NH3 CO CI– CN– O2- OH– SCN– : CI : :. Monodentate Bidentate Polydentate C2O4 2- C2H4(NH2)2 Ligand displacement Co/CN > en > NH3 > SCN- > H2O > C2O4 2- > OH- > F- > CI- > Br- > I- Spectrochemical series Tetraaqua copper(II) ion H2O displace by CI- 2+ CI- displace by NH3 Tetrachloro copper(II) ion Stronger ligand displace weaker ligand Tetraamine copper(II) ion О О Stronger ligand Stronger ligand Chelating agent EDTA – for removal of Ca2+ • Prevent blood clotting • Detoxify by removing heavy metal poisoning
- 14. 4s 3d Magnetic properties of transition metals Paired electron – spin cancel – NO net magnetic effect Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Diamagnetism ↓ Paired electron ↓ No Net magnetic effect (Repel by magnetic field) Ni Zn Spin cancel Sc Spinning electron in atom – behave like tiny magnet Unpaired electron – net spin – Magnetic effect Spin cancel Net spin Paramagnetism ↓ Unpaired electron ↓ Net magnetic effect (Attract by magnetic field) Material Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic • Iron • Cobalt • Nickel Zn2+ Mn2+ Click here paramagnetism Click here paramagnetism Click here levitation bismuth Click here levitation
- 15. 4s 3d Magnetic properties of transition metals Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Diamagnetism ↓ Paired electron ↓ No Net magnetic effect (Repel by magnetic field) Zn Spin cancel Net spin Sc pyrolytic graphite Spin cancel Spin cancel Paramagnetism ↓ Unpaired electron ↓ Net magnetic effect (Attract by magnetic field) DiamagneticParamagnetic Click here levitation bismuth Click here levitation Click here paramagnetism measurement Vs Bismuth Click here paramagnetism Strong diamagnetic materials
- 16. Pt/Pd surface Transition Metal – Catalytic Activity Catalytic Properties of Transition metal • Variable oxidation state - lose and gain electron easily. • Use 3d and 4s electrons to form weak bond. • Act as Homogeneous or Heterogenous catalyst – lower activation energy • Homogeneous catalyst – catalyst and reactant in same phase/state • Heterogeneous catalyst – catalyst and reactant in diff phase/state • Heterogenous catalyst- Metal surface provide active site (lower Ea ) • Surface catalyst bring molecule together (close contact) -bond breaking/making easier Transition metal as catalyst with diff oxidation states 2H2O2 + Fe2+ → 2H2O+O2+Fe3+ H2O2+Fe2+→H2O + O2 + Fe3+ Fe3+ + I - → Fe2+ + I2 Fe2+ ↔ Fe3+ Rxn slow if only I- is added H2O2 + I- → I2 + H2O + O2 Rxn speed up if Fe2+/Fe3+ added Fe2+ change to Fe3+ and is change back to Fe2+ again recycle molecule adsorp on surface catalyst Pt/Pd surface Bond break Bond making 3+ CH2 = CH2 + H2 → CH3 - CH3 Nickel catalyst Without catalyst, Ea CH2= CH2 + H2 CH3 - CH3 Surface of catalyst for adsorption With catalyst, Ea adsorption H2 adsorption C2H4 bond breaking making desorption C2H6 Fe2+ catalyst How catalyst work ? Activation energy
- 17. • Haber Process – Production ammonia for fertiliser/ agriculture 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3 Uses of transition metal as catalyst in industrial process Iron , Fe Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5 Nickel, Ni Manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2 Platinum/Palladium, Pt/PdCobalt, Co3+ Iron , Fe2+ ion Contact Process – Sulphuric acid/batteries 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 Hydrogenation Process- Margerine and trans fat C2H4 + H2 → C2H6 Hydrogen peroxide decomposition – O2 production 2H2O2→ 2H2O + O2 Catalytic converter – Convertion to CO2 and N2 2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2 Biological enzyme Hemoglobin – transport oxygen Vitamin B12 – RBC production NH3 Co3+ O2Fe2+
- 18. Acknowledgements Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/tigerchem/econfig/electron4.htm http://pureinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/periodicTable_20120926101018.png Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenses http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Prepared by Lawrence Kok Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorial http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com