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Neighborhood Design and Energy Efficient Lifestyle in China: Treating Residence and Mobility as Lifestyle Bundle

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Yang Chen
Yang Chen

Dissertation Defense

FormationTechnologieBusiness
1  sur  85
Neighborhood Design and the Energy Efficiency of Urban Lifestyle in China: Treating Residence and Mobility as Lifestyle Bundle Yang Chen 07/27/2012
Introduction Outline • Introduction • Theory • Context and Methods • Qualitative Analysis • Vehicle Portfolio Choice • Lifestyle Bundle Choice • Energy Consumption • Implications & Limitations Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Global Primary Energy Consumption Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Data Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Introduction China’s Energy Trends Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Data Source: China Energy Statistical Year Book 2011
Introduction China’s Net Energy Imports Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Data Source: IEA (2010), "World Indicators", IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database) Percentage of Net Energy Import in Total Energy Supply
Introduction Research Question Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • How does neighborhood design influence households’ direct energy consumption in Chinese cities? – Direct energy consumption – Urbanization & Changing Lifestyles – Neighborhood level
Introduction Urban Lifestyle-Vehicles Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Source: author’s calculation based on China Statistical Year Book 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011
Introduction Urban Lifestyle-Appliances Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Source: author’s calculation based on China Statistical Year Book 1991-2011
Introduction Theory • Energy analysis • Consumer behavior and location choice • Form and travel • Form and residential energy • The concept of lifestyle Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Energy Analysis Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Lifestyle-oriented Energy and Emission Model Structure. Adopted from Weber and Perrels (2000)
Introduction Consumer Behavior, Location Choice Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Distance to City Center Bid Rent of Urban Land ($/acre) City Center
Introduction Form and Travel Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Net Utility Curves of Difference Modes, adopted from Maat et al. (2005)
Introduction Form and Residential Energy Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Causal Paths between Urban Form and Residential Energy Consumption Based on Ewing and Rong (2008) Urban Form -Density -Accessibility -Centrality Housing Stock -Size -Type Local Climate (e.g. Temperature) Residential Energy Consumption Housing Choice Urban Heat IslandSolar/Wind
Introduction Concept of Lifestyle Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Demand Behavior Attitudes, Perceptions, Prefe rences Values
Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice Vehicle Portfolio Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size E-bikes Motorcycles Cars Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice Vehicle Portfolio Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size E-bikes Motorcycles Cars Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice Vehicle Portfolio Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size E-bikes Motorcycles Cars Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice Vehicle Portfolio Choice Trip Rate Mode Distance Appliance Ownership In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size E-bikes Motorcycles Cars Neighborhood Design Indicators
Introduction Research Context Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Jinan
Introduction Neighborhood Types Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Graphs by “Making the Clean Energy City in China” MIT Form Team, adopted from Year 2 Report Traditional Grid (1920s) Enclave (1980-1990s) Superblock (-2000s)
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Introduction Analysis Methods • Qualitative • Interview • Quantitative • Vehicle Portfolio Choice Model • Lifestyle Bundle Choice Model • Energy Consumption Model • Elasticity and Simulation Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Multinomial Logit Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Utility Explanatory Variables Xin Revealed Choice is extreme value i.i.d.
Introduction Latent Class Choice Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Structural Equation Model with IV’s Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Elasticities and Simulations Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • Elasticity • Sample Enumeration • Simulation • Sample average vs. median household • Stack graph • Line graph • Dummy variables
Introduction Quantitative Data Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • Household Survey (n=4161) • GIS data (23 neighborhoods)
Introduction Qualitative Data Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • Stratified (quota) sampling + snowball sampling • Semi-structured Interviews (n=35) • Retrospective description of residential choice and vehicle ownership decisions; energy-using habits; lifestyle related attitudes; etc.
Introduction Sample Comparison Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Interview Respondents Household Survey Jinan Urban Residents* sample size (# of households) 35 4,161 1.1 million household size 3.31** 3.03 3.08 household disposable income (yuan/year) 148,333 77,571 77,989 # of employed household members 1.57 1.66 1.49 # of car per household 0.67 0.36 0.23 unit size (m2) 96.6 88.4 90.6 percentage of single 3% 7% n.a. percentage of couple 20% 21% n.a. percentage of couple with kid 54% 44% n.a. * data from Jinan Statistical Year Book 2011 for 2010 data, italic shows data for 2009 ** there is an outlier with 11 household members in the family
Introduction Qualitative Analysis Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Hierarchy of Lifestyle Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Demand Behavior Attitudes, Perceptions, Prefe rences Values Purchase/Ownership Behavior: Residential and vehicle portfolio choice Usage Behavior: Habits of travel and in-home operation
Introduction Lifestyle Groups and Indicators Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Job-oriented Child-oriented Budget-oriented Amenity-oriented
Introduction Lifestyle Bundle Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • Resource Constraint and Timing • Accessibility and Parking • Attitudes, Perceptions, Preferences and Values
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Attitudes, Perceptions, Prefe rences Values Purchase/Ownership Behavior: Residential and vehicle portfolio choice Usage Behavior: Habits of travel and in-home operation Peer Effect Experience feedback Value formation Peer Effect Bundle Alternative Attributes e.g. Neighborhood Design
Introduction Hypotheses Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion • Lifestyle Bundle • Lifestyle Groups • Neighborhood Design Influences both Bundle Choice and Lifestyle Groups
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Quantitative Analysis
Residential Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Vehicle Portfolio Choice E-bikes Motorcycles Cars Residential Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Rent/ Own Neighborhood Unit Size Vehicle Portfolio Choice None E-bikes Only Motorcycles Cars Only Car Plus Other
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Vehicle Portfolio No Motorized Vehicles E-bikes only Motorcycles Cars only Car and other
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Utility Vehicle Portfolio Choice Alternative Attributes Zk Household Attributes Xn Residential Attributes Rn Utility Alternative Attributes Zk Household Attributes Xn Vehicle Portfolio Choice Utility Vehicle Portfolio Choice Alternative Attributes Zk Household Attributes Xn Neighborhood Indicators Nn Model Structure (MNL)
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Income Effect Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Underground Parking Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Building Footprint Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Street-level Shops Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Walking Facilities Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Vehicle Portfolio Choice Simulation Distance between Entries Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Lifestyle Bundle Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Life Course LikelihoodofResidentialCondition Owning Renting Parental Home Employer-provided Housing
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Lifestyle Bundle in Jinan Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Lifestyle Bundle in Jinan Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice None E-bikes Only Motorcycles Cars Only Car Plus Other Vehicle Portfolio Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Large Unit Medium Unit Small Unit
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Lifestyle Bundle Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use 1. Small Unit 2. Medium Unit 3. Large Unit 0. No Vehicle 1. E-bikes Only 2. Motorcycles 3. Cars Only 4. Cars Plus Other Lifestyle Bundle Choice Residential Choice Vehicle Portfolio Choice
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Utility Lifestyle Groups Bundle Choice Alternative Attributes Zk Household Attributes Xn Neighborhood Indicators Nn Class Membership Model Class-Specific Choice Model
Introduction Lifestyle Bundle Choice (LCM) Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 S-0 S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 M-0 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 L-0 L-1 L-3 L-4 “Budget-oriented” “Typical Urban” “Amenity-oriented”
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Vehicle Portfolio Choice Housing Unit Size Choice “Budget- oriented” (Class 1) “Typical Urban” (Class 2) “Amenity- oriented” (Class 3)
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion IncomeEffect
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofUndergroundParking
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofSurfaceParking
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofWalkingFacilities
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofCompanyCarAccess
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofRenting
Introduction Energy Consumption Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Household Travel Energy Consumption Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Notes: India 2005 data extracted from (Reddy and Balachandra, 2010), the rest data for international cities extracted from (Kenworthy, 2008). Per capita travel energy consumption is converted to household travel energy consumption assuming household size = 3.
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household In-home Energy Consumption Notes: International comparison data from (Nakagami et al., 2008)
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators Residential Choice None E-bikes Only Motorcycles Cars Only Car Plus Other Vehicle Portfolio Choice In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Large Unit Medium Unit Small Unit
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Household Characteristics Neighborhood Design Indicators In-home Energy Use Travel Energy Use Lifestyle Bundle Choice
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Neighborhood Design Indicators Household Attributes Xn Travel Energy In-home Energy et IV’s: Lifestyle Bundle (e.g. Plarge_car, Pmedium_nocar) Travel Attitude An eh Neighborhood Design Indicators and Household Attributes only influencing travel Neighborhood Design Indicators and Household Attributes only influencing residential
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Bundle Choice as IV’s Alternative ID Lifestyle Bundle Choice IV'sResidential Vehicle Portfolio 1 Small Unit No Motorized Vehicle P(small unit without car)2 Small Unit Own E-bikes only 3 Small Unit Own Motorcycles (only or plus e-bikes) 4 Small Unit Own Cars only P(small unit with car) 5 Small Unit Own Cars and Other Vehicles 6 Medium Unit No Motorized Vehicle P(medium unit without car)7 Medium Unit Own E-bikes only 8 Medium Unit Own Motorcycles (only or plus e-bikes) 9 Medium Unit Own Cars only P(medium unit with car) 10 Medium Unit Own Cars and Other Vehicles 11 Large Unit No Motorized Vehicle P(large unit without car) 12 Large Unit Own E-bikes only 13 Large Unit Own Cars only P(large unit with car) 14 Large Unit Own Cars and Other Vehicles
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Energy Consumption Simulation Income Effect
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofKidandSenior
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion EffectofRentingandCompanyCarAccess
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion NeighborhoodDesignEffect: F.A.R.andUndergroundParking
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion NeighborhoodDesignEffect: BuildingfootprintandContinuity
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion NeighborhoodDesignEffect: DistancebetweenEntriesandWalkingFacilities
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Variable E (In-home) E(Travel ) E(Total Energy) Household Income 0.038 0.168 0.042 Provision of Designated Surface Parking (m2/hh) 0.046 0.214 0.051 Provision of Designated Underground Parking (space/hh) 0.004 0.002 0.003 F.A.R. 0 -1.027 -0.048 Average Building Footprint (m2) 0.483 1.326 0.529 Continuity of Street Facade -2.531 -6.206 -2.684 Average Distance between Neighborhood Entries (m2) -0.045 -0.213 -0.050 Building Function Mix 0 0.591 0.019 Surface-to-Volume Ratio 0.354 0 0.342 Building Wind Index (summer) -2.750 0 -2.627 Regional Accessibility (Public Space) -0.018 -0.071 -0.019 Regional Accessibility (Shopping) 0.011 0.036 0.011 Regional Accessibility (Office) -0.008 -0.084 -0.010 Percentage of Roads with Trees 0 0.037 0.001 Percentage of Roads with Street-level Shops 0.070 0.150 0.071 Percentage of Roads with Walking Facilities -0.093 -0.470 -0.103 Have Kid in the Family* 10.784 41.298 11.888 Have Senior People in the Family* 17.376 -36.071 14.760 Access to a Company/Business Car* 2.781 11.014 2.966 Renting* -32.892 -16.465 -31.905
Introduction Implications and Limitations • Summary of findings • Lifestyle bundle • Lifestyle group and decision-making mechanisms • Neighborhood design influences both Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Energy Efficient Neighborhood Design
Introduction Theory Context & Methods Interview Vehicle Portfolio Lifestyle Bundle Energy Consumption Policy & Conclusion Energy Efficient Neighborhood Design
Conclusion

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Neighborhood Design and Energy Efficient Lifestyle in China: Treating Residence and Mobility as Lifestyle Bundle

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Talk about three initial hypotheses